Придаточные предложения условия
Железнякова Г.А.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
для студентов-заочников специальности СТ (СП, ЭУН, СА)
3семестр
Чита 2016
УДК 802.0 (075)
ББК м.б. 81.2 Англ. я 7
ББК н.б. Ш13 (Англ) я 7
Ж 512
ISBN 5-9293-0296-0
Железнякова Г.А. Английский язык: Методические указания для студентов-заочников специальности СТ (СП, ЭУН, СА) (2 сем.) / Г.А. Железнякова. - Чита: 2016. - 27 с.
Ил. - Табл.- Библ. - 11
Методические указания предназначены для студентов-заочников специальности СТ. Цель методических указаний – формирование у студентов практических умений и навыков чтения литературы по специальности, научить студентов ориентироваться в структуре английского предложения научно-технического характера. Грамматика отобрана с учетом явлений типичных для стиля научно-технического текста и программы.
© Читинский государственный университет, 1998 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2006 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2008 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2010 г.
© Чита, 2012 г.
© Чита, 2015 г.
© Чита, 2016 г.
Контрольное задание 3
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить Контрольное задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия
2. Бессоюзное подчинение
3. Функции слов AFTER and BEFORE
4. Modal Verbs
5. Функции глагола to be
6. Простые неличные формы глагола: Gerund
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Переведите предложения
1. I think that roads are very important in our life.
2. At every Institute there is a reading hall and a library where the students can take the necessary books.
3. The computer's work is based on principles which are easy to understand.
4. I'll finish my work while you are playing chess.
5. This means both men and women attend the same university.
6. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
II. Переведите предложения
1. After school the boys played tennis.
2. Repeat the words before your English lesson.
3. It is extremely important to get the information before we start.
III. Переведите предложения
1. The old machines are to be replaced.
2. This angle can be measured.
3. Some materials with useful properties may be produced in space.
4. Diamonds must be cut and polished for this purpose.
5. Plastics should be reinforced with different kinds of fibre.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. Increasing pressure leads to the decrease of gas volume.
2. The diamond is used for cutting metals as it is the hardest of stones.
3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure.
4. By adding heat we cause the greater motion of the molecules.
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE
1. In the Metro people are carried up and down by escalators.
2. This machine is suitable for lifting things.
3. Hewas tomeet him at the station.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст TIMBER
1. Timber is the most ancient structural material which was used by the primitive man for building a hut protecting him from stormy weather and wild animals. It is daily growing in importance. Wood is light, easy to work and its mechanical properties are good. Wood possesses a comparatively high strength combined with a small volume weight, elasticity and low heat conductivity. Under favourable service conditions wood remains intact during long periods of time (several hundred years).
2. Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. The moisture content of timber is important, since the strength of timber decreases as the moisture content rises. Caution must therefore be used when designing timber construction on site, and a maximum safe working stress of 5 N/mm2 is advised under these conditions.
3. Wood is very widely used in the building field, owing to the above indicated qualities and a comparatively low cost. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for panelling, veneering in furniture, and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability. In modern construction it is often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wallplates, for temporary buildings and unpainted internal woodwork.
VII. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:
Why is wood very widely used in the building field?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык
1. If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them.
2. Some graduates work in the various branches of industry, while others carry on research work in different research institutes.
3. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.
4. There are a lot of higher schools in Russia where young people can get higher education.
5. People learned to draw pictures of the objects around them long before they learned to write.
6. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from themetro station.
II. Переведите предложения
1. The results of the discussion will be published after.
2. He has never done such experiments before.
3. A great deal of earthwork is to be done before the construction starts.
III. Переведите предложения
1. The solution (раствор) is to be purified.
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.
4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.
5. Ferro-concrete should be widely used in building bridges.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. By cooling we can turn substances into solids or liquids.
2. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.
3. Their aim is finding new ways of utilizing this polymer.
4. Electronics opens up wonderful possibilities for controlling various technological processes.
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE
1. What is the exact size of the room?
2. They were to erect this bridge 3 years ago.
3. The width of the windows is marked on the working plan.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст BRICKS
Bricks as a structural material were known many thousand years ago and are used as a substitute for other materials found in natural state. Bricks are hard and easily fastened together with the help of mortar which makes them suitable for construction purposes.
