Protecting Against Dangerous Cargo.

Protecting cargo while it is aboard ship is essential, but in many ways cargoes can be a hazard to ship, crew, and public. Protection against dangerous cargo is also an essential element of cargo handling. Even the most harmless cargo may be a danger to the ship. Grain, for example, can swell from wetting and so produce dangerous pressure against the cargo hold structure. Petroleum products are highly flammable and may give rise to explosive vapour-air mixtures within a cargo tank. An empty petroleum tank is especially dangerous, as remnants of cargo clinging to the tank have a large surface area in contact with air. The typical safeguard is to displace the air within the tanks by an inert gas.

The oil spill that may follow a collision or grounding of a tanker is an often-disastrous feature of the petroleum age. Tankers traditionally are not fitted with double bottoms, because the breaching of a tank that is already filled with liquid is not likely to lead to the sinking of the ship. However, the most serious oil spills have followed from bottom damage in grounding accidents. The current regulatory trend is toward legal requirement of double bottoms in the large crude-oil carriers that are the most likely source of devastating spills.

b) Here are the answers to some questions. What are the questions?

1. An essential element of cargo handling.

2. Because it can swell from wetting.

3. Those that followed from bottom damage in grounding accidents.

b) Describe the type of cargo your ship usually carries, measures of protecting the cargo and dangers which this cargo may present.

29 вариант

Test paper

I. Odd-man-out.

The following words have something in common but there is one that is different. Say what they have in common, and why one is different.

e.g.packet, tin, box, suitcase.

Answer:They are all containers, but “suitcase” is for clothes. You can buy food in the others, for example, a packet of Corn Flakes, a tin of soup, a box of chocolates.

1. deck holds cargo hatches

2. to alter to change to deviate to proceed

3. knot nautical mile fathom cable

4. Chief Officer Chief Engineer 2^nd Engineer Electrician

5. funnel mast porthole tyre

II. Questions.

There is a mistake in each of the following sentences. Find the mistakes, rewrite the questions in the correct form, answer them and get ready to comment on the mistakes.

1. What are bulk cargo?

2. How do soft goods packed?

3. What force do causes the ship to move through the water?

4. When the radar is used?

5. What is the action of the magnetic compass depend on?

III. Quantity.

Complete these sentences with a correct quantifier MUCH, MANY, SOME, NO, ANY, ALL, LITTLE.

1. ___ ships, called tankers, carry liquid cargo.

2. Tramps have ___ regular routes.

3. The direction of the ship is ___ affected by wind and currents.

4. ___ ships must be equipped with an emergency steering system.

5. There isn’t ___ cargo in the hold.

IV. Passive.

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, active or passive.

1. Before loading the cargo ___ by a tallyman. (check)

2. Unbagged or uncrated cargo ___ as bulk cargo. (know)

3. The cargo ___ to my entire satisfaction. (trim)

4. The hatchwayman stands on deck near the hatch and ___ the crane drivers.

(advise)

5. If the cargo shifts, the ship’s stability ___. (affect)

V. Conditionals.

Look at this.

“If you lend me a thousand pounds, I’ll buy a car. If I buy a car, I’ll come to work earlier. If I come to work earlier, I’ll earn more money. If I earn more money, I’ll be able to give you 1000 pounds back.”

How many sentences can you make from these beginnings?

1. If two power driven vessels are crossing such that a collision risk exists…

2. If every person in charge of a watch on a ship obeyed the Rules…

3. If the Captain hadn’t been on the bridge at that moment…

VI. Vocabulary.

Match the lines from the two columns and put down the definitions you have got.

1. A drum a) is a device in the shape of a circle.

2. Rolling b) is a gang member who stands on deck to advise the

crane driver.

3. The hatchwayman c) is from 0400 hrs to 0800 hrs.

4. To be adrift d) is the unit of speed at sea.

5. Morning watch e) means moving without means of propulsion.

6. The bow f) is a cylindrical container for carrying liquids,

chemicals or paint.

7. A sack g) is when ship’s port and starboard sides rise and fall.

8. The knot h) is the nautical unit for measuring the depth.

9. The fathom i) is the front part of the ship.

10. A wheel j) is a large bag usually made of jute.

VI. Crossword.

Make up a crossword puzzle based on not less than 10 nautical terms. As an example see the crossword puzzle in “Introduction into English for Nautical Students”, Unit 3. Provide you puzzle with the key. Make sure to use words different from the words in task VI.

VII. Writing.

Make up a story or a dialogue using English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Get ready to retell or perform it.

Внимательно наблюдать за компасом; зависеть от магнетизма земли; судно отклонилось от курса; удерживать судно на курсе; экономить время пути.

IX. Reading.

a) Read the text.

Ship classification.

In most maritime states, nongovernmental regulatory bodies are empowered to carry out such legal actions as assigning load lines and to publish rules for ship design that must be complied with for insurability. However, since their functions are to establish an insurability class for new ships and to survey the ships periodically for continued compliance over their lifetime, they are more accurately described as classification societies.

