Случаи отклонения от правил согласования времен
1. Когда глагол в дополнительном придаточном предложении
выражает общеизвестный факт, он может быть выражен в
простом настоящем времени и в том случае, когда глагол
главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени:
The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.
2. Глаголыshould, ought toупотребляются в придаточном
предложении независимо от того, в каком времени стоит
глагол главного предложения:
He says (said) that I ought to send her a telegram at once.
Глагол must, однако, заменяется на had to:
She said that she had to answer the letter at once.
Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся глаголы в придаточном дополнительном предложении на русский язык:
| Past Simple или Past Progressive Past Perfect Future-in-the-past | настоящим временем прошедшим временем будущим временем |
Проверочные задания на тему «Прямая и косвенная речь, согласование времен»
Задание 16.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов в придаточном дополнительном предложении.
1. Franklin proved that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.
2. He said that he worked for a big company.
3. At the conference scientists stated that air pollution in that region caused environmental problems.
4. Everybody saw that he was playing badly.
5. The manager asked her when she could start working.
6. He said that he had to catch a train.
7. Victor found out where we had made a mistake.
8. It wasn’t quite clear how the accident had happened.
9. We were sure that our groupmate would win the competition.
10. He was sure that soon everybody would see that he was
right.
Задание 17.Поставьте глагол в главном предложении
в Past Simple и сделайте соответствующие изменения в предложении, соблюдая правило согласования времён.
1. My little brother knows that our planet moves round the Sun.
2. She realizes that that book is valuable.
3. I have no idea what it will lead to.
4. The customer asks when he can phone for some more details.
5. He hopes that his observations may help him in his research work.
6. I don’t understand what she is talking about.
7. She is sure that she planned everything thoroughly.
8. She is sorry that she didn’t warn me about the changes.
9. Mary hopes that the guide will take them to the Hermitage.
10. The head manager asks the applicant what salary he
expects.
Задание 18.Переведите предложения в косвенную речь.
1. Jerry said proudly, “My sister is a journalist. She has interviewed many famous people.”
2. The receptionist said, ”The chief is talking to the visitors. He asked not to disturb him.”
3. Liza said to her friend, “Mike got an interesting job offer a week ago.”
4. My uncle said, “My son graduated from Moscow university last year.”
5. The city guide said to us, “Museums were closed yesterday.”
6. The instructor pointed out, “The personnel should know what to do in case of emergency.”
7. The engineer explained to us, “If some device stops operating, maintenance people will come to check the equipment.”
8. Mary said to her parents, “Are we going to the country next week?”
9. My friend said to me, “Do you understand everything in this subject?”
10. Raymond said, “Have you heard the news?”
11. John said to her, “Did you enjoy your holiday last year?”
12. The teacher said to the students, “Will you need these data for your research or not?”
13. Jane said to him, “Can we measure the temperature here?”
14. Brian said, “What will come out of your plan, I wonder?”
15. I said to Sam, “How does this device work and how much does it weigh?”
16. I said, “Why is he looking for a new job?”
17. Mum said to his son, “Where have you been all this time?”
18. My sister said to me, “Turn off the music, please and help me with urgent work.”
19. Kate said to us, “Don’t worry and call the doctor at once.”
20. The engineer warned us, “Don’t touch this button for safety.”
ИНФИНИТИВ (THE INFINITIVE)
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только указывает на действие, но не обозначает ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола, которая отвечает на вопрос что делать?
что сделать? Например: to read, to write. Формальным признаком инфинитива в английском языке служит частица to.
В английском языке инфинитив имеет шесть форм:
| Действитель-ный залог | Страдатель-ный залог | ||
| Неопределен-ный Длительный | Выражают действия, одновременные с действиями глагола-сказуемого | To ask To be asking | To be asked - |
| Завершенный Завершенный длительный | Выражают действия, предшествующие действиям глагола-сказуемого | To have asked To have been asking | To have been asked - |
Инфинитив в предложении может быть:
1. Подлежащим – To drive a car is interesting. – Водить машину интересно.
2. Обстоятельством цели – I study English to speak with English people. – Я изучаю английский язык, чтобы разговаривать с англичанами.
3. Частью именного сказуемого – The task of the laboratory assistant was to demonstrate the films. – Задачей лаборанта было показывать фильмы.