It is well-known that bricks are usually extremely durable although they may change in appearance after considerable exposure. The two chief causes of deterioration are frost and crystallization of soluble salts. To a large extent the strength is dependent upon the type of clay used and methods of making, but with most types of bricks there is also a considerable variation according to the temperature at which the bricks are burnt. Where considerable loads have to be carried strong brick is needed, but it should be remembered that the strength of a wall is derived from a combination of brick and mortar. Building regulations define the type of mortar to be used with bricks of varying strength to carry varying loads. Nowadays the majority of bricks are used in non-bearing walls.
A brick building is strong, durable and weather resistant. It has, however, certain disadvantages. First, its foundation requires greater durability and takes up a much larger space than that of a wooden structure and is consequently more expensive. Second, the process of constructing a brick building is very slow and requires much skilled labour on the site. Such limitations of bricks led to the development of steel frame technique which allows an easy assembly of structural parts and makes possible the use of new materials.
Notes: steel frame technique технология стальных конструкций
VII. Ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What are disadvantages of a brick building?
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык
1. If you don’t know some words, you may use a dictionary.
2. A number of electrons the atom loses or receives is called its valence.
3. The first railroad in Russia was the railroad which connected Moscow with St. Petersburg.
4. The information science gets about othergalaxies comes through radiotelescopes.
5. The universities provide a wide range of courses for those who want to get higher-level posts in commerce, industry and administration.
6. They learned to make papyrus, which they used especially for writing and for drawing.
II. Translate the sentences
1. It took place after the war.
2. 2. The soil needs stabilization before the construction starts.
3. After the clinker is cooled 3% of gypsum is added to it.
III. Переведите предложения
1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.
2. The acid shouldn't be diluted.
3. The solution must be purified.
4. It is to be noted that the strength of concrete is of great importance.
5. The process may be affected by other factors.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. Introducing new methods into practice requires much time.
2. In converting water into ice we do not change its composition.
3. Nowadays computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required.
4. By subjecting air to very great pressure and cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid state.
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE
1. It was a picturesque landscape.
2. This pipe is made of copper.
3. We are to do this work in time.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст METALS
1. The first metals which were used by primitive men were gold, silver and copper. Iron is the world's most common metal. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperature, and have comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and silver is the best in these respects.
2. Tin entered the metal picture when someone discovered, that if it was mixed with copper, the resulting substance was harder. So there came into being the alloy that we call bronze. This metal is often used for making various ornaments.
3. Copper was used in prehistoric times for making weapons and tools and later was alloyed with tin to form bronze. It was replaced for these purposes by iron and steel. The great development of the electric industries has resulted in such extensive uses of the metal that it now ranks next to iron in importance.
4. The copper alloys are widely employed. The alloying of copper with other elements increases the strength of the metal in some cases and improves the anti-corrosive and anti-friction properties in others.
5. Titanium was unknown before 1791. Titanium is the fourth most abundant structural metal in nature. Ore deposits and beach sands throughout the world contain large quantities of titanium. Titanium is lightweight, strong, corrosion - resistant. It is finding increasing application in many different fields. Engineers often use titanium in construction as it doesn't lose its properties when used in conditions of high temperature.
VII. Ответьте на следующий вопрос:
Why are the copper alloys widely employed?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык
1. Salt is the mineral we obtain out of sea water.
2. Young people who want to enter higher education must meet several requirements.
3. The kind of house they built depended upon the climate.
4. As time went on the pictures used for technical purposes changed.
5. I don’t miss my classes because I want to pass my exams successfully.
6. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of a civil engineer is as old as civilized life.
II. Translate the sentences
1. The Curies have never seen so beautiful a substance as radium before.
2. Many years had passed since the discovery of Vanadium before metallurgists realized its value.
3. They parted after they graduated from the Institute.
III. Переведите предложения
1. The solution has to be diluted.
2. The material should be subjected to special treatment.
3. Contamination can be partly eliminated.
4. The temperature conditions must not be regulated.
5. The course of the reaction may be affected by these conditions.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. The engineers were interested in testing the engine in various conditions.
2. One cannot transform water into steam without heating it.
3. The experimenter suggested purifying the solution by a new method.
4. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary.
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE
1. The city is 1,000 metres above the sea level.
2. The appearance of our town is changing.
3. They were to go on a business trip.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст BASIC PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS
1. The effective use of any building material requires the knowledge of its physical and mechanical properties. The basic properties of building materials may be placed into several groups. The first group includes the physical properties of materials such as specific gravity, volume weight, density and porosity. Other important properties of building materials largely depend on the physical properties.
