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Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ЗАОЧНОЙ ФОРМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Составитель: М.В. Жесткова

Самара 2003

УДК 4П(Англ)

Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. – Самара: СамГАПС, 2003. - 58с.

Утверждено на заседании кафедры 16 декабря 2003., протокол № 4.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета академии.

Методические указания и контрольные работы предназначены для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. Цель методических указаний заключается в том, чтобы выработать у студентов навыки адекватного перевода текстов по специальности широкого профиля и активного владения грамматической системой современного английского языка.

Методические указания состоят из двух контрольных работ, представленных в пяти вариантах, грамматического справочника, краткого англо-русского словаря и приложения, в которое вошли грамматические упражнения, ориентированные как на аудиторные занятия, так и на самостоятельную работу студентов.

Составитель: Марина Владимировна Жесткова

Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук Сучкова С.А. (Самарский государственный педагогический университет)

кандидат филологических наук Никитина С.Я. (Самарская государственная академия путей сообщения)

Под редакцией зав. кафедрой иностранных языков профессора Халикова М.М.

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РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ОФОРМЛЕНИЮ

КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

1. Каждое контрольное задание в данных методических указаниях предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последней цифрой шифра студенческого билета: если шифр заканчивается на 1 или 2, то студент выполняет вариант № 1; на 3 или 4- № 2; на 5 или 6- № 3; на 7или 8 - № 4; на 9или 0- № 5.

2. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, имя, отчество (полностью); шифр студенческого билета; номер контрольной работы. В конце выполненной контрольной работы укажите список использованной литературы.

3. Будьте внимательны при переписывании английских предложений из методических указаний. Если вы не знаете русских эквивалентов английских имён собственных (например, географических названий и т.п.) или не уверены в правильном их написании по-русски, оставьте в контрольной работе английский вариант слова.

4. Контрольные работы должны быть написаны аккуратно, чётким подчерком. В тетради в клетку пишите через клетку. Оставляйте на страницах поля для объяснений и методических указаний рецензента. Перед выполнением каждого упражнения пишите задание к нему. Материал контрольной работы следует располагать следующим образом:

Поля

Левая страница (английский текст)

Правая страница (перевод)

Поля

Первая страница тетради при этом остаётся пустой.

5. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки.

6. Неправильно и небрежно оформленные работы и работы, вариант которых не соответствует шифру, возвращаются студенту без проверки.

СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения. – М., 1982.

2. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов. – М., 1974.

3. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка. – М., 1971, 1979 и более поздние издания.

4. Петрова А.В. Самоучитель английского языка. – М., 1985 и более поздние издания.

Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В. и др. Английский язык для инженеров. – М: Высш. шк., 1998.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольного задания №1, вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованным учебникам:

1. Имя существительное.Множественное число. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.

Числительное.

4. Глагол.Спряжение глаголов to be и to have. Оборот there + to be. Формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах.

ВАРИАНТ 1

Our firm guarantees prompt and safe delivery of any freight “from door to door”. 2. You will find all the necessary information about the train movement in the railway-guide. 3. The total length of all railway lines in Russia is equal to three times the length of the Equator. 4. All railwaymen have the right of free travel by train once a year. 5. When we entered the car, we opened the window because it was very stuffy in the compartment.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.

1. Broken stone is the most suitable material for ballast. 2. One of the longest continuous underground railway tunnels in the world is the 17,5 mile tunnel on the Northern line of the London Underground. 3. The first rails were made of cast iron but when traffic became heavier it was found that cast iron was too brittle and wore too quickly. 4. In the Grand Prix motor racing just a few seconds sometimes separate the fastest car from the slowest car in a race. 5. Traveling in an open-type coach is cheaper than in a sleeping car because sleeping cars are more convenient.

THE TRANS-SIBERIAN MAINLINE

. “The Great Siberian Track” is a well-known name in the history of the Russian State. It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast.

The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19^th century. Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia. In 1892 the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara – Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline.

On March 15, 1891 Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II which stated: “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with ground-breaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.”

Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet won. According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas.

The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893. Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains. In less than 15 years more than 8,600 km of track were laid down. At first 10,000 workers were involved in the construction. Later their number went up to 100,000. Job and living conditions were extremely tough. The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts.

The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc. The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote: “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.”