4. Частью составного глагольного сказуемого, если он стоит после модальных глаголов и после глаголов, которые в данном случае без инфинитива не имеют самостоятельного значения: to begin, to continue, to like, to want, to try, to hope, to decide – They must do it at once.– Они должны сделать это немедленно.
I hope to see them tomorrow. – Я надеюсь увидеть их
завтра.
5. Определением, при этом он всегда отвечает на вопрос какой? и стоит после определяемого существительного. На русский язык инфинитив в функции определения переводится существительным, неопределенной формой глагола или определительным придаточным предложением с союзом который часто с использованием слов надо, следует, должен, причем сказуемое в этом придаточном предложении выражает долженствование или будущее время. – The conference to be opened in Moscow will be of great interest to the foreign scientists. – Конференция, которая будет проходить в Москве, будет представлять большой интерес для иностранных учёных.
Кроме того, инфинитив в функции определения может стоять после порядковых числительных the first, the second, the third, … the last и переводится глаголом в личной форме в том же времени, в котором стоит глагол to be,или придаточным предложением с союзом что, кто, который. – He is always the first to come to the institute. – Он всегда первым приходит в институт.
Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив»
Задание 19.Сравните предложения. Определите, является ли инфинитив подлежащим или обстоятельством цели, и переведите предложения.
| To prove any statement is a very difficult task. To prove any statement it is necessary to make experiments and observations. | Доказать утверждение – это очень сложная задача. Чтобы доказать любое утверждение, необходимо провести эксперименты и наблюдения. |
1. To develop national economy is the main task of the government.
To develop national economy people have to use natural resources of the country most efficiently.
2. To conduct an electric current we need a source of power.
To conduct an electric current is to transmit electrons.
3. To analyze the effect in question is to consider all the elements of the circuit.
To analyze the effect in question it is necessary to consider
all the elements of the circuit.
Задание 20.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельства цели.
1. To study much is to learn much.
2. To measure temperature it is necessary to choose some kind of temperature scale.
3. To include this material into the report one must first discuss it.
4. To observe is the primary rule of any experiment.
5. To magnetize a body requires some energy.
6. A galvanometer is a sensitive instrument which is used
to detect and measure small electrical currents.
7. In order to build a power plant it is necessary to have planning permission.
Задание 21.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции части сказуемого.
1. We shall translate this article.
2. Do you know that man?
3. The only way to solve the problem is to make some experiments.
4. Gas turbines can be started within minutes, while steam plants may require hours to be put into operation.
5. The government decided to develop this branch of industry.
Задание 22.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения.
| The professor to deliver a lecture is an outstanding scientist. The problem to be dealt with is very essential. Lodygin was the first to use an incandescent lamp for lighting purposes. | Профессор, который будет читать лекцию, – это выдающийся учёный. Проблема, которую необходимо рассмотреть, очень важна. Лодыгин был первым, кто использовал лампу накаливания для осветительных целей. |
1. The generator is a device to change mechanical energy into
electric energy.
2. Substances to resist the flow of current are termed
insulators.
3. This report includes all the data to be discussed.
4. The phenomena to be studied are of special significance.
5. Copper is the metal to be used as an electric conductor.
6. The hydropower station to be constructed in this region
will be one of the largest stations in the world.
7. The useful work to be done by a machine is less than
the total work to be performed by it.
8. Our Russian scientist Petrov was the first to prove that
metals can be charged by friction.
9. You will be the last to answer at the exam.
10. There was nobody to help them.
Задание 23.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму инфинитива.
1. He is glad to be working with his friend now. (работать)
2. He was happy to be taking part in that team task. (принимать участие)
3. They want to be shown these new devices. (чтобы им показали)
4. He is delighted to have completed the work in time. (что закончил)
5. He was sorry to have ignored the warning signs. (что проигнорировал)
6. He was pleased to have been invited to take part in
the contest. (что его пригласили)
Задание 24.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива.
1. We boil water to produce steam.
2. To reduce the power losses thick wires should be used.
3. To find the mass of gas we must know its volume, its pressure and its temperature.
4. Various switches are used to open or to close a circuit.
5. It took Newton about 20 years to complete his theory of gravitation.
6. In physics energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
7. Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into mechanical, heat and chemical power.
8. Alternating current (a.c.) can be increased or decreased to meet industrial requirements.
9. To be widely used it took 80 years for the steam engine, for the airplane 20 years, for the telephone half a century but for transistor technologies 3 years.