2. The second group incorporates the properties which show how a building material behaves when affected by water and frost; among these properties are: humidity, absorption of water, water-proofness, frost-proofness and others. The third group unites the mechanical properties of building materials: strength, hardness, etc. The properties of the fourth group are characterized by the behavior of materials when affected by heat: heat conductivity and resistance to fire.
3. Besides the basic properties, special properties are distinguished. The ability of certain materials to resist the destructive effect of acids, alkalies, salts and gases is referred to as chemical resistance or resistance to corrosion. A special group unites the so-called technological properties which characterize the ability of a material to undergo mechanical treatment. Wood, for example, is a material of good workability.
4. From what was said above it follows that the properties of building materials are of a very different nature.
Notes:alkaliщелочь specific gravity удельный вес
VII. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What arethe mechanical properties of building materials?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык
1. When I came into the hall the teacher was explaining something.
2. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study.
3. Although a great deal of time must necessarily be devoted to study, students find time for recreation.
4. The first cosmic flight shows man's abilities have no limit.
5. In the morning I don’t take a bath because I don’t have enough time for it.
6. V. I. Bazhenov was twenty-eight when he became academician in St. Petersburg as well as a member of several academies abroad.
II. Translate the sentences
1. People realized the advantages of electric lighting over gas lighting only after.
2. Only after the first satellites and space rockets had been launched, the Earth’s radiation belts were discovered.
3. Our research team has never processed statistical data before.
III. Переведите предложения
1. The quantity of water in concrete must be carefully controlled.
2. Heat can be divided into three different types.
3. New types of plastics had to be obtained for space technology.
4. Concrete may be used as the material for making prefabricated units in a factory.
5. The drying shrinkage and the thermal movement should be kept as low as possible.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. What is the main reason for changing the schedule?
2. Science cannot be studied without experimenting.
3. The task of the factory was producing corrosion-resistant polymers in far larger quantities.
4. By studying and experimenting man came to know the structure of matter.
V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE
1. They were to measure the depth of the river.
2. The wind was rising.
3. If you need a dictionary it is on the upper shelf.
VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст ALUMINIUM
1. Metals have specific metallic lustre. All metals except mercury are hard substances. They can be forged, pulled and melted. In general, they are good conductors of electricity. Aluminium is the typical metal in the third group in the periodic classification of the elements. It has a white colour, does not corrode and is resistant to all inorganic acids except hydrochloric.
2. Aluminium is best known light metal. Constituting 8 percent of the earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant of the metals as well as one of the hardest to produce. It doesn't occur naturally in metallic form, Aluminium exists only in combination with other elements, primarily oxygen, with which it forms an extremely hard oxide known as alumina. Aluminium alloys can possess the strength of steel, though only a third the weight. Alloys of copper and aluminium which contain from 5 to 10 per cent of the latter are called aluminium bronzes. They have a fine yellow colour resembling gold.
3. In direct contact with a heat source, aluminium is an excellent conductor. It can be remelted over and over. It has a very low density and is used in construction when a metal is required and weight is an important consideration. It is ductile, malleable and can be rolled. Its tensile strength is low in comparison with that of iron.
4. Aluminium has replaced heavier copper in high voltage power line. The uses of aluminium are almost illimitable. It is used in aircraft, automobile, chemical and some other industries.
VII. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What properties can aluminium alloys possess?
Грамматика: контрольное задание 3
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37 The functions of the verb TO BE Функции глагола to be
1. a notional verb (смысловой)
The solution was in its stable state. Раствор находился в устойчивом состоянии.
2. an auxiliary verb (вспомогательный)
He is developing a new method for obtaining low temperatures. Он разрабатывает новый метод для получения низких температур.
The temperature of the water was raised by heating. Температура воды была поднята нагреванием.
3. a modal verb (модальный)
He is to mix these substances. Он должен смешать эти вещества.
They are not to be weighed. Их не надо взвешивать.
4. a link-verb (глагоп-связка)
My friend is an architect. Мой друг - архитектор.
NOTE. При переводе словосочетаний типа to be of interest, to be of value,
to be of importance следует использовать глаголы типа иметь, представлять.
The theory is of particular interest. Эта теория представляет (имеет) особый интерес.
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Функции слова AFTER
1. предлог после
An elastic body recovers its original shape after unloading. Упругое тело восстанавливает первоначальную форму после снятия нагрузки.