Notes: *ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги)

**high road – тракт

ВАРИАНТ 2

ENGINES

Do you know what the first engine was like? It was called “the water wheel”. This was an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields. Then a wind-powered engine was invented. It was a small wheel with long wide wooden blades attached to it. The new engine was driven by the wind. Both of these engines, the water-and wind- operated, are very economical. They don’t need fuel to function, but they are dependent on the weather.

Many years passed and people invented a new engine operated by steam. In a steam engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam. The (чем) more coal is put in the furnace, the (тем) stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is, the faster a train or a boat is moving. The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam locomotives. The very first aeroplane built by A.F. Mozhaisky also had a steam engine. This engine played a very important part in the history of transport and industry development. However it had its disadvantages. It was too large, heavy and needed too much fuel.

The imperfections of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because its fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene.

The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But in order to enable airplanes to fly faster than the speed of sound another more powerful engine was needed. Eventually, one was invented and it was given the name “jet engine”. The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it will not melt.

ВАРИАНТ 3

ВАРИАНТ 4

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения.

1. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of carrying freight over long distances. 2. The continuous rails provide a smoother movement of trains at higher speeds. 3. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible the best way is to travel by air. 4. For many centuries before the invention of the steam engine, transportation by water was much easier and cheaper than that by land.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. It is more convenient to carry these goods by lorry than by rail. 2. George Pullman invented the first sleeping car which was much simpler in design than the sleeping cars of today but it was much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of cars in use at that time. 3. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, the most reliable and comfortable means of city transport. 4. The trip by high-speed ferry from Helsinki to Tallinn lasts an hour and a half, even faster than by plane. 5. Modern locomotives can haul the trains of 6.000 tons and heavier.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы №2, вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованным учебникам:

1. Личные формы глагола.Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах.

2. Неличные формы глагола (Participle I, Participle II).

3. Модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should, need).

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1. The construction of this high-speed line is being actively supported by the government because the development of heavy industry in this region requires reliable and speedy railway traffic. 2. Automobiles were rushing in both directions and it was impossible to cross the street. 3. We have heard on the radio today that the railway fares will be increased. 4. Until recently the price difference between the first and second class tickets on the Spanish Railways had been amounted to 81%. This difference has been greatly reduced and now first class fare is only 30% more expensive than second class.

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. The locomotive was moving at a high speed when the engine driver saw that the line had been damaged. 2. Boeing’s new airplane is faster and more luxurious than any other vehicles which have ever been produced. 3. When we came to the station the train had already arrived, and the passengers were hurrying to occupy their seats in the carriages. 4. It has been calculated that East Japan Railway Company sells 1,000 ton of tickets annually. These tickets are now being collected and re-used in the manufacture of cardboard and toilet paper.

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Hurry up! I’m afraid by the time we get to the station the train will have already left. 2. The new American turbo-train has covered a 230-mile distance in 3 hours 15 minutes with 4 stops between Boston and New York. 3. By the time the train reached its destination Paul had made friends with many of his fellow-travelers. 4. For many years railway track has been laid and repaired by hard manual labor. Now this work is being done by means of up-to-date track machines and mechanisms.

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 2. The business day was in high gear: the mail was being looked through, the documents were being typed, letters were being answered, talks were being hold. 3. The reason for the freight train derailment has not been found yet. 4. The program of railway reforms is being implemented now in Russia. Under this program suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local budgets. At the same time the government has promised to fund inter-city passenger service.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. According to schedule, this train was due to arrive at 12.30, but because of track repair work, it is being delayed. 2. The passengers had been invited to get on the train and now they were exchanging farewells with those who had come to see them off. 3. China is planning to construct several thousand kilometers of high-speed lines for the transportation of 1,5 billion passengers and 2,1 billion tones of freight a year. Specific plans have been drawn up to upgrade the busiest main lines for semi-express train running at 160 km/h or express trains moving at 250 km/h. At the same time the possibility of the train speed increase up to 350 km/h is being investigated.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на видовременные формы сказуемых. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчёркнутым словам.