The leading classification society, operating in almost every country in the world, is Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, which began its work long before any national legislation existed for the performance of its purposes. The history of Lloyd’s Register of Shipping can be traced back to 1760. The society was reconstituted in 1834 and again in 1914. Lloyd’s operates in most maritime countries, often in cooperation with classification societies established by other nations. These include the American Bureau of Shipping, originally established in 1867 and resuscitated as a result of the large volume of merchant ships built in the United States; the Bureau Veritas, which was founded in Antwerp (Belg.) in 1828 but moved its headquarters to Paris in 1832; Germanischer Lloyd, founded in Germany in 1867; and Registro Italiano Navale, founded in Italy in 1861.

b) Here are the answers to some questions. What are the questions?

1. They are empowered to assign load lines and to publish rules for ship design.

2. Because their functions are to establish an insurability class for new ships.

3. It was founded in 1760.

c) Describe any of the drills on your vessel, members of the crew and life saving equipment involved.

30 вариант

Test paper

I. Odd-man-out.

The following words have something in common but there is one that is different. Say what they have in common, and why one is different.

e.g.packet, tin, box, suitcase.

Answer:They are all containers, but “suitcase” is for clothes. You can buy food in the others, for example, a packet of Corn Flakes, a tin of soup, a box of chocolates.

a. to handle to steer to navigate to maintain

b. tanker dry bulk carrier icebreaker general cargo vessel

c. Chief Officer Bosun Carpenter Helmsman

d. dock light house runway quay

e. fertilizer ore furniture salt

II. Questions.

There is a mistake in each of the following sentences. Find the mistakes, rewrite the questions in the correct form, answer them and get ready to comment on the mistakes.

a. Which cargo does stowed first?

b. Why the cargo must be securely stowed in the holds?

c. What the work of a gang foreman is?

d. How does current and tide affect the ship?

e. What do called seamarks?

III. Quantity.

Complete these sentences with a correct quantifier MUCH, MANY, SOME, NO, ANY, ALL, LITTLE.

a. Mention ___ of the duties of the Chief Steward.

b. Tramps carry ___ kind of cargo .

c. This time loading took us ___ time.

d. ___ strangers should be admitted on board without a valid reason.

e. Nowadays ___ ships are designed to carry particular kind of cargo.

IV. Passive.

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, active or passive.

a. The tide ___ the ship in its direction. (carry)

b. Crates ___ often ___ for particular goods. (build)

c. Jute___ for making cases. (use)

d. Mixed cargo ___ as general cargo. (know)

e. The winchmen ____ the winches on board the ship. (operate)

V. Conditionals.

Look at this.

“If you lend me a thousand pounds, I’ll buy a car. If I buy a car, I’ll come to work earlier. If I come to work earlier, I’ll earn more money. If I earn more money, I’ll be able to give you the 1000 pounds back.”

How many sentences can you make from these beginnings?

1. If this shipment is loaded within three hours…

2. If the ship’s position wasn’t found frequently…

3. If the engine had been put astern in time…

VI. Vocabulary.

Match the lines from the two columns and put down the definitions you have got.

1. The stern a) checks the cargo when it is loaded.

2. Bulk cargo b) give way to power driven ships in

narrow channels.

3. A tallyman c) is the rear part of the ship.

4. Chain slings d) is a case but not fully enclosed.

5. Sailing vessels e) is when bow and stern rise and fall with

the waves.

6. A bundle f) is grain, ore, sand etc.

7. A crate g) are used for lifting logs and iron rails.

8. Pitching h) is various goods packed without a

container.

9. To be aground i) is used to set the ship’s course.

10. The compass j) means lying on the bottom or stuck on

rocks.

VII. Crossword.

VIII. Writing.

Make up a story or a dialogue using English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Get ready to retell or perform it.

Часто определять местоположение судна; взять пеленг на береговые ориентиры; плавучие знаки; на мелководье; замеры глубин под килем.

IX. Reading.

a) Read the text.

Crewing.

As powered ships developed in the 19th century, their crews were divided into three distinct groups: (1) the deck department, which steered, kept lookout, handled lines in docking and undocking, and performed at-sea maintenance on the hull and nonmachinery components, (2) the engine department, which operated machinery and performed at-sea maintenance, and (3) the stewards department, which did the work of a hotel staff for the crew and passengers. The total number of crew varied widely with the function of the ship and with changes in technology. For example, an early 20th-century transatlantic liner might carry 500 stewards, 300 crew members in its engine department (most of them occupied in hand-firing the boilers), and 70 crew in its deck department. The later adoption of oil fuel and also of the diesel engine allowed a sharp cut in the engineering department. Later, such devices as autopilots for steering and automatic constant-tension mooring winches allowed reductions in the deck department. Meanwhile, the need for stewards on passenger ships has remained high: a cruise ship will still carry a stewards department of several hundred.

b) Here are the answers to some questions. What are the questions?

1. They operated machinery and performed at-sea maintenance.

2. In the 19th century.

3. They allowed reductions in the deck department.

c) Describe the crewing of your vessel, its subdivisions and duties of each department.