2. союз после того как
After iron has been tempered it is difficult to change its form. После того какжелезо закалится, трудно изменить его форму.
3. наречие потом, впоследствии
The results of the experiments carried out at the machine shop will be published after. Результаты опытов, проведенных в механическом цехе, будут впоследствииопубликованы.
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Функции слова BEFORE
1. предлог до, перед
Repeat the words before your English lesson. Повторите слова передуроком английского языка.
2. союз до того как, прежде чем
Before you cast copper, you have to smelt the ore. Прежде чем отливать медь, нужно расплавить руду.
3.наречие раньше, прежде
The scientists have never met with such phenomenon before. Никогда раньше ученые не встречались с таким явлением.
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40 Придаточные предложения времени
While you are having dinner I’ll be reading the newspaper. Пока Вы будете обедать, я буду читать газету.
I shall go home after I have done my work. Я пойду домой, после того как закончу работу.
He was reading a book when I came. Он читал книгу,когдая пришел.
Before he finishes the article the newspaper will be published. Газета будет напечатана, прежде чем он закончит свою статью.
As long as you apply old methods, you will not be able to accomplish this research. До тех пор пока вы будете применять старые методы, вы не сможете завершить это исследование.
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Способы перевода
1. существительным
A thermometer is used for measuring temperature. Термометр используется для измерения температуры.
1.деепричастием
After solidifyingthe substance changed its colour. Затвердев, вещество изменило свой цвет.
By measuring the temperature of the mixture we can control its state. Измеряя температуру смеси, мы можем измерять ее состояние.
2.неопределенной формой глагола
Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. Измерять температуру необходимо при многих опытах.
3.глаголом-сказуемым придаточного предложения
I remember having measured the temperature of the mixture in due time. Я помню, что своевременно измерял температуру смеси.
Gerund (Forms)
adding Indefinite Active being added Indefinite Passive
having added Perfect Active having been added Perfect Passive
Each specimen is tested again after being lowered into the acid. Каждый образец испытывается вновь после погружения в кислоту.
TEXTS FOR READING
XI. BUILDINGS
| according to согласно, в соответствии с assemblingсборка, монтаж bear – bore – borne нести, перевозить, выдерживать, нести груз bearing wall несущая стена consequentlyследовательно, поэтому dead load постоянная нагрузка dwelling house жилой дом elementэлемент, составная часть enclosureоболочка, ограждение exteriorнаружный, внешний, экстерьер fireproofогнестойкий framingостов, обрамление проема, деревянный каркас from the point of view с точки зрения in addition to кроме,кроме того, в дополнение к incombustible несгораемый joistбалка (потолка, перекрытия) live load временная нагрузка | masonryкаменная кладка mostlyглавным образом, обычно occurслучаться, происходить, встречаться rest upon опираться, лежать на run – ran – run простираться shingleдранка, тонкие доски; галька skeleton construction каркасная или рамная конструкция stuccoнаружная штукатурка stud стойка, распорка, каркас terra cotta терракота, обожженная глина tileкерамическая облицовочная плитка, пустотелый блок, кровельная черепица upper floor верхний этаж veneeredоблицованный wall-bearingнесущий wire glass армированное стекло |
THE CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS. The assembling of various structural elements so that each may perform its function is known as framing.
One classification of buildings is on the basis of the functions of the walls. If the walls carry their share of the dead, live or other loads in addition to keeping out the weather, etc. the building is called a wall-bearing construction. But if the loads, including the weight of the walls, are carried by the structural frame, consisting of columns, beams, trusses and arches, the building is called a skeleton construction. The first type is mostly used for civil building type and the second - for the mill building type.
Skeleton construction with structural elements consisting of light wood joists and studs is extensively used in small dwelling house construction but it is not used for larger buildings.
TYPES OF BUILDINGS.The buildings are divided into classes according to the manner of construction.
1. Frame construction. 2. Non-fireproof construction. 3. Fireproof construction.
Frame construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of wooden framework sheathed with wooden shingles; veneered with brick, stone or terra cotta; or covered with stucco or sheet metal. Such buildings naturally have floors and partitions of wood.
Non-fireproof construction includes all buildings with exterior walls of masonry but with wood floor construction and partitions.
Fireproof construction includes all buildings constructed of incombustible material throughout, with floors of iron, steel or reinforced concrete beams. Wood may be used only for under or upper floors, window and door frames, doors and interior finish. Wire glass is used in the windows and all structural and reinforced steel must be surrounded with fireproof material such as hollow terra cotta and gypsum tile.
