Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy
It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 6 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21st century.
Now we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.
That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
One of the most promising research areas is the development of power stations with the direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photo-effect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0,5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.
However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones – thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on the products of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the “solar” chemical reactor uses CO and the water steam of the thermal power station. The result is that we have a closed cycle.
In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating on a hot water-steam mixture from the depth of about a kilometre. In some projects water will be heated by the warmth of mountains at a depth of four-five kms.
It is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale.
That different wind energy plants are being developed is also well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several kilowatts) or large powerful systems.
It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.
V. Ответьте на вопросы:
1) Why is it so important to use renewable sources of energy?
2) Why is the efficiency of a solar power station considerably reduced?
3) Do new sources of energy have negative effects on the environment?
IV вариант
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. At present, Russian scientists are paying much attention to the development of
international scientific contacts.
2. Have you already finished your diploma work? – No, I shall have finished it
by the end of June.
3. They had discussed the problem of constructing a new power plant before you
returned from St.Petersburg.
4. Electronics is becoming very important in all branches of production now.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The development of new materials does not mean that old ones should lose
their significance.
2. Some students will be permitted to do research at the nuclear plant.
3. One can see that there is no principle difference between iron and copper as
conductors.
4. In the next few years Russian engineers are to complete their work on
supercomputers.
5. We must repair the generator as soon as possible.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения с определительными и
дополнительными придаточными предложениями. Обратите внимание
на бессоюзные придаточные предложения, переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. He said that the students of that group were taking the exam in programming.
2. The measuring instruments we use in the laboratory were produced in Russia.
3. Experiments which we made show that all gases expand when heated.
4. We know broadcasting stations, televisions and radar sets depend upon
radiant energy waves.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor, he wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people (глухих). The subjects that he studied at school included music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. They did not include German, which all scientists used in their books. Alexander’s mother was a painter and a musician. His father was a well-known teacher of deaf people.
When Alexander was only sixteen, he became a teacher in a boy’s school in Scotland. He liked teaching there, but he still wanted to become a teacher of deaf people as his father.
He read all the books about sound that he could find and started to work on some of his own experiments.
At twenty five, Alexander became interested in finding a way to send human voice through an electric wire. The parents of his pupils contributed money for the equipment. He found an assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in an electrical shop. For two years Tom and Alexander were working together to build a machine that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. After two years, the two young men were becoming discouraged (опустились руки). Then, one day, when they were working on a new transmitter, Alexander spilled some acid (пролить кислоту) on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard a voice. The voice was coming through a wire to a receiver on the table! The voice was Alexander Bell’s! It was saying: “Come here, Mr. Watson. I need you!”
The first telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. By 1915 a telephone line was opened in the United States – 5, 440 kilometers from New York to San Francisco.
Now design bureaus all over the world are conducting experiments to develop video-phones or picture phone. A young man in Moscow wants to speak to his friend in Vladivostok. He lifts his telephone receiver, dials a number. After a very short time his friend answers. As he picks up his receiver, his picture appears on the screen. They can speak to each other face to face because they are using a new kind of telephone which may be called a “video-phone”. In addition to the usual telephone, the equipment includes a small television screen (14 cm by 13 cm) and, combined with the screen, a television camera. The camera tube will allow the user to switch from a wide view of the room to the face of the person speaking. The focus can be changed to give clear pictures of objects 0.3, 0.9 and 6.0 meters away from the camera. There is also a mirror attachment, which allows the camera to scan documents which may be lying on the table. The camera adjusts itself automatically to different lighting conditions.
V. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How many years did it take Watson and Bell to build a machine that
people could use to talk over long distances?
2. Where and when was the first telephone line built?
3. What experiments are design bureaus conducting now?
Контрольная работа № 3
Изучите следующие разделы грамматики по учебнику:
1. Видо-временные формы глагола. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice)– формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); Continuous (Present, Past); Perfect (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
3. Неопределенная форма глагола (The Infinitive): простые и сложные формы (Passive, Perfect). Функции в предложении: а) подлежащего, б) части сказуемого, в) дополнения, г) определения, д) обстоятельства.
4. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
5. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.
6. Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both … and, either … or, neither … nor.
Вариант I
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Passive
Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes.
2. New courses of education such as management are being organized in many institutes.
3. The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was developed in the silver workshops in Paris.
4. Our power stations have been connected by high voltage transmission lines into several networks.
II. Определите функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Предложения
переведите на русский язык.
1. Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and generates no by - products.
2. Computers are being used more and more extensively in the world today for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings.
3. No man alive can do 500 000 sums in one second, but a modern computer can.
4. They had to make this experiment once more and use a computer to make calculations.
III. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива (подлежащее, часть сказуемого,
дополнение, определение, обстоятельство).
1. This is the device to be used in our experiment.
2. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy.
3. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser installations.
4. Our task is to obtain a new mixture with new properties.
5. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge.
IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Subject, Complex Object).
1. Lightning proved to be a discharge of electricity.
2. We know the electrons to flow from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive one.
3. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discovered as early as 1911.
4. The induced voltage causes the current to flow and the rotor to revolve.
V. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слов:
as, because, because of, due to, for, since, either ... or, neither ... nor,
both ... and.
1. The energy of the atom is used for peaceful purposes in our country.
2. Among conductors and insulators there are many materials which are neither good conductors nor good insulators.
3. In many cases heat plays an important role, either starting or accelerating a chemical reaction.
4. There is no doubt that both magnetic and electrostatic forces play a part in the formation of all molecules.
5. The gas cools as it flows through the generator.
6. The physical properties of plasma have been a problem since the discovery of that state of matter.
7. Franklin was the first to prove that unlike charges are produced due to rubbing dissimilar objects.
8. Galvani thought that electricity was generated because of the contact of the two dissimilar metals used.
VI. Прочитайте текст, перепишите, письменно переведите на русский
язык.
Semiconductors
The periodic law of elements discovered by Mendelyeev had a number of important scientific and industrial results, one of them being the discovery of germanium. Germanium is the semiconductor used in most transistors available at present.
But what are semiconductors? They include almost all minerals, many chemical elements, a great variety of chemical compounds, alloys of metals, and a number of organic compounds. Like metals, they conduct electricity but they do it less effectively. In metals, all electrons are free and in insulators they are fixed. In semiconductors electrons are fixed, too, but the connection is so weak that the heat motion of the atoms of a body easily pulls them away and sets them free.
It is not difficult to understand that the term “semiconductor” has been used because the material in question really occupies a place between the conductors of the electric current and the non-conductors, that is insulators. The term shows that they conduct electricity less readily than conductors but much better than insulators.
Minerals and crystals appear to possess some unexpected properties. For instance, it is well known that their conductivity increases with heating and falls with cooling.
As a semiconductor is heated, free electrons in it increase in number, hence, its conductivity increases as well. However, heat is by no means the only phenomenon influencing semiconductors. They are sensitive to light, too. Take germanium as an example. Its electrical properties may greatly change when it is exposed to light. With the help of a light ray directed at a semiconductor, we can start or stop various machines, effect remote control, and perform control and perform lots of other useful things. Just as they are influenced by fall in light, semiconductors are also influenced by all radiation. Generally speaking, they are so sensitive that a heated object can be detected by its radiation.
As previously mentioned, such dependence of conductivity on heat and light has opened up great possibilities for various uses of semiconductors. The semiconductor devices are applied for transmission of signals, automatic control of a variety of processes, switching on engines, the reproduction of sound, protection of high-voltage transmission lines, speeding up of some chemical reactions, and so on. On the one hand they may be used to transform light and heat energy directly into electric energy without any complex mechanism with moving parts, and on the other hand, they are capable of generating heat or cold from electricity.
Notes on the text:
the material in question – материал, о котором идет речь
on the one hand (on the other hand) – с одной стороны (с другой стороны)
VII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. When does a semiconductor conductivity increase?
2. What are the semiconductor devices used for?
3. Are semiconductors sensitive to light?
Вариант II
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Passive
Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Students of technological institutes are trained to analyse various facts and theories.
2. Much is being done to improve old power plants.
3. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been recognized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.
4. Before Faraday’s inventions in the field of electricity and magnetism, the only source of electricity that was used was the galvanic battery.
