Б1.Б.3. Гуманитарный, социальный и экономический цикл

Направление подготовки

«Государственное и муниципальное управление»

Профиль(и) подготовки

Форма обучения

Заочная

Нефтекамск 2014

Справочный материал

He hasn’t come back from Leningrad yet, has he?

Он ведь еще не вернулся из Ленинграда?

Расчлененные вопросы являются выразительным средством выяснения правильности подтверждения или отрицания высказанной мысли.

Расчлененным вопросам в русском языке соответствуют вопросительные обороты не правда ли? не так ли? да неужели?

Дополнительные придаточные предложения. Союзные местоимения и наречия как средства связи в дополнительных придаточных предложениях

Дополнительные придаточные предложения могут вводиться, кроме союза that что, союзными наречиями where -где, when - когда, why -почему, how - как и союзными местоимениями what - что, which - какой, who - кто, whom - кого, кому, whose -чей. В самих дополнительных придаточных предложениях все эти союзные местоимения и наречия являются членами предложения (подлежащими, дополнениями, определениями и обстоятельствами):

Do you know who wrote this book? (подлежащее).

Вы знаете, кто написал эту книгу?

Show me whatyou have done. (дополнение).

Покажите мне, что вы сделали.

Do you know whom he always helps? (=Do you know whohe always helps?) (дополнение).

Вы знаете, кому он всегда помогает?

Show me which book you’ve read. (определение).

Покажите мне, какую книгу вы прочитали.

I don’t know where he lives (обстоятельство места).

Я не знаю, где он живет.

I don’t know when she will be back. (обстоятельство времени).

Я не знаю, когда она вернется.

I don’t know why he is not here yet. (обстоятельство причины).

Я не знаю, почему его еще здесь нет.

I don’t know how he did it. (обстоятельство образа действия).

Я не знаю, как он это сделал.

Примечание 1. В русском языке слово что может быть как союзом, так и союзным местоимением, в последнем случае оно переводится на английский язык союзным местоимением what, является членом дополнительного придаточного предложения и стоит под ударением:

Tell him whatyou have done.

Расскажите ему, что вы сделали.

Tell him thatshe has already done this work.

Скажите ему, что она уже сделала эту работу.

Примечание 2. Обратите внимание на то, что в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после союзного наречия whenкогда может употребляться будущее время (в отличие от обстоятельственных придаточных предложений времени).

Сравните:

I’ll tell you whenhe will be back. (Дополнительное придаточное)

Я скажу вам, когда он вернется. (Скажу что?).

I’ll tell you all about it when he comes. (Обстоятельственное придаточное времени).

Я расскажу вам все об этом, когда он придет. (Когда расскажу?).

Порядок слов в дополнительных придаточных предложениях

Порядок слов во всех дополнительных придаточных предложениях такой же, как и в простых повествовательных предложениях, т.е. подлежащее, сказуемое, другие члены предложения, с тем лишь различием, что дополнительное придаточное предложение при союзном подчинении всегда начинается с союза, с союзного местоимения или наречия с относящимися к нему словами:

I am sorry (that) he (союз, подлежащее) is (сказуемое) not here .

Мне жаль, что его здесь нет.

I shall show him what(союзное местоимение)he(подлежащее) did (сказуемое) yesterday.

Я покажу ему, что он сделал вчера.

I don’t know who(союзное местоимение-подлежащее) was (сказуемое) here yesterday.

Я не знаю, кто был здесь вчера.

The Direct Passive

The house was built very quickly.	Дом был построен очень быстро. (страдательный залог).
Дом построили очень быстро. (действительный залог, неопределенно-личное предложение).
Much money is paid for tuition, lodgings.	Много денег платят за обучение, общежитие, (действительный залог, неопределенно-личное предложение).

TheIndirect Passive (2) и Prepositional Passive (3) переводятся на русский язык действительным залогом, неопределенно-личными предложениями.

Например:

She was told an interesting story. (2)

Ей рассказали интересную историю.

He has been sent for. (3)

За ним послали.

Вариант 1

I. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите 20 слов на экономическую тему с транскрипцией и переводом. Выучите эти слова наизусть.

There are several ways that a remittance from an overseas buyer can be transmitted to an exporter. An exporter’s most important consideration is the speed at which this can be done – the quicker it is achieved the better an exporter’s cash flow and the less the cost of any finance that may have to be raised to carry out an export contract.

In the contract where payment is on open account terms, payment by a cheque from an overseas buyer might seem the simplest method. But there are several disadvantages. The cheque will normally be drawn on the buyer’s overseas bank in that national currency. So an exporter could be subject to a loss when the foreign currency is exchanged into sterling:there could be delays due to exchange controls in a buyer’s country; there could be postal delays; and there may be delays while the exporter’s UK bank clears the cheque with the overseas buyer’s bank.

Payment could be made a banker’s draft. An overseas buyer’s bank issues a cheque in favour of an exporter to be drawn on a bank in the UK. Exchange control problems in the buyer’s country are avoided, but there could still be delays in the post and in clearances between the exporter’s UK bank and any other banks in the chain of remittances.

The most common form of non-documentary payment for exports is by mail transfer (International Money Transfer). An overseas buyer instructs a bank in the buyer’s country to transfer an amount of money to an exporter’s UK bank by airmail, and in due course, the exporter receives payment. Unfortunately this can be a slow process. However, the UK exporter’s bank branch can assist the exporter in reducing to the minimum any delays in mail transfers. Although at first sight more expensive, a most effective way of making an international payment, because of the time saved, is by telegraphic transfer ( Express International Money Transfer) or bank cable. Money is transferred by coded interbank telex and as long as the exporter makes it clear to the overseas buyer exactly which bank and account in the UK the remittance should be made to, the exporter should receive very speedy payment through the system.