10. It was not easy for Newton to carry on scientific work at that time.
Задание 25.Употребите инфинитив в нужной форме.
1. The laser beam can … (to burn) holes in steel plates.
2. Hydropower stations use water power … (to turn) the machines for generating electricity.
3. Here is the instrument … (to test).
4. A switch is a device … (to break) or … (to close) the circuit.
5. The bad result may … (to explain) by inefficient work and lack of the experience.
6. James Chadwick was the first …(to discover) the neutron.
7. He wants … (to send) to Moscow.
8. He is glad … (to work) with these partners now.
9. The manager is satisfied … (to send) these specialists to the conference last week.
10. She was glad … (to send) to Moscow last month.
Задание 26.Обратите внимание на употребление различных форм инфинитива с модальными глаголами must, may (might) и should.
| Steve must be writing a test now. He may (might) be having a rest now. | Должно быть (наверное), он пишет тест сейчас. Возможно (может быть), он сейчас отдыхает. |
| This scientist must have travelled a lot. He may (might) have read this article carelessly. You should have written the summary of that article long ago. | Должно быть (наверное), этот учёный много путешествовал. Возможно (может быть), он невнимательно прочитал эту статью. Тебе давно следовало написать резюме той статьи. |
Переведите предложения.
1. You must be joking.
2. The teacher may be looking through the papers now.
3. They might be skiing somewhere in Switzerland.
4. He must have had little practice.
5. It’s eight o’clock. He must have arrived at the airport.
6. He may have misunderstood you.
7. He might have tried to get in touch with you but he didn’t manage to.
8. He should have warned you about his arrival.
9. You shouldn’t have explained everything to him.
10. You should have checked the readings of this meter long
ago.
Инфинитивные обороты.
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее)
(Subjective Infinitive Construction/Complex Subject)
Инфинитив в предложении может входить в состав оборота сложное подлежащее, который состоит из подлежащего и относящегося к нему инфинитива, между которыми стоит сказуемое, чаще всего, в страдательном залоге. Перевод такого предложения начинается со сказуемого, которое переводится безличным предложением (например: говорят, известно и т.д.), далее следует союз что, подлежащее, а затем инфинитив, который переводится в личной форме:
| The railway transport is considered to be the best means of communication. Считается, что железнодорожный транспорт – это лучшее средство связи. |
Сказуемое в инфинитивном обороте сложное подлежащее стоит в активном залоге, если оно выражено глаголами:
to seem – казаться
to prove – оказываться
to appear – казаться
to happen – случаться, оказываться
to be likely – возможно, вероятно
to be sure, to be certain – несомненно, наверняка
Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив и сложное подлежащее»
Задание 27.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот Complex Subject.
1. All bodies are known to possess weight.
2. Coal is considered to be a valuable fuel.
3. The plant is supposed to increase its production.
4. Electronics is considered to include nearly all electrical phenomena.
5. The carbon content in steel is assumed not to exceed standard values.
6. The atom is considered to be a mighty force that can be used for the good of mankind.
7. The output of machinery is known to be steadily increasing all over the world.
8. The lathe is considered to be the most important machine tool.
9. In some countries the nuclear power plants are believed to produce about 80 per cent of the whole amount of energy.
10. The most important problems in atomic power generation are known to be concerned with the reactor.
11. The new invention is expected to produce great changes in industry.
12. Glass seems to conduct so little current that it is hardly measurable.
13. This discovery proved to be of special value for the development of electronics.
14. The milling machine appears to be the most universal machine tool.
15. I happened to meet some of our students in the lab.
16. Lomonosov and Rihman happened to work at the same time.
17. These students are likely to take part in this discussion as the main problem to be discussed is on their speciality.
18. He is sure to come in time. He will be the first to make a report.
19. He is certain to make a good presentation at the conference for he read a lot of technical journals while preparing for it.
20. The student is certain to know that alternating voltage can be increased and decreased.
Задание 28.Перефразируйте предложения, используя оборот Complex Subject и переведите.
| It seems that these equations are rather complicated. | These equations seem to be rather complicated. |
1. It is known that every battery possesses two terminals.
2. It is considered that ebonite, rubber and glass are good insulators.
3. It is expected that nuclear plants are located away from urban areas.
4. It turns out that this metal is very brittle.
5. It seems that the most efficient semiconductors are silicon and germanium.
6. It is unlikely that the weather will change tomorrow.
7. It is certain that they will achieve good results if the employ new techniques.
Задание 29.Переведите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Обратите внимание на различные формы инфинитива.