1. Our train will depart at 10 a.m. (When?) 2. The automatic driver was first tested on the Moscow Underground. (Where?) 3. We have many various electric devices in our houses. (Who?; What devices?) 4. The crew of the plane consists of four people. (How many?) 5. We were informed of our train delay. (Who?; What?) 6. Our automobile is equipped with radio communication and audio signaling. (What devices?) 7. He bought the plane tickets at the travel agency. (Where?) 8. Each compartment has upper and lower berths. (What?) 9. The length of the Great Trans-Siberian Railway is 8.000 km. (How many?) 10. Nowadays all rails are made of steel. (What?) 11. For many years engineers tried to find a new material for making sleepers. (How long?) 12. The main advantage of the steel sleeper is its durability and reliability. (What?) 13. The underground railways became very popular thanks to their cleanliness and higher speeds. (Why?) 14. The railways play decisive role in the transportation of freight. (What?) 15. The traffic is not very heavy in the early mornings. (When?) 16. This mechanism activates the emergency brake. (What?) 17. Electrical equipment will be produced in France. (Where?) 18. They learnt about the accident from the newspaper. (What?) 19. The driver told his passengers to fasten their safety belts. (What?) 20. At the large railway stations porters use electric baggage trucks. (Who?; What?). 21. Several passers-by stopped to look at the strange bicycle out of curiosity. (Why?).

A) The Stourbridge Lion

One day in 1830 people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion. The engineer refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of suspense. Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed of ten miles an hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it!

Questions:

1. Did many people come to see the first run of the steam locomotive?

2. Was the new steam locomotive called “the Rocket”?

3. Had the steam locomotive been tested before that historic run?

4. Were there any passengers on this train?

5. Did the engineer let his mate ride with him?

6. Was there a moment of suspense as the signal to start was given?

7. Were small boys waving their hats?

8. Did the Lion move at a speed of ten miles an hour?

9. Was the steam locomotive pulled by a horse?

10. Did this event take place in Denver?

B) The Bluebell Railway

The Bluebell Railway is a private railroad. About 500 men and women work on the railway in their free time. They don’t get any money – the railway is their hobby. The have old steam engines and carriages – one of them is 120 years old. Passengers can have lunch or dinner in the lovely old restaurant carriage.

The Bluebell Railway goes from Sheffield Park to Horsted Keynes and back again. That is about 14 kilometers. The journey there and back takes an hour. The tickets cost three pounds for a single and six pounds for a return. The trains move at a speed of about thirty km per hour. Over two hundred and fifty thousand passengers travel on the Bluebell Railway every year.

Questions:

1. Is the Bluebell Railway a private railway?

2. Do 500 men and women work on the railway?

3. Do the railwaymen work for money?

4. Have they only steam engines and carriages?

5. Is the oldest engine 120 years old?

6. Can passengers have lunch in the new restaurant carriage?

7. Does the Bluebell Railway go from London to the airport?

8. Is the length of the railway 40 km?

9. Does the journey by the steam train take two hours?

10. Do single tickets cost 3 pounds?

11. May passengers buy return tickets?

12. Do two hundred passengers travel on the Bluebell Railway every year?

Основные формы глагола

Глагол в английском языке имеет 4 основные формы. По способу образования 2 и 3 форм глаголы делятся на правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные).

Таблица основных форм глагола

I форма Infinitive	II форма Past Indefinite	III форма Past Participle	IV форма Present Participle
to live (правильный)	lived	lived	living
to begin (неправильный)	began	begun	beginning

§ 5. Времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect

Таблица времён в действительном залоге (Tenses in Active Voice)

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	V1 he, she, it V1 + -s	V2	shall +V1 will
Continuous	am is +V4 are	was +V4 were	shall be +V4 will be
Perfect	have +V3 has	had + V3	shall have +V3 will have

Спряжение глагола to ask в действительном залоге

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I, we, you, they ask he, she, it asks	I, he, she, it we, you, they asked	I, we shall ask he, she, you, they will ask
Continuous	I am asking he, she, it is asking we, you, they are asking	I, he, she, it was asking we, you, they were asking	I, we shall be asking he, she, you, they will be asking
Perfect	I, we, you, they have asked he, she, it has asked	I, he, she, it, we, you, they had asked	I, we shall have asked he, she, it, you, they will have asked

Таблица времён в страдательном залоге (Tenses in Passive Voice)

to be+V3	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	am is + V3 are	was + V3 were	shall + be V3 will
Continuous	am is + being V3 are	was + being V3 were	________
Perfect	have + been V3 has	had been + V3	shall + have been V3 will

Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I am asked he, she, it is asked we, you, they are asked	I, he, she, itwas asked we, you, theywere asked	I, we shall be asked he, she, it, we, you, they will be asked
Continuous	I am being asked he, she, it is being asked we, you, they are being asked	I, he, she was being asked we, you, they were being asked	__________
Perfect	I, we, you, they have been asked he, she, it has been asked	I, he, she, it, we, you, they had been asked	I, we shall have been asked he, she, it, we, you, they will have been asked

Примечания:

1) Подлежащее в английском предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык в винительном или дательном падежах.