BEARING WALL AND SKELETON FRAME.From the point of view of method of construction buildings may be divided into the following groups:
1. Bearing wall construction.
2. Skeleton frame construction.
Bearing wall construction has been the method of structural design employed from the earliest days. By their method the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon the exterior and interior walls, which in turn transmit the loads to the foundation. It is evident that the walls must be of sufficient thickness to carry the loads as well as their own weight.
Skeleton frame construction has been made possible by the development of structural steel and later of reinforced concrete. According to this method the loaded floor and roof beams rest upon girders running between the columns. The columns are placed along the building line and are known as exterior or wall columns; they also occur at required intervals within the body of the building, in which case they are called interior columns. A framework is thereby formed, the walls being carried upon the wall girders at each storey level. The walls are consequently mere enclosure bearing no weight and are of the same thickness on all stories. The columns transmit the loads to the foundations.
XII. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
| addдобавлять alloyсплав, сплавлять appropriateподходящий, соответствующий artificial искусственный block стеновой блок cast iron чугун circularкруглый classклассифицировать continuousсплошной, неразрезной corrugatedрифленый, гофрированный crown венчать, увенчивать, заканчивать curveкривая, изгибать(ся) desire желать, желание effective полезный, эффективный, расчетный endконец, заканчивать; цель | extensively широко horizontalгоризонтальный openingотверстие, проем quiteвполне, совершенно rectangularпрямоугольный seem казаться, по-видимому sideсторона, бок, край, стенка solid твердый, сплошной, цельный spanпролет, расстояние между опорами successfulуспешный suitableподходящий, пригодный take place занять чье-л. место, заместить; иметь место, происходить touchприем, штрих, манера verticalвертикальный wrought iron сварочное железо |
The structure of all buildings is made of various combinations and forms of walls, columns, beams and arches. These may be classed as the structural elements.
Walls are continuous usually vertical solid structures forming one of the sides of the building or room. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the construction of walls can be some forms of masonry, stone, brick, concrete, wood and other natural and artificial materials. Walls of mill buildings are usually constructed of corrugated steel sheets. Walls made of bricks and those built of concrete blocks are suitable both for small buildings and multi-storey structures. Walls may be either covered with wallpaper or only plastered.
Columns are vertical supports either circular or rectangular in shape. In addition to providing support, columns add a decorative touch. In floor construction columns help to support beams and girders when floor joists are used over long span.
Beams are long horizontal pieces of squared timber or steel supported at both ends used to carry the weight of a building. Columns and beams are constructed of timber, steel, light alloy or reinforced concrete. Cast iron was extensively used at one time for columns but steel and reinforced concrete have taken its place. Wrought iron has also been entirely replaced by steel as a structural material.
A truss is a framework supporting a roof, bridge, etc. Trusses are usually constructed of steel but timber is used quite extensively. Reinforced concrete is considered to be the most appropriate material for truss construction and there are many examples of its successful and effective use.
Arches are curved structures supporting the weight of what is above them. Arches of long span are usually constructed of steel and reinforced concrete, but excellent results may be provided with timber when it seems desirable to use that material. Arches over openings in walls are usually constructed of brick, stone or reinforced concrete.
The floors divide a building into stories. They may be either of timber or, in brick buildings, of reinforced concrete details of big and small sizes.
Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent from settlement. The whole structure is crowned by the roof which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather.