1. The company is reported to utilize lignite and gas for electricity generation.
a) сообщают, использовала
b) сообщают, использует
2. The motor was believed to be replaced by another one.
a) полагали, заменят
b) полагали, заменили
3. He is supposed to be working for an engineering firm at present.
a) предполагали, работал
b) предполагают, работает
4. He is said to have graduated from the University.
a) говорят, закончил
b) говорят, заканчивает
5. The capacity of generating units was said to have been doubled.
a) говорят, удвоена
b) говорили, была удвоена
Задание 30.Употребите необходимую форму инфинитива в обороте Complex Subject и переведите предложения.
1. Communication is supposed … (to have) no limits nowadays.
2. This problem is sure … (to solve) in the nearest future.
3. One of the students is said … (to conduct) research work now.
4. They are sure … (to send) to some construction site after the session for practice.
5. The study of different substances at low temperatures is said … (to find out) many interesting phenomena lately.
6. The design of this motor appears … (to publish) in the latest issue of that magazine.
7. He was seen … (to arrive) to work early.
8. Faraday is known … (to measure) the electric current for the first time in the world.
9. This device is expected … (to come) into universal application.
10. The use of underground transmission lines is known … (to increase) lately.
Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение)
(Objective Infinitive Construction/Complex Object)
Инфинитив может входить в состав оборота сложное дополнение, состоящего из существительного (или местоимения в объектном падеже) и инфинитива. На русский язык этот оборот переводится придаточным предложением, которое присоединяется к главному с помощью союзов что, чтобы, как, причем местоимение в объектном падеже переводится на русский язык личным местоимением в именительном падеже. Например:
me – я
you – ты, вы
her – она
him – он
it – он, она, оно
us – мы
them – они
| We expect the railways to connect all parts of Russia. Мы ожидаем, что железные дороги соединят все регионы России. |
Инфинитив в обороте сложное дополнение употребляется без частицыto, если оборот стоит после глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств, а также после глаголов to make в значении заставлять и to let позволять, разрешать:
to see – видеть
to watch – смотреть, наблюдать
to observe – наблюдать
to notice – замечать
to hear – слышать
to feel – чувствовать
| I saw him cross the street. Я видел, что он перешёл улицу. She made me revise the material. Она заставила меня повторить материал. |
Проверочные задания на тему «Инфинитив и сложное дополнение»
Задание 31.Сравните предложения и укажите оборот Complex Object и переведите.
1. I want to explain the theory to him.
I want you to explain the theory to him.
2. She would like to read now.
She would like him to read now.
3. We heard the latest news over the radio.
We heard this scientist speak over the radio.
Задание 32.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот Complex Object.
1. The professor wants us to turn our attention to the problem of semiconductors.
2. We know the electric cell to be a device which is used for converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
3. The members of the conference found this theory to be highly valuable.
4. We know isotopes to possess the property of radiation.
5. The induced voltage causes the current to flow and the rotor to revolve.
6. We consider this instrument to be useful for different purposes.
7. We know the strength of the current to depend on the resistance of the circuit.
8. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.
9. I heard the door open and saw my friend come into the room.
10. I watched the water boil.
11. The students noticed the thermometer mercury fall to the fixed point.
12. He made us wait for two hours.
13. I’d like him to enter the university but I can’t make him do it.
14. Please let me know the results of your exam as soon as possible.
15. If you want us to make the work quickly, you should let us start at once.
Задание 33.Перефразируйте предложения, используя оборот Complex Object.
| I find that your story is very interesting. | I find your story to be very interesting. |
1. We know that our earth revolves around the sun.
2. We expected that the commission would begin work next month.
3. We consider that silver is the best of conducting materials.
4. We know that the electrons flow from the negative terminal of the battery to the positive one.
5. Nobody noticed that he went out.
Задание 34.Переведите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант ответа. Обратите внимание на различные формы инфинитива.