Delays in remittance can cost money, even cancelling out the profit in any contract, especially when the exporter is paying interest on any financing or the exporter’s cash flow is severely affected. So it is worth the exporter consulting the UK bank about remittance procedures in open account contract. The exporter should generally ask the overseas buyer to remit to a specified UK bank branch by telegraphic transfer. If the export business warrants it, the exporter can consider opening bank account to collect funds and transfer them in bulk to the UK by telex at regular intervals. In a new development, major banks including Midland have set up a computer system for interbank transfers called SWIFT, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications. SWIFT can achieve same-day transfers between banks which are linked to the system. Whether exporting companies are large or small, they have to rely on specialists to achieve the most efficient (and therefore least costly) method of receiving payment. It is here that banks can make one of their most important contributions to export business.

Вариант 2

By sending documents through the banking system in a documentary bills collections, both an exporter and an overseas buyer have some degree of security in completing the commercial contract. But a more secure method of carrying out the transaction is by a documentary letter of credit. This documentary letter of credit when transmitted through a bank, usually in the exporter's country, becomes the means by which the exporter obtains payment.

The necessary documents, correctly completed, are presented to a bank by the expiry date of the credit. If the terms of the credit are met an exporter can receive payment from a UK bank. The buyer is in effect providing the exporter with immediate payment in return for a guaranteed assurance from a reputable bank that the export documents required to deliver the goods have been completed to the bank's satisfaction.

Documentary credits may be revocable or irrevocable. A revocable letter of credit is rather rare nowadays because it means that the terms of the credit can be cancelled or amended by an overseas buyer at any time without prior notice to the exporter. Most letters of credit are irrevocable, which means that once a buyer's conditions in the letter have been agreed by an exporter, they constitute a definite undertaking by the buyer's bank and cannot be revoked without the exporter's agreement.

UK banks advise letters of credit, i.e. on presentation of documents required in a letter of credit, they send them for collection and payment by the issuing bank of an overseas buyer. The letter of credit in this situation is only as good as the strength of the overseas bank involved. An exporter's advising bank undertakes no responsibility itself to pay the exporter. Even better security is achieved if the irrevocable letter is confirmed by an advising bank in the UK. Then the UK coil-firming bank stands fully in place of the issuing bank abroad, and provided all the terms and conditions of credit are fulfilled by an exporter, payment is assured by the banking system without recourse, i.e. without further call on the exporter. So when an exporter has negotiated in the contract with the buyer for a confirmed irrevocable letter of credit then security of payment, as far as humanly possible, is achieved.

But whether or not the credit is confirmed it is essential that the exporter checks the credit terms immediately to make sure they are compatible with the commercial contract made with the buyer. In dealing with documentary credits the bank is concerned only with the documents to be presented and not with the goods or services involved.

Documentary credits may provide for payment at sight or for acceptance of a term bill of exchange by either the issuing bank in a buyer's country or the correspondent bank in theUK.

Вариант 3

Вариант 4

Вариант 5

Money and banking

Money and its Functions

Although the crucial feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange, money has other functions. It serves as a standard of value, a unit of account, a store of value and as a standard of deferred payment. We discuss each of the functions of money in turn.

The Medium of Exchange

Money, the medium of exchange, is used in one-half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour services for money. People buy and sell goods in exchange for money. We accept money not to consume it directly but because it can subsequently be used to by things we do wish to consume. Money is the medium through, which people exchange goods and services. To see that society benefits from a medium of exchange, imagine a barter economy. A barter economy has no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly or swapped for other goods.

In a barter economy, the seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Each person is simultaneously a seller and a buyer. In order to see a film, you must hand over in exchange a good or service that the cinema manager wants. There has to be a double coincidence of wants. You have to find a cinema where the manager wants what you have to offer in exchange. Trading is very expensive in a barter economy. People must spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make mutually satisfactory swaps. Since time and effort are scarce resources, a barter economy is wasteful. The use of money-any commodity generally accepted in payment for goods, services, and debts-makes the trading process simpler and more efficient.

Other Functions of Money

Money can also serve as a standard of value. Society considers it convenient to use a monetary unit to determine relative costs of different goods and services. In this function money appears as the unit of account, is the unit in which prices are quoted and accounts are kept.

In Russia prices are quoted in roubles; in Britain, in pounds sterling; in the USA, in US dollars; in France, in French francs. It is usually convenient to use the units in which the medium of exchange is measured as the unit of account as well. However there are exceptions. During the rapid German inflation of 1922-1923 when prices in marks were changing very quickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use dollars as the unit of account. Prices were quoted in dollars even though payment was made in marks, the German medium of exchange. The situation in Russia nowadays reminds of that of in Germany. Money is a store of value because it can be used to make purchases in the future. To be accepted in exchange, money has to be a store of value. Nobody would accept money as payment of goods supplied today if the money was going to be worthless when they tried to buy goods with it tomorrow. But money is neither the only nor necessarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collections, and interest-bearing bank accounts all serve as stores of value. Since money pays no interest and its real purchasing power is eroded by inflation, there are almost certainly better ways to store value. Finally, money serves as a standard of deferred or a unit of account over time. When you borrow, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in pounds sterling or in some other hard currency. Although bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year. Thus the key feature of money is its use as a medium of exchange. For this, it must act as a store of value as well. And it is usually, though not invariably, convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment as well.