II. Определите функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Предложения
переведите на русский язык.
1. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine.
2. At first, the induction motor was a device which had a constant and unchangeable speed.
3. In fact, computers can do many things we do, but faster and better.
4. Metals conduct electricity better than semiconductors do.
III. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива (подлежащее, часть сказуемого,
дополнение, определение, обстоятельство).
1. However, the electricity to be obtained by rubbing objects together cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water, to run electric trains and so on.
2. To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required.
3. These electrical devices can work for a long time provided they are made of high-quality material.
4. The engineer must know the conditions under which the new material is to be utilized.
5. To transform water into steam is not a complex process.
IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Subject, Complex Object).
1. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting materials and for practical applications of the phenomenon.
2. We know the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge.
3. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices.
4. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don’t even think of at present.
V. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слов: as,
because, because of, due to, for, since, either ... or, neither ... nor,
both ... and.
1. As a cold object and a hot one are brought into contact, the former gets warmer and the latter gets colder.
2. Automatic control in the simpliest form has been known since the beginning of the steam age.
3. The high level of nuclear physics research made it possible for Russia to become the first country to start using atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
4. Both chemical energy and mechanical energy can be transformed into electricity.
5. He will make the report either on conductors and insulators or on superconductivity.
6. Every year more and more people use the Internet due to its popularity and possibility to exchange an immeasurable amount of information, electronic mail and news.
7. We had to stop the experiment because of the damage of the device.
8. Neither this nor that method of producing electricity may be used under these conditions.
VI. Прочитайте текст, перепишите, письменно переведите на русский
язык.
Power transmission
They say that about a hundred years ago, power was never carried far away from its source. Later on, the range of transmission was expanded to a few miles. And now, in a comparatively short period of time, electrical engineering has achieved so much that it is quite possible, at will, to convert mechanical energy and transmit the latter over hundreds of kilometres and more in any direction required. Then in a suitable locality the electric energy can be reconverted into mechanical energy whenever it is desirable. It is not difficult to understand that the above process has been made possible owing to generators, transformers and motors as well as to other necessary electrical equipment.
It goes without saying that as soon as the electric energy is produced at the power-station, it is to be transmitted over wires to the substation and then to the consumer. However, the longer the wire, the greater is its resistance to current flow. On the other hand, the higher the offered resistance, the greater are the heating losses in electric wires.
One can reduce these undesirable losses in two ways, namely, one can reduce either the resistance or the current. It is easy for us to see how we can reduce resistance: it is necessary to make use of a better conducting material and as thick wires as possible. However, such wires are calculated to require too much material and, hence, they will be too expensive. Can the current be reduced? Yes, it is quite possible to reduce the current in the transmission system by employing transformers. In effect, the waste of useful energy has been greatly decreased due to high-voltage lines.
It is well known that high voltage means low current, low current in its turn results in reduced heating losses in electrical wires. It is dangerous, however, to use power at very high voltages for anything but transmission and distribution. For that reason, the voltage is always reduced again before the power is used.
Notes on the text:
1. one cannot but – нельзя не, невозможно не
2. it goes without saying – ясно, само собой разумеется
3. on the other hand – с другой стороны
VII. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What made it possible to transmit electric energy over hundreds of kilometres?
2. What are transformers used for?
3. In what way can the heating losses be reduced in transmission lines?
Вариант III
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Passive
Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education.
2. These computers were programmed to provide an endless number of simple questions, and as the student answered these questions the facts were learned.
3. When the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up.
4. It is known that much has been done in the world for the development of non- traditional sources of energy.
II. Определите функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Предложения
переведите на русский язык.
1. Electricity has many important applications in industry as well as in our houses.
2. Some years later a motor with two speeds was designed.
3. Almost everything in the modern world is done with the help of computers – the complicated descendants (потомки) of the first calculating machine, invented by Ch. Babbage in 1812.
4. Computers do help students make a lot of calculations.
III. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива (подлежащее, часть сказуемого,
дополнение, определение, обстоятельство).
1. The generator is the device to change mechanical energy into electric energy.
2. To design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement.
3. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams.