1. The reporter does not believe the conclusions to be in good agreement with the data which were presented.
a) полагает, не соответствуют
b) полагал, не соответствовали
2. We expect the materials to be tested at once.
a) ожидали, будут протестированы
b) ожидаем, протестируют
3. We suppose him to be working at this plant now.
a) полагаем, работает
b) полагаем, работал
4. I believe him to have been a very good director.
a) полагаю, был
b) полагал, является
5. We knew many articles to have already been written on that
subject.
a) знаем, пишут
b) знали, были написаны
Задание 35.Употребите необходимую форму инфинитива в конструкции Complex Object. Обратите внимание на использование частицы “to” с инфинитивом. Переведите предложения.
1. We expect the discovery … (to produce) great changes.
2. I didn’t hear you … (to come) into the room.
3. I believe him … (to surf) the Internet now.
4. The students saw the liquid … (to change).
5. Scientists all over the world consider Faraday … (to be) one of the greatest inventors.
6. We know Lomonosov … (to pay) particular attention to the development of Russian science.
7. He made me … (to do) it all over again.
8. I let him … (to go) early as he had done his task.
Задание 36.Сравните предложения, содержащие оборот Complex Subject и Complex Object, и переведите.
1. Today atoms are known to be neither unchangeable nor indivisible.
Today we know atoms to be neither unchangeable nor indivisible.
2. All energy people use is supposed to come from the sun.
We suppose all energy people use to come from the sun.
3. The new invention proved to be of great practical importance.
The scientists proved the new invention to be of great practical importance.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PARTICIPLE)
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, то есть форма, которая не выполняет функцию сказуемого, не имеет лица и числа.
Причастие имеет категорию времени и залога, сочетает в себе свойства глагола, прилагательного и наречия.
Формы причастия показаны в следующей таблице.
| Времена (Tenses) | Залог (Voice) | |
| Действительный (Active) | Страдательный (Passive) | |
| Настоящее (Present) | Translating | Being translated |
| Прошедшее (Past) | - | Translated |
| Завершенное (Perfect) | Having translated | Having been translated |
В английском языке наиболее употребительными являются причастия настоящего времени действительного залога (причастие 1) и прошедшего времени страдательного залога (причастие 2), так как кроме прочих функций, они выполняют формообразующую при создании видовременных форм английского языка.
1. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. – Восходящее солнце было закрыто облаками.
2. The actor playing the part of Bernard Shaw was wonderful. – Актёр, играющий роль Бернарда Шоу, был замечателен.
3. Seeing that I was late I hurried. – Видя, что я опаздываю, я поспешил.
4. The book discussed by your students is very interesting. - Книга, обсуждаемая вашими студентами, очень интересная.
5. A broken cup was lying on the table. – Разбитая чашка лежала на столе.
6. The novels written by L.Tolstoy are translated into many languages. – Романы, написанные Львом Толстым, переводят на многие языки.
Причастие 1 нужно отличать от совпадающих с ним по форме имен существительных (a building) и герундия. В отличие от герундия, причастие 1 не может сочетаться с существительным в притяжательном падеже, притяжательным местоимением, не может иметь перед собой относящихся к нему предлогов. Кроме того, имеются некоторые другие части речи с –ing на конце, которые терминологически не являются причастиями: during, morning, according to, something, nothing, interesting, owing to.Помните, что в основе причастия – глагол.
Причастие 1 в предложении может выполнять функцию:
1) левого определения – The moving body … - Двигающееся тело …
2) правого определения – The man delivering this lecture is our professor. – Человек, читающий эту лекцию, наш профессор.
3) обстоятельства, если в предложении занимает нулевое место и на русский язык переводится деепричастием – Reading books he made notes. – Читая книги, он делал записи.
4) обстоятельства – He came in smiling. – Он вошёл, улыбаясь.
Причастие 2 – это третья форма глагола, имеющая страдательное значение, которому в русском языке соответствует причастие, оканчивающееся на –имый, –емый,
–енный, –анный, –тый.
Причастие 2 может выполнять функцию в предложении:
1) левого определения – The broken glass was beautiful. Разбитый стакан был красивым.
2) правого определения – The equipment used for this experiment is quite new. – Оборудование, использованное для этого эксперимента, довольно новое.
3) обстоятельства c союзами if, unless, when, as, once, которые переводятся обстоятельственными придаточными предложениям или существительным с предлогом «при».
If heated, molecules of the material move faster. – При нагревании молекулы материала двигаются быстрее.
When asked to help, he agreed at once. – Когда его попросили помочь, он сразу же согласился.
