Positive Comparative Superlative
Dark darker darkest
Tall taller tallest
Useful more useful most useful
One-syllable adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding er and est to the positive form: bright brighter brightest
Adjectives of three or more syllables form their comparative and superlative by putting more and mostbefore the positive: interested - more interested - most interested, frightening - more frightening - most frightening
Adjectives of two syllables follow one or other of the above rules. Those ending in fulor re usually take more and most: doubtful-more doubtful-most doubtful, obscure-more obscure-most obscure
Those ending in er, y or ly usually add er, est: clever-cleverer-cleverest, pretty-prettier-prettiest (note that the y becomes i): silly sillier silliest
Irregular comparisons:
bad worse worst
far farther farthest (of distance only)
further furthest
good better best
little less least
many/much more most
old eider eldest (of people only)
older oldest (of people and things)
Exercises: ADJECTIVE
Ex. 1.Divide the adjectives into monosyllabic, disyllabic, polysyllabic..
Short, comfortable, expensive, nice, deep, few, large, complicated, good, broad, thin, fine, huge, young, beautiful.
Ex. 2. Form the comparative and superlative degrees of the of disyllabic adjectives.
Simple, narrow, pretty, horrible, noisy, tasty, bitter, happy, boring, stupid, silly, heavy, famous.
Ex. 3. Look at the list if adjectives below, put them into 3 groups: Positive, Negative, Either.
happy, sad, frightened, upset, proud, shy, excited, angry, worried, delighted, wise, stupid, generous.
Ex. 4. Match the adjectives on the left with their opposites on the right.
proud depressed
excited reluctant
cheerful modest
eager bored
Ex. 5. Use the following phrases in the comparative and superlative degree.
A clever trick, a far corner, an unfortunate loss, a small room, a tender kiss, an exact copy, a bitter quarrel, a funny face,aslim young lady, a happy smile,a miserable sight, an able woman, a magnificent view, a useful hint, a bad idea, a nasty accident, a good suggestion, a stupid boy.
Ex. 6. Compare the size or quality of the objects.
Rostov - Moscow, your flat - your friend's flat, Mike - David, a thriller - a comedy, Ben Nevis - Elbrus, winter - summer, the weather in September - the weather in June (cold, warm, rainy, cool).
Ex. 7. Form the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.
Pattern: My brother is taller than I am.
Shy, great, soft, hot, dry, sly, thin, dull, few, brave, pure, sad, fat, mad, wet;
Pattern: This story is happier than that one.
Funny, simple, polite, sincere, terrible, narrow, clever, tender, slender, usual, urgent, serious;
Pattern: His essay is worse than mine.
Good, many, little, far, old, late, near;
Pattern: Her dress is more beautiful than mine.
disgusting, picturesque, difficult, energetic, thoughtful, delightful, fashionable, enthusiastic, exciting, talkative, sympathetic, suspicious;
Ex. 8. Compare unequal things.
Pattern: This book is more interesting than that one. - That book is not as interesting as this one.
That book is less interesting than this one.
this girl (beautiful); this house (comfortable); this rout (dangerous); this dress (expensive); this movie (boring); that exercise (difficult); that student (clever);, that voice (soft); that landscape (picturesque); that team (active)
Ex. 9. Compare equal objects.
Pattern: This boy is as clever as that one. This room is as large as that one. this news (important); this family (friendly); this task (easy); that picture (famous); this actor (talented); that plot (dull); that game (energetic); that school (good); that cake (delicious); this book (useful).
Ex. 10. Put in the right form of the adjective.
1.I am (young) than my sister. 2. His grandmother is (old) than mine. 3. She is not as (old) as Mary. 4. Max is (small) of the family. 5. Gretchen is (pretty) than Pam. 6. Abby's hair is (long) and (fair) than Ann's. 7. My little "sister is (naughty) girl that I know. 8. Mike is (noisy) of them all. 9. Ruth is (fat) thanher sister. 10.1 am (lucky) than you.
Ex. 11. Choose the right word.
1. He is the ...man in the village (oldest, eldest). 2. Where is the ... letter-box (next, nearest)? 3. Have you already heard the ...news (late, latest). 4. What is the ... distance you've swum (farthest, furthest)?
Ex. 12. Make up dialogues using the adjectives: short, easv, interesting, dark, angry.
Pattern: - Is he taller than you?
Местоимение / Pronoun
Pronoun can be divided into following groups.
· Personal Pronouns: e.g. I, you, He, she, it, they, who, me, him, her, them, whom
· Possessive Pronouns: e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs,
· Reflexive Pronouns: e.g. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, themselves
· Reciprocal Pronoun: e.g. each other, one another
· Relative Pronouns: e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that
· Demonstrative Pronoun: e.g. this, these, that, those
· Indefinite Pronouns:e.g.some, any, few, either, another, anyone, something
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.
Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).
Example.
He helps poor.
The pronoun “he” in above sentence describes a person who helps poor.
Use of Personal Pronouns.
| Namber | Person | Personal Pronoun | |
| Subject | Object | ||
| Singular | 1st Person | I | Me |
| 2nd Person | You | You | |
| 3rd Person | He, She, It | Him, Her, It | |
| Plural | 1st Person | We | Us |
| 2nd Person | You | You | |
| 3rd Person | They | Them |
Examples.
She is intelligent
They are playing chess.
He sent me a letter.
It is raining.
We love our country.
The teacher appreciated them.
I met him yesterday.
He gave her a gift.
Did you go to home?
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person.
e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, hers,
Example.
This book is mine.
The pronoun “mine” describes the relationship between book and a person (me) who possesses this book or who is the owner of this book.
| Namber | Person | Possessive Pronoun |
| Singular | 1st Person | Mine |
| 2nd Person | Yours | |
| 3rd Person | Hers, his, its | |
| Plural | 1st Person | Ours |
| 2nd Person | Yours | |
| 3rd Person | Theirs |
Examples.
That car is hers.
Your book is old. Mine is new.
The pen on the table is mine.
The smallest cup is yours.
The voice is hers.
The car is ours not theirs.
I have lost my camera. May I use yours?
They received your letter. Did you received theirs.
Note: Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun.
Examples.
This is my book. (Possessive adjective: “my” modifies the noun “book”).
This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun: “mine” is used instead of noun “to whom the book belongs”)
Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself.
e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself are reflexive pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.
| Namber | Person | Subject | Reflive Pronoun |
| Singular | 1st Person | I | Myself |
| 2nd Person | You | Yourself | |
| 3rd Person | He, she, it | Himself, Herself, Itself | |
| Plural | 1st Person | We | Ourselves |
| 2nd Person | You | Yourselves | |
| 3rd Person | They | Themselves |
EXAMPLES
I looked at myself in the mirror.
You should think about yourself.
They prepared themselves for completion.
She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.
He bought a car for himself.
He locked himself in the room.
He who loves only himself is a selfish.
Note: Reflexive noun can also be used to give more emphasis on subject or object. If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object, it is called“Intensive Pronoun”. Usage and function of intensive pronoun are different from that of reflexive pronoun.
For example, she herself started to think about herself.
In the above sentence the first “herself” is used as intensive pronoun while the second “herself” is used as reflexive pronoun.
See the following examples of intensive pronouns.