4. We must build as many power stations as possible to meet all the power needs in industry and agriculture.
5. To train highly scientific workers is extremely important for the development of science.
IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Subject, Complex Object).
1. The a.c. (alternating current) used for power and lightning purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second.
2. The students saw the thermometer mercury fall to the fixed point.
3. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry.
4. We want the atomic energy to be used for peaceful construction.
V. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слов: as,
because, because of, due to, for, since, either ... or, neither ... nor,
both ... and.
1. As the devices were out of date it was decided not to install them.
2. Since the steam gives up its heat energy to drive the turbine its temperature and pressure fall.
3. The variety of purposes which electricity is used for nowadays is endless.
4. Both nuclear power and solar energy will be widely used in future.
5. Such satellites can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to Earth.
6. The word “electricity” comes neither from English nor from Latin, it comes from the Greek word for “amber”.
7. Aluminium and its alloys are very useful due to good corrosion resistance combined with their light weight.
8. We could not continue our research because of the lack of data.
VI. Прочитайте текст, перепишите, письменно переведите на русский
язык.
Generators
The dynamo invented by Faraday in 1831 is certainly a primitive apparatus compared with the powerful, highly efficient generators and alternators that are in use today. Nevertheless, these machines operate on the same principle as the one invented by the great English scientist.
There are two types of dynamos, namely, the generator and the alternator. The former supplies d.c. which is similar to the current from a battery and the latter, as its name implies, provides a.c.
To generate electricity both of them must be continuously provided with energy from some outside source of mechanical energy such as steam engines, steam turbines or water turbines.
Both generators and alternators consist of the following principal parts: an armature and an electromagnet. The electromagnet of a d.c. generator is usually called a stator for it is in a static condition while the armature (the rotor) is rotating. Alternators may be divided into two types: 1. alternators that have a stationary armature and a rotating electromagnet; 2. alternators whose armature serves as a rotor (but this is seldom done). In order to get a strong e.m.f., the rotors in large machines rotate at a speed of thousands of revolutions per minute (r.p.m.). – The faster they rotate, the greater the output voltage the machine will produce.
In order to produce electricity under the most economical conditions, the generators must be as large as possible. In addition to it, they should be kept as fully loaded as possible all the time. It is interesting to note here that the biggest generators ever installed at any hydroelectric station in the world are those installed in the former USSR. As you are likely to remember the Bratskaya hydroelectric station is equipped with 225,000 kilowatt (kW) generators. Soviet scientists constructed more powerful generators which are installed at the Krasnoyarskaya station. The Konakovskaya, the Zaporoshskaya and the Uglegorskaya steam power-stations have large rated capacity. Our industry produces even greater power installations of 1,200 MW.
Notes on the text:
d.c. – direct current
a.c. – alternating current
e.m.f. – electromotive force
rafed capacity – номинальная мощность
VII. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What do we need electricity for?
2. What are dynamo electric machines used for?
3. What are the principle parts of a generator?
Вариант IV
I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в Passive
Voice. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The scientific and technological progress of a country is determined by the qualification of specialists.
2. New methods of research are being used in our lab.
3. A combination of electric lines and networks were set up throughout the country.
4. I think cars will be powered by electric batteries in five years’ time and they will not be powered by atomic power in 100 years’ time.
II. Определите функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. Предложения
переведите на русский язык.
1. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy.
2. It is considered that the development of the induction motor has become the most important technical achievement.
3. Morse discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be sent as sounds.
4. This device does help them a lot in their work.
III. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на функцию инфинитива (подлежащее, часть сказуемого,
дополнение, определение, обстоятельство).
1. V.V. Petrov was the first scientist to study the electrification of metals by rubbing them.
2. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy.
3. When we are dealing with wires and fuses carrying an electric current, it is best to wear rubber gloves.
4. The engineer was asked to design a transistor device which would regulate the temperature in the laboratory.
5. To perform different kinds of operations is the general purpose of a PC (Personal Computer).
IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Subject, Complex Object).
1. The electrolytes appear to change greatly when the current passes through them.
2. Observations show a hot object to radiate more heat than a cold one.
3. The current is known to flow when the circuit is closed.
4. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.
V. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значения слов: as,
because, because of, due to, for, since, either ... or, neither ... nor,
both ... and.
1. Electromotive force is necessary for the current to flow along the circuit.
2. It is necessary to remember the term “circuit” as it is impossible to work with electricity without circuits.
3. Silver is the best conductor known since it offers the least resistance to the current flow.
4. Electricity is used both in industry and in everyday life.
5. Many lasers give off invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.
6. Atoms find a wide application, due to their ability for producing heat and energy.
7. Matter and energy are considered to be neither destroyed nor created.
8. Some nuclear power stations had to stop operation because of the Chernobyl event.
VI. Прочитайте текст, перепишите, письменно переведите на русский
язык.
Electric Motor
The electric motor is a device employed for transforming energy into mechanical energy. We know it to turn machinery and various appliances.
Speaking about the generation of electric current by using magnetism, it is necessary to mention that generators and motors are similar in certain respects. There is certainly some difference in detail but in both of them we find an armature with windings, a commutator and brushes combined with an electromagnet for producing the magnetic field. However, in an electric motor, one shunt winding is not sufficient and a second one called a series winding should be added. “Why is it necessary?” one might ask. The fact is that the motor should have a powerful effect at the very moment when the current is switched on, as for instance, in an electric tram or a train. A very strong magnetic field is needed to obtain a so-called powerful starting torque. This is achieved by adding a series winding to the magnetic coils. It is connected not in shunt with the armature but in the series with it. Thus, all the heavy starting current, passing through the armature winding, now passes through the series field coil and provides a strong field necessary for starting, the shunt field winding providing the running conditions.
No appliance ever created by man has probably had such a wide range of size and such a variety of application as the motor. In fact, on the one hand, there are all kinds of mighty giants in the motor world. These giants are known to perform innumerable operations wherever required. On the other hand, there exist all kinds of small-sized and even minute motors which are able to power various complex machines and operate equally well under any conditions. In a modern home there are many different electric motors in machines and devices utilized to meet our daily requirements. In effect, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and modern refrigerators do work thanks to electric motors. It follows that in the electric motor we have a valuable and powerful appliance capable of fulfilling the required operations exactly and with just the desirable power and rate of motion. There are often cases when it is simply impossible to replace it by any other means. In short, the motor finds application in industry and engineering, in agriculture and transport, in medicine and our homes.
Notes on the text:
torque – момент, пусковой момент
сommutator – коллектор
VII. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What is the motor employed for?
2. What is a very strong magnetic field needed for?
3. What does the shunt field winding provide?
Контрольная работа №4
Изучите следующие разделы грамматики по учебнику:
1. Неличные формы глагола : Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Причастные обороты: зависимый, независимый (самостоятельный), объектный.
2. Герундий (Gerund), простые и сложные формы. Основные способы перевода герундия на русский язык. Герундиальный оборот.
3. Сослагательное наклонение.
4. Три типа условных предложений.
Вариант I
I. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод герундия. Подчеркните герундий в предложениях.
1. Studying natural phenomenon without making observations is useless.
2. Russian scientists played an important part in solving this problem.
3. The lightning conductor, familiar to everybody at present, is a metal device protecting buildings from strokes of lightning by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.
4. We all know of their designing a new type of semiconductor radio set.
II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. Укажите № предложения, в котором
употреблен независимый причастный оборот.
1. Having experimented with electricity and magnetism, Gilbert wrote a book on magnetism.
2. Many hydroelectric stations were built in our country, the one on the Angara being one of the largest.
3. This e-mail transmitted by using the Internet is very important for our professor.
4. Solar batteries converting the energy of the sun directly into electric current are sources of electric energy for radio and television equipment on spaceships and man-made satellites.
5. While using the Web you can start your program anywhere you want.
6. We saw the experiment worker operating a new very complex machine with great skill.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на глаголы в сослагательном наклонении.
1. It is highly desirable that more radio-electronic devices should be applied for astronomical observations and measurements.
2. If you watched a laser operate, you might be surprised at the simplicity of a device capable of such power.
3. It is necessary that highly sensitive reception devices be made for the radio telescope to achieve better results in observation.