Проверочные задания на тему «Причастие»
Задание 37. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие в функции части сказуемого.
1. Water-turbine plants are called hydroturbines.
2. The temperature of hot flowing metals is often measured by the electric pyrometer.
3. Permanent temperature should be maintained during the experiment.
4. Nuclear fuel is undergoing nuclear fission.
5. The building is being equipped with air-conditioning installation.
6. Water power is being used to drive a dynamo.
7. The new equipment has just been received.
Задание 38.
A. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие 1 в функции левого определения.
| What is the temperature of boiling water? | Какова температура кипящей воды? |
1. He is responsible for the maintenance of the working equipment.
2. Switchboard is an assemblage of controlling and indicating devices that are mounted upon a frame.
3. A long time ago people noticed the attracting ability of the magnet.
4. Can we measure the distance from the initial point to the travelling body?
5. The instrument for measuring the temperature of hot flowing metals is similar to that which is widely used in our laboratory.
В.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
причастие 1 в функции правого определения.
| As a matter of fact a solar cell is a miniature electric station working on light. | Фактически, солнечная батарея – это маленькая электрическая станция, работающая за счёт света. |
1. The man sitting at the table is our professor.
2. Water is a substance consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.
3. The pyrometer showing the temperature of metals which are melted in furnaces is an electric device.
4. The construction of power stations operating on atomic fuel and generating electric current is quite necessary.
5. Water falling from its raised position changes potential energy into kinetic energy.
6. Superconductivity is one of the most unusual properties of matter occurring only at low temperatures.
| The question being discussed now is important. The electrodes being used were not of a good quality. | Вопрос, обсуждаемый (обсуждающийся) сейчас, важный. Используемые электроды были плохого качества. |
1. The houses being built in our town are not very high.
2. The problem being discussed is of no great importance for practice.
3. The article being typed will be published in the next issue of the magazine.
Задание 39. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие 1 в функции обстоятельства.
Working at his new device, the inventor carried out an important research. → Работая над своим новым прибором, изобретатель провёл важное исследование.
While translating an English article, we wrote out all the new words. →Переводя статью на английском языке, мы выписывали все новые слова.Being widely used in industry, electrical motors are also used in every home. →Будучи широко используемыми (Широко используемые) в промышленности, электрические моторы также используются в каждом доме.
1. Making the tests the researcher used new apparatus.
2. Finishing the experiment the engineer recorded the results.
3. Being a source of heat and electrical energy atomic energy can also serve us in medicine.
4. Not knowing the truth he felt calm.
5. All materials can be either conductors or insulators depending upon the ease with which they pass an electric current.
6. Multiplying the average speed by the time we find the distance which an object travelled.
7. Speaking of the electrically operated devices one can mention the refrigerator.
8. The engineers carried out the experiment looking at the scale of the thermometer from time to time.
9. While passing through the conductor the resistance results in the production of heat.
10. Being solved all together the task turned out to be not so
difficult.
Задание 40.
A. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие 2 в функции левого и правого определения.
He put the typed texts on the table.
Он положил напечатанные тексты на стол.
The article translated by the students is very complicated.
Статья, переводимая/переведённая студентами, очень
сложная.
Сравните:
The article being translated by the students is very complicated.
Статья, переводимая студентами, очень сложная.
1. For a given body, the temperature is proportional to the amount of energy that this body contains.
2. All elements consist of tiny particles called atoms.
3. The engineers invited to our firm are well-known specialists.
4. The lecture followed by an experiment was very interesting.
5. The equipment installed at the plant is rather efficient.
6. The first source of continuous current constructed by Volta appeared in 1800.
7. We work in the lab provided with the most modern equipment.
8. The experiment completed by this student is of importance for our research.
9. The pyrometer used in industry is a device measuring temperature.
10. The electric motor is a device employed for transforming
electrical energy into mechanical.
B. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
причастие 2 в функции правого одиночного определения.
The data obtained formed the basis for further activity.
Полученные данные послужили основой для дальнейшей
деятельности.
1. The machine used showed good results.
2. The device improved will be put into operation.
3. The measures discussed are to be used for determining the faults in the conducting wires.
4. Many of the problems faced are common for many tools.
5. The substances utilized neutralized each other.
6. The amount of electricity generated depended on the quality of the coal.
7. The methods applied increased the production of motorcars.
8. The engine tested required no further improvement.
9. The experiments carried out differed in the data obtained.
10.The equipment improved resulted in increasing productivity.