Hewas asked to buy tickets. Его попросили купить билеты.

He was asked many questions. Ему задали много вопросов.

2) За сказуемым в страдательном залоге в английском предложении может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

This accident is much spoken about. Об этом несчастном случае много говорят.

Модальные глаголы

Present	Past	Future
must должен All drivers must follow the traffic rules – Все водители должны соблюдать правила дорожного движения	___________	__________
can мочь, уметь He can drive a car – Он умеет водить машину	could смог, мог, сумел He could not start his car – Он не смог завести машину.	__________
may мочь, иметь разрешение You may use my mobile telephone. – Ты можешь воспользоваться моим мобильным телефоном.	might смог, сумел, разрешили He said that the train might be late. – Он сказал, что поезд может опоздать. I was told that I might come in – Мне сказали, что я могу (мне разрешили) войти.	__________
should следует, должен, нужно He should be more attentive. – Ему следует быть внимательнее	__________	__________
need (not) можете не, не нужно; нужно ли? You need not come here tomorrow. – Можете не приходить сюда завтра. You needn’t buy any tickets; the admission is free. – Билеты не нужно покупать; вход - свободный	__________	__________

Причастие (The Participle)

Причастие является неличной формой глагола. В английском языке существует два вида причастий: Participle I и Participle II.

Participle I (причастие настоящего времени) может иметь простую форму, которая образуется путём прибавления окончания –ing к основе глагола ( to read – reading,to ask – asking, to drive – driving) и сложные формы, которые образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be или to have и III формы основного глагола (to read –having read, to ask –being asked,to stop –having stopped).

Participle II (причастие прошедшего времени) имеет только простую форму. Participle II правильных глаголов образуется путём прибавления окончания -ed к основе глагола (to train – trained, to work– worked, to ask – asked). Participle II неправильных глаголов см. в таблице нестандартных глаголов (III колонка) (to give– given, to write–written, to build– built).

Participle I

Participle I (non-perfect) выполняет в предложении следующие функции:

Participle II

Participle II может выполнять в предложении следующие функции:

ТАБЛИЦА НЕСТАНДАРТНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Infinitive	Past Simple	Participle II	Перевод
be	was, were	been	быть
become	became	become	становиться, делаться
begin	began	begun	начинать
break	broke	broken	ломать, нарушать
bring	brought	brought	приносить, привозить
build	built	built	строить
burn	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить, схватить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	тянуть, везти
drive	drove	driven	везти, ехать; приводить в движение
find	found	found	находить, обнаруживать
fly	flew	flown	летать
forget	forget	forgotten	забывать
get	got	got	получать, доставать, становиться
give	gave	given	давать, предоставлять
go	went	gone	идти, ехать
grow	grew	grown	расти, увеличиваться
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hold	held	held	держать
keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	класть, положить
learn	learnt	learnt	узнавать, учить
leave	left	left	оставлять, уходить, уезжать
lie	lay	lain	лежать
light	lit	lit	освещать, зажигать
make	made	made	делать, заставлять
mean	meant	meant	значить, означать; иметь в виду
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть, ставить
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ездить
run	run	run	бегать, управлять
say	said	said	говорить, сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
sell	sold	sold	продавать
send	sent	sent	посылать
set	set	set	ставить, помещать, устанавливать
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sit	sat	sat	cидеть
sleep	slept	slept	cпать
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить, разговаривать
spend	spent	spent	тратить, проводить (время)
spread	spread	spread	растягивать, распространять (ся)
stand	stood	stood	стоять; поставить; держаться
take	took	taken	брать, принимать
tell	told	told	сказать, сообщать, рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать, полагать
wear	wore	worn	носить, изнашиваться
write	wrote	written	писать, сочинять