XIII. BUILDING MATERIALS
| adventпоявление, приход appearказаться, по-видимому articleизделие be acquainted with быть знакомым с be characteristic ofхарактеризовать bearing structures несущие конструкции bind - bound - bound связывать crushдробить, измельчать crushed stone щебень decay гнить, разрушаться decomposeразлагать на составные части decrease [di 'kri:s] уменьшать(ся) destruction разрушение deteriorate портиться, разрушаться disadvantageнедостаток emphasize подчеркивать externalвнешний fabricateпроизводить far and wide повсюду fasten скреплять, соединять feudal феодальный force сила graniteгранит hardтвердый hardenтвердеть hardness твердость have in view иметь в виду insulateизолировать insulationизоляция join соединять, присоединять kiln обжигать, печь для обжига labourтруд, рабочая сила locality местность manufactureпроизводство, производить meet the requirements отвечать требованиям particular отдельный, особый plane плоскость porosityпористость productiveпроизводительный providedесли qualityкачество, свойство, особенность, характерная черта | binding materials вяжущие материалы burn - burnt - burned гореть, обжигать caseслучай characterize характеризовать clay articlesглиняные изделия clay products глиняные изделия come into use найти применение compactnessплотность refer to ссылаться на, относиться refer to as называться resistanceустойчивость, противодействие, сопротивление sand песок satisfactoryудовлетворительный second второстепенный secondaryвторостепенный silica кремнезем, кварц silica brickсиликатный (динасовый) кирпич sinceс, с тех пор как single единственный, единый skilledквалифицированный society общество sound insulation звукоизоляция specialспециальный speedскорость spread - spread - spreadпростираться, распространяться subject to подвергать воздействию surfacingпокрытие undergo - underwent - undergone претерпевать unless если не urgentсрочный, крайне необходимый water-proof водонепроницаемый water-resistantводонепроницаемый water-tightводонепроницаемый weatherпогода wetвлажный whether ли workработать, обрабатывать, отделывать, разрабатывать, придавать форму work out разрабатывать |
Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements depending upon their practical uses. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together. We determine whether a material is good for building purposes judging by its qualities. At all times it was important to know how the most commonly used materials - steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick - differed in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.
Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays. Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. It is characteristic of many properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire-resistance.
Brickswere known many thousands of years ago. They are examples of artificial building materials. Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water. Steel has come into general use¹ with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour².
All building materials are divided into three main groups:
1. Main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals.
2. Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement.
3. Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.
We use main building materials for bearing structures.
Binding materials are used for making artificial stones and for joining different planes.
For the interior finish of the buildings we use secondary materials.
If the materials do not require any technological changes in their chemical structure they are referred to as natural building materials. These are: stone, sand, lime, clay and timber.
The importance of practical knowledge of geology when dealing with building stones is so obvious that it would appear quite unnecessary to emphasize it. The engineer should be acquainted with the general structure of rocks. He must study the manner in which any particular rock weathers in the locality where it is to be used.
For example, granite is generally considered one of the most durable rocks, but if it were used in a climate in which heat and cold alternate, it would decompose when exposed to wet. The advent of various kinds of materials and changes which they are subjected to are closely connected with the development of productive forces in different periods of the progress of human society.
The erecting of large modern buildings would not have been possible, unless new building materials had been used. The great structures of our days required new methods of construction. Had not the building materials used in the structures of the feudal period undergone great changes, no progress in building would have been possible. As the labour of man grew more expensive, the working out of natural stones decreased being replaced by brick which soon came largely into use.
Cement, bricks, clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials. The way of making clay articles strong and watertight has been familiar to people since old days. But it is only in the middle ages that the art of kilning spread far and wide. The building of factories, plants and railways required building materials of high strength. It is then that iron and concrete came into use.
At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries people began to utilize various artificial stone materials such as silica brick, light concrete and others. We may mark the development of different insulating and surfacing materials due to the progress of house building. The forms in which materials are fabricated are constantly changing. The new materials of construction are characterized by increased resistance to deterioration or destruction by external forces. More satisfactory surfacings are being developed to meet modern requirements. The urgent need in housing makes it necessary to combine the structural, insulating and surfacing requirements in a single system. A greater speed in housing construction will be achieved, provided building materials are changed into units of assembly.