Задание 41.Сравните предложения, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива и причастия 2 в функции правого определения и переведите.
1. The machine parts to be repaired will be brought next week.
2. The machine parts repaired will be brought next week.
3. The instrument to be described here was developed several years ago.
4. The instrument described here was developed several years ago.
5. The distance to be covered is equal to ten miles.
6. The distance covered is equal to ten miles.
Задание 42. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие 2 в функции обстоятельства.
| When asked, the scientist agreed to lecture at our institute. | Когда учёного попросили прочитать лекцию в нашем институте, он согласился. |
1. When given time to think, he recollected the material and answered well.
2. When completed, the translation will be given to the engineer.
3. When used, this method gives the best results.
4. If rubbed, some substances produce electric charges.
5. If broken anywhere, the electric circuit will immediately stop carrying a current.
Задание 43. Укажите предложения с причастиями в функциях определения и обстоятельства и переведите.
1. а) The man making the report is our dean.
b) Making this instrument we could not do without a machine
operated by electricity.
c) He is making great progress in mathematics.
2. a) The materials used are the most important.
b) These new techniques are primarily used in production
processes.
c) Building this house they used modern methods.
3. a) The air heated the device.
b) Any object heated to a high temperature is a source of
light.
c) If heated, water boils.
Задание 44.Выберите правильную форму причастия и переведите предложения.
| The University … (founding/founded) by Lomonosov is situated in the capital of our country. | The University founded by Lomonosov is situated in the capital of our country. |
1. … (Going/gone) home I met my old friend.
2. The scientists … (mentioning/mentioned) contributed greatly to the development of science.
3. All objects … (surrounding/surrounded) us in nature are composed of different substances.
4. The methods … (applying/applied) improved the quality of production.
5. … (Revolving/revolved) about its axis the earth also revolves around the sun.
6. The airplanes … (equipping/equipped) with jet engines fly at very high speeds.
7. When … (asking/asked), he didn’t know the answer.
Задание 45.
A. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление причастия завершенного вида Perfect Participle Active.
| Having finished the work I went home. | Закончив работу, я пошёл домой. |
1. Having taken what he wanted he left the room.
2. Not having found the book he rang up his friend.
3. Having passed a short distance the car stopped.
4. Having made many tests the engineer obtained a result of great significance.
5. Having mentioned the name of Volta the teacher spoke about his invention.
6. Having finished the experiment the engineer classified the data received into two groups.
7. Having divided the distance by the time required to cover it we obtain the average speed of the car.
B. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление причастия завершенного вида Perfect Participle Passive.
| Having been sent to the power plant for practice, he got valuable experience. | Будучи направленным на электрическую станцию для прохождения практики, он приобрёл ценный опыт. |
1. Having been told to come later he had some time to prepare a good present.
2. Having been invited too late, my friend couldn’t come.
3. Not having been delivered in time the document was of no value.
4. Having been tested under different conditions the motors were put to use.
Задание 46.Сравните предложения и переведите. Укажите предложение, где причастие переводится, как.
1. «истратив»
a) Spending the money the tourist got pleasure.
b) Having spent all his money the tourist went home.
2. «выпуская»
a) Manufacturing new electronic components for computers the plant increased its annual turnover.
b) Having manufactured new electronic components for computers the plant increased its sales.
3. «подав заявление на работу»
a) Applying for a job he pointed out his qualification.
b) Having applied for the job in this company he refused another offer.
Задание 47.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление различных форм причастия, образованных от глагола "to introduce".
1. The man introducing the guests is our teacher.
2. The words being introduced at this lesson are easy to comprehend as they are international ones.
3. Introducing new words the teacher explained some of their meanings in English.
4. While introducing new words the teacher gave some examples.
5. Being introduced by the teacher, the new words didn’t require much time to be remembered.
6. Having introduced new words the teacher asked us to repeat them after him.
7. Having been introduced by the teacher, the new words were easy to learn.
8. The new words introduced by the teacher must be learnt by heart.
9. The words introduced are not very difficult to remember as they are of international origin.
10. When introduced, new words were repeated by the students.
Задание 48.Выберите правильный вариант перевода причастия. Предложения переведите.