4. If friction could be entirely eliminated, a body set in motion on a level surface would continue to move indefinitely.
IV. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на условные придаточные предложения.
1. Provided electronic and radio navigation equipment had not been improved so radically in recent years, aircraft flying would not have become so reliable and efficient.
2. If some current flows through a thin wire and then the same amount of current is sent through a thicker one, a different amount of heat will be developed in both these wires.
3. If we solved the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions, we could use oceans of fuels.
V. Прочитайте текст, перепишите его и письменно переведите на
русский язык.
Thermal Power-station
A modern thermal power-station is known to consist of four principal components, namely, coal handling and storage, boiler house, turbine house, switchgear.
If you have not seen a power-station boiler it will be difficult for you to imagine its enormous size.
Besides the principal components mentioned above there are many additional parts of the plant. The most important of them is the turbogenerator in which the current is actually generated.
A steam turbine requires boilers to provide steam. Boilers need a coal-handling plant on the one hand and an ash-disposal plant on the other. Large fans are quite necessary to provide air for the furnaces. Water for the boilers requires feed pumps. Steam must be condensed after it has passed through the turbines, and this requires large quantities of cooling water. The flue gases carry dust which must be removed by cleaning the gases before they go into the open air.
A modern thermal power-station is equipped with one or more turbine generator units which convert heat energy into electric energy. The steam to drive the turbine which, in its turn, turns the rotor or revolving part of the generator is generated in boilers heated by furnaces in which one of three fuels may be used-coal, oil and natural gas. Coal continues to be the most important and the most economical of these fuels.
At present great attention is being paid to combined generation of heat and electricity at heat-and-power plants and to centralized heat supply. One of the world’s largest heat-and-power installations is operating at the Moskowskaya thermal power-station-25.
Thermal power-stations are considered to be the basis of our country’s power industry. More than 80% of the country’s total power output comes from the above stations. It is necessary to say that separate power-stations in our country are integrated into power systems. Integration of power systems is a higher stage in the scientific and technical development of power engineering.
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What does a modern thermal power-station consist of?
2. What is the efficiency of such power-stations?
Вариант II
I. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод герундия. Подчеркните герундий в предложениях.
1. On splitting atoms in the reactor, heat is developed.
2. Franklin's having worked in the field of electricity is known the world over.
3. After completing the computations of the problems the personal computer displayed the answers.
4. In studying magnetism, we cannot help observing the relations between magnetism and the electric current.
II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. Укажите № предложения, в котором
употреблен независимый причастный оборот.
1. Having invented the lightning conductor, Franklin continued working at the problem of atmospheric electricity.
2. Unless translated into a machine code the high level language must not be used by any computer.
3. The energy sources of the world decreasing, it is necessary to turn to atomic energy.
4. Water falling from its raised position changes potential energy into kinetic energy.
5. While developing the new automated management systems, engineers use modern PCs (Personal Computers).
6. They saw the laboratory assistant demonstrating a new electrical device.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
Подчеркните в придаточных предложениях глаголы в сослагательном
наклонении.
1. Should there be even a small deviation in the velocity, the space vehicle would pass the planet.
2. The engineer demanded that the test be repeated.
3. I wish you had operated those computers more carefully.
4. It is desirable that this new electronic device should be tested in this laboratory.
IV. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на условные придаточные предложения.
1. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another.
2. Provided the operator’s cabin had been equipped with electronic control, he would have been able to work faster and with greater precision.
3. Were electric motors used, cars would not pollute the air, would be practically noiseless and very easy to control.
V. Прочитайте текст, перепишите его и письменно переведите на
русский язык.
Hydroelectric Power-Station
Water power was used to drive machinery long before Polzunov and James Watt harnessed steam to meet man’s needs for useful power.
Modern hydroelectric power-stations use water power to turn the machines which generate electricity. The water power may be obtained from small dams in rivers or from enormous sources of water power. However, most of our electricity, that is about 86 per cent, still comes from steam power-stations.
The locality of a hydroelectric power plant depends on natural conditions. The hydroelectric power plant may be located either at a dam or at a considerable distance below. That depends on the desirability of using the head supply at the dam itself or the desirability of getting a greater head. In the latter case, water is conducted through pipes or open channels to a point farther downstream where the natural conditions make a greater head possible.