1. стала широко использоваться 2. квалифицированный труд
XV. METALS AND NON-METALS
| affectвоздействовать на allowразрешать, позволять althoughхотя amaze изумлять, поражать appearanceвнешний вид applicableприменимый, пригодный, подходящий assortmentассортимент brittleхрупкий buckleсгибаться carbonуглерод castingлитье, отливка ceramicsкерамика chromiumхром complex сложный component составная часть compositionсостав compressive strength прочность на сжатие conductпроводить conductor проводник coolохлаждать copperмедь crackingрастрескивание denseплотный, густой densityплотность, удельный вес describeописывать displaceвытеснять, замещать doubtful сомнительный, неясный edgeкрай, кромка, острие, лезвие exceptисключая, кроме ferrousсодержащий железо plasticпластичный pleasing приятный pliantгибкий, податливый porousпористый pressureдавление provocation раздражение pullтянуться, растягивать pureчистый resinсмола rigid жесткий sawdustопилки sectionчасть, отрезок, деталь semi-dry полусухой semi-rigid полужесткий seriousсерьезный shearсдвиг, срез significantзначительный | ferrous metal черный металл forgeковать former прежний, бывший; первый из названных i. e. = that is то есть in general вообще in respect to что касается justify оправдывать keenострый latterнедавний; последний из двух названных lb = poundфунт lead [led] свинец liquidжидкий, жидкость lithiumлитий lustre блеск magnesiaокись магния maintain поддерживать, обслуживать man-madeискусственный mercuryртуть mixtureсмесь mould = mold форма, опалубка; формовать, отливать в форму non-ferrous цветной (о металле) non-metal неметалл, металлоид ordinaryобычный other than а не, кроме paviour brick дорожный кирпич, камень для мощения, клинкер percentageпроцент, процентное отношение permit позволять, разрешать slightнезначительный, слабый snapломаться softмягкий special steel сталь специального назначения specificспецифический stateсостояние subsequentlyвпоследствии, потом, позже supple гибкий, податливый temperingотпуск стали tensionрастяжение tin олово toughness['tÙfnis] жесткость tungstenвольфрам weak слабый withstandвыдерживать, противостоять |
There are two kinds of materials used in engineering - metals and non-metals. We can divide metals into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The former contain iron and the latter do not contain iron. Metals possess the following properties. They have specific metallic lustre. All metals except mercury are hard substances. They can be forged, pulled and melted. In general, they are good conductors of electricity.
The heavy metals include iron, copper, lead, tin and some others. Some metals are light (aluminium), some are hard (iron) and others are soft (tin, lead). The lightest is lithium and the heaviest is osmium. The most useful metals are iron, copper and aluminium. However, only small quantities of the above metals are used in their pure form. Metals vary in density, hardness, heat and electrical conductivity and weight.
The uses of metals are based upon their physical and chemical properties. Non-ferrous metals have the following characteristics: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals melted together. Each constituent of an alloy is called a component. Cast iron and steel are ferrous metals. Cast iron and steel are both alloys, or mixtures of iron and carbon. Cast iron is weak in tension and shear, strong in compression and has low resistance to impact.
As a structural material steel has come into general use with the development of industry, its manufacture requiring special equipment and skilled labour. Steel has largely displaced wood and bricks as basic materials in construction. Speaking of steel we should realize how many different properties it can possess. It is doubtful whether many of us realize the amazing range of the properties of steel. We get it sometimes so brittle that it will snap at the slightest provocation; at others so supple that it buckles under its own weight. It may be so pliant that it can be bent about in wire, or so keen that it will form a cutting edge. These varying properties depend on the nature of the tempering – that is, on the way in which the steel has been allowed to cool, and partly on the substances with which the iron has been combined, such for instances, as carbon, magnesia, tungsten, chromium and nickel.
A steel containing some metallic element other than iron and carbon is generally known as "special steel". It is corrosion-resistant and is widely used in building. Various metals when added to steel in certain percentages, increase hardness and toughness of steel. Cast steel is used to replace cast iron when castings of considerable strength are required.
Plastics and ceramics are non-metals. Plastics have appeared comparatively recently but, owing to their inherent valuable and diverse properties, have found a wide application in many industrial fields (machine-building, aviation, textile industry, etc.). Application of plastics in the building field widens from year to year.
In respect to physical and mechanical properties all plastics are divided into rigid, semi-rigid, soft and plastic. In respect to the number of constituents plastics may be classified as simple and complex. Plastics consisting of one polymer are referred to as simple. Thus, organic glass (plexiglass) consists of one synthetic resin. But in the building field we usually deal with complex plastics, e.g. plastics consisting of a polymer and other components.
Synthetic plastics are man-made substances which not only change their shape when moulded under great heat and pressure, but change their chemical state as well. They are light and hard, being produced by mixing together a number of gases and liquids. A synthetic product must be both better and cheaper in order to justify its manufacture at all.
Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material together with good insulating properties, and are fireproof as well. Plastic products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly.
Ceramics are used when materials which can withstand high temperatures are needed. Ceramic products are manufactured from different kinds of clay, sometimes with additions of non-plastic materials (sand, sawdust, etc.) by moulding and subsequent burning. The manufacture of ceramic products originated back in the ancient times, many thousand years before our time.
The wide assortment, high strength and durability of ceramic products make them applicable in all sections of constructed buildings, from the foundation to the roof. All ceramic building materials are divided into two groups - porous and dense. Porous materials include clay brick, porous brick, hollow brick, tile, etc. Floor tile and paviour brick are considered to be dense ceramic materials.