1. Going along the streets of a big city one can see many trams, trolley-buses, buses and cars.
a) идя
b) идущий
c) пройдя
2. The company producing these parts is famous all over the world.
a) произведённая
b) производящая
c) будучи производимой
3. Having discussed some important problems the managers started to take measures to solve them.
a) обсуждающие
b) обсуждая
c) обсудив
4. The appliance received required some improvement.
a) получив
b) полученные
c) когда прибор получили
5. Working at his new device the inventor made numerous experiments.
a) работая
b) работающий
c) проработав
Задание 49. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление причастия.
1. The transmission system selected for everyday use is based on the combined activity of telecommunication and computers.
2. The energy lost in the capacitor appears in the form of heat being generated in the dielectric.
3. Gas coolants used to remove heat losses help to increase the current-carrying capacity of the motor’s main parts.
4. The law formulated by Bernoulli is very important in thermodynamics.
5. The principles of the kinetic theory of gases stated by Lomonosov in 1744, are true to this day.
6. The term “speed” means the ratio of the distance travelled by an object to the period of time.
7. The properties described required further investigation.
Задание 50.Обратите внимание на конструкцию, содержащую Past Passive Participle "have something done", и переведите.
| He has had his photo taken. | Он сфотографировался. (Он попросил фотографа сделать это.) |
1. They will have the equipment installed.
2. He must have this electrical appliance tested.
3. We had the engine repaired.
4. They have had their office painted.
5. Have you had this article published?
Причастные обороты
В английском языке в функции обстоятельства употребляется два вида причастных оборотов, а именно:
1. Обороты, в которых причастие выражает действие,
относящееся к подлежащему предложения. Такие
обороты переводятся деепричастным оборотом или
придаточным предложением и являются зависимыми.
| Knowing English well my brother was able to translate the article without any difficulty. Зная английский язык хорошо, мой брат смог перевести статью без каких-либо трудностей. |
2. Обороты, в которых причастие имеет свое собственное
подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем
падеже (реже местоимением в именительном падеже).
Причастные обороты этого типа связи называются независимыми (самостоятельными) причастными оборотами. Независимые причастные обороты отделяются от основной части предложения запятой. В независимом причастном обороте существительное (местоимение) и причастие 1 находятся в отношении аналогичном отношению подлежащего и сказуемого, то есть причастие 1 переводится личной формой глагола.
Перевод независимого причастного оборота зависит от его положения в предложении.
А) Если оборот занимает место передглавной частью предложения, то на русский язык он переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами если, так как, когда, после того как. Например:
| The letter to her parents having been written, she went to post it. После того как письмо было написано, она пошла отправить его. |
В) Если независимый причастный оборот занимает место послеглавной части предложения, то он переводится самостоятельным предложением с союзами причем, а, и или с помощью бессоюзной связи.
| There are many sources of energy, the sun being one of them. Существует много источников энергии, и солнце является одним из них. |
Проверочные задания на тему «Причастные обороты»
Задание 51.Сравните предложения, обращая внимание на употребление зависимого и независимого причастных
оборотов, и переведите.
1. а) Seeing no traffic on the road the driver can maintain a
constant speed.
b) There being no other traffic on the road, the driver can
maintain a constant speed.
2. a) There are two diagrams in this figure showing the tem-
perature difference.
b) There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing
the temperature difference.
3. a) The electric current passing through a wire heats that wire.
b) The electric current passing through a wire, the heat level
developed will depend upon the amount of current.
Задание 52. Переведите предложения. Укажите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот, знаком "+".
1. The steam expanding, its volume is increased.
2. Motor cars and airplanes burn liquid fuel producing heat which is converted into the kinetic energy of motion.
3. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.
4. The flow of the current being reduced, the speed of the motor is correspondingly decreased.
5. While investigating the tiniest particles of matter, scientists need complex installations occupying much space.
6. This law having been discovered, there are a lot of new possibilities.
7. Having been carefully tested, the instrument was put into operation.
8. The molecules always collide and change direction, the speed of the molecular motion greatly depending on the temperature.
9. Metals are the best conductors of electricity, minerals being rather poor conductors.
10. The energy transferred by radiation is transmitted from one place to another by waves of exactly the same nature as radio waves.
Задание 53. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.
1. Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year.
2. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up around that conductor.
3. The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low.
4. There being a hydroelectric station at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is u