The design of machines for using water power greatly depends on the nature of the available water supply. In some cases great quantities of water can be taken from a large river with only a few feet head. In other cases, instead of a few feet, we may have a head of several thousands of feet. In general, power may be developed from water by the action of its pressure, of its velocity, or by a combination of both.
A hydraulic turbine and a generator are the main equipment in a hydroelectric power-station. Hydraulic turbines are the key machines converting the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. Such turbines have the following principal parts: a runner composed of radial blades mounted on a rotating shaft and a steel casing which houses the runner. There are two types of water turbines, namely, the reaction turbine and the impulse turbine. The reaction turbine is the one for low heads and a small flow. Modified forms of the above turbine are used for medium heads up to 500-600 ft, the shaft being horizontal for the larger heads. High heads, above 500 ft, employ the impulse- type turbine.
Hydropower engineering is developing mainly by constructing high capacity stations integrated into river systems known as cascades. Such cascades are already in operation on the Dnieper, the Volga and the Angara.
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What does the locality of a hydroelectric power plant depend on?
2. What is the key machine for converting the energy of water into mechanical energy?
Вариант III
I. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод герундия. Подчеркните герундий в предложениях.
1. Protecting buildings from strokes of lighting was a great achievement in the field of electricity.
2. Supercomputers are used for calculating complex problems.
3. His taking part in the development of the new semiconductor device was of great help to us.
4. Besides using optical telescopes scientists are extensively employing radio telescopes, which are huge antennae, and constantly listening to the radio signals coming from our distant neighbours in the Universe.
II. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните причастия. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. Укажите № предложения, в котором
употреблен независимый причастный оборот.
1. In future, the nuclear reactor will be one of the most reliable “furnaces” producing atomic energy.
2. Atomic energy being developed in a reactor in the form of heat, we can get both heat and electrical energy.
3. Having been translated into a machine language any high level programming language can be used by any computer.
4. Knowing how to detect radio signals emitted by the Sun and other heavenly bodies people can greatly enlarge their possibilities of observing the universe.
5. When passed through the reading equipment (устройство ввода) the characters are read into the memory of a PC (Personal Computer).
6. The students heard the professor speaking about his experimental work.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на глаголы в сослагательном наклонении.
1. Without radioelectronics there would be no cybernetic, cosmonautic or nuclear physics.
2. The electrons move round the nucleus as if they were the planets of the solar system moving round the sun.
3. It is essential that a superconductor should be cooled to - 273˚C.
4. The substance should be purified so that it might be used for this purpose.
IV. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на условные придаточные предложения.
1. If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible.
2. If atomic energy replaces the present sources of energy, we shall get more energy than we produce at present.
3. Had there been no Earth`s gravitational, the artificial satellites would have moved through airless space in a straight line at a uniform speed.
V. Прочитайте текст, перепишите его и письменно переведите на
русский язык.
Nuclear Power Plant
The heart of the nuclear power plant is the reactor which contains the nuclear fuel. The fuel usually consists of hundreds of uranium pellets placed in long thin cartridges of stainless steel. The whole fuel cell consists of hundreds of these cartridges. The fuel is situated in a reactor vessel filled with a fluid. The fuel heats the fluid and the superhot fluid goes to a heat exchanger, i.e. steam generator, where the hot fluid converts water to steam. The fluid is highly radioactive, but it should never come into contact with the water that is converted into steam. Then this steam operates steam turbines in exactly the same way as in a coal- or oil-fired power-plant.
A nuclear reactor has several advantages over power-plants that use coal or natural gas. The latter produce considerable air pollution, releasing combusted gases into the atmosphere, whereas a nuclear power plant gives off almost no air pollutants. As to nuclear fuel, it is far cleaner than any other fuel for operating a heat engine. Furthermore, our reserves of coal, oil and gas are decreasing so nuclear fuel is to replace them. It means that coal and oil can be used for some other purposes. The amount of nuclear fuel which the nuclear power-plant consumes is negligible, while the world’s uranium and thorium resources will last for hundreds of years.