A brick is best described as "a building unit". In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6.5 to 9 lb. It is an artificial stone made from clay by moulding and burning. It may be made of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. Building bricks are manufactured by two processes: plastic and semi-dry brickmaking.
In many cases bricks are very satisfactory for use in the construction. Bricks generally present a pleasing appearance and can be obtained with various qualities, colours and textures. Being of high volume weight and high thermal conductivity, ordinary bricks are not always satisfactory in building practice. There are other kinds of bricks which are more effective. They are hollow or porous bricks. Light-weight bricks differ from ordinary clay bricks in a lower volume weight and thermal conductivity, and are therefore more economical than ordinary bricks. The use of light weight bricks permits a reduction in thickness of walls. Lightweight bricks are utilized for laying upper stories of multi-storeyed buildings.
C O N T E N T S
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 3…………………………………………………...3
ВАРИАНТ 1…………………………………………………………………………….....3
ВАРИАНТ 2…………………………………………………………………………….....4
ВАРИАНТ 3…………………………………………………………………………….....6
ВАРИАНТ 4……………………………………………………………………………....7
ВАРИАНТ 5……………………………………………………………………………...8
Грамматика: КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 3………………………………….11
Функции глагола to be (37)...............................................................................................11
Функции слова after (38)...................................................................................................11
Функции слова before (39).................................................................…………………...11
Придаточные предложения времени (40).......................................................................12
Придаточные предложения условия (41).......................................................................12
Дополнительные придаточные предложения (42)........................................................12
Определительные придаточные предложения (43)......................................................12
Бессоюзное подчинение (44)...........................................................................................13
Modal verbs + Infinitive Indefinite Passive.(45).................................................................13
Функции герундия (46)....................................................................................................14
Тексты для чтения для 2 курса (3 семестр)…………………………………….......16
XI. BUILDINGS……………………………………………………………………….....16
XII. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS……………………………………..............................17
XIII. BUILDING MATERIALS …………………………………………………………18
XIV. NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS…………………………………………….21
XV. METALS AND NON-METALS…………………………………………………….23
Железнякова Г.А.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
для студентов-заочников специальности СТ (СП, ЭУН, СА)
3семестр
Чита 2016
УДК 802.0 (075)
ББК м.б. 81.2 Англ. я 7
ББК н.б. Ш13 (Англ) я 7
Ж 512
ISBN 5-9293-0296-0
Железнякова Г.А. Английский язык: Методические указания для студентов-заочников специальности СТ (СП, ЭУН, СА) (2 сем.) / Г.А. Железнякова. - Чита: 2016. - 27 с.
Ил. - Табл.- Библ. - 11
Методические указания предназначены для студентов-заочников специальности СТ. Цель методических указаний – формирование у студентов практических умений и навыков чтения литературы по специальности, научить студентов ориентироваться в структуре английского предложения научно-технического характера. Грамматика отобрана с учетом явлений типичных для стиля научно-технического текста и программы.
© Читинский государственный университет, 1998 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2006 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2008 г.
© Читинский государственный университет, 2010 г.
© Чита, 2012 г.
© Чита, 2015 г.
© Чита, 2016 г.
Контрольное задание 3
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить Контрольное задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия
2. Бессоюзное подчинение
3. Функции слов AFTER and BEFORE
4. Modal Verbs
5. Функции глагола to be
6. Простые неличные формы глагола: Gerund
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Переведите предложения
1. I think that roads are very important in our life.
2. At every Institute there is a reading hall and a library where the students can take the necessary books.
3. The computer's work is based on principles which are easy to understand.
4. I'll finish my work while you are playing chess.
5. This means both men and women attend the same university.
6. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.
II. Переведите предложения
1. After school the boys played tennis.
2. Repeat the words before your English lesson.
3. It is extremely important to get the information before we start.
III. Переведите предложения
1. The old machines are to be replaced.
2. This angle can be measured.
3. Some materials with useful properties may be produced in space.
4. Diamonds must be cut and polished for this purpose.
5. Plastics should be reinforced with different kinds of fibre.
IV. Translate the sentences
1. Increasing pressure leads to the decrease of gas volume.
2. The diamond is used for cutting metals as it is the hardest of stones.
3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure.
4. By adding heat we cause the greater motion of the molecules.
V.