The construction of the first world’s nuclear power-plant in Obninsk near Moscow, was a great historical event and the beginning of atomic energetics. Since then our country has achieved great progress in this field. It should be noted that while the unit capacity of the Obninsk nuclear power-plant was five thousand kW, that of the first unit of the Leningradskaya nuclear power-plant was one million kW.
Our country produces two main types of reactors namely vessel-type reactors and channel-type reactors.
It is necessary to mention here that channel-type reactors have been operating since 1954 at the world’s first nuclear power-plant and in the far North-East of our country, where they produce both electricity and heat.
The nuclear power-stations are mostly designed for the generation of electricity. If a station generates only electric energy, it is equipped with condensing turbines and the station is known as a condensing one. At present, nuclear power-stations mainly operate as condensing plants. The nuclear power-station designed to produce not only electrical energy but also heat are called nuclear heat-and-power plants.
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What are the advantages of nuclear power plants over power plants?
2. What two types of reactors are mentioned in the text?
Вариант IV
I. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на перевод герундия. Подчеркните герундий в предложениях.
1. Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is one of the most perspective sources.
2. A fax machine is used for sending and receiving copies of original documents via phone line.
3. Lomonosov’s having studied atmospheric electricity contributed to the development of science.
4. After finishing calculations a supercomputer puts out necessary results.
II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. Укажите № предложения, в котором
употреблен независимый причастный оборот.
1. The construction of power-stations operating on atomic fuel and generating electric current is quite necessary.
2. Having discussed the structure of a PC, we can explain its operation.
3. Atomic energy replacing the present sources of energy, the latter will find various new applications.
4. The equipment (элементная база) used in this control unit is the same as in the arithmetic unit.
5. While splitting atoms, scientists have learned to release much energy.
6. The students watched the operator using a new PC (Personal Computer).
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на глаголы в сослагательном наклонении.
1. It is desirable that the engine should combine high efficiency and lightness.
2. K. Onnes found that it was necessary that a mercury wire be cooled to - 265˚C for electrical resistivity to disappear.
3. It is possible that a compound should become a superconductor even if the chemical elements constituting it are not.
4. If computers had not been invented, many important problems might never have been solved.
IV. Перепишите предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая
внимание на условные придаточные предложения.
1. These electrical devices can work for a long time, provided they are made of high-quality material.
2. Should a permanent magnet be moved in and out of a coil of wire, both the magnet and the coil would be used as a simple electric generator.
3. Unless the internal combustion engine had been invented, the automobile industry would not have begun to develop so rapidly all over the world.
V. Прочитайте текст, перепишите его и переведите на русский язык.
Transformers
The transformer is a device for changing the electric current from one voltage to another. As a matter of fact, it is used for increasing voltage. A simple transformer is a kind of induction coil. It is well known that in its usual form it has no moving parts. On the whole, it requires very little maintenance, provided it is not misused and is not damaged by lightning.
We may say that the principal parts of a transformer are two windings, that is coils, and an iron core. They call the coil which is supplied with current the “primary winding”, or just “primary”, for short. The winding from which they take the current is referred to as the “secondary winding” or “secondary”, for short. It is not new to you that the former is connected to the source of supply, the latter being connected to the load.
When the number of turns of wire on the secondary is the same as the number on the primary, the secondary voltage is the same as the primary, we get what is called a “one-to-one” transformer. In case, however, the number of turns on the secondary winding is greater than those on the primary, the output voltage is larger than the input voltage and the transformer is called a step-up transformer. On the other hand, the secondary turns being fewer in number than the primary, the transformer is known as a step-down transformer.
The transformer operates equally well to increase the voltage and to reduce it. By the way, the above process needs a negligible quantity of power. It is important to point out that the device under consideration will not work on d.c. but it is rather often employed in direct-current circuits. All radio sets and all television sets are known to use two or more kinds of transformers. These are familiar examples showing that electronic equipment cannot do without transformers.
Notes on the text:
one-to-one transformer – с соотношением 1:1
a step-up (a step-down) transformer –повышающий (понижающий) трансформатор
d.c. – direct current – постоянный ток
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста:
1. What are the principle parts of a transformer?
2. What types of transformers are described in the text?