Заполни пропуски, вставив правильную форму глагола в скобках в Present Simple. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 1

1) Usually I ... to the Institute by bus (go).

2) We ... not write letters very often (do).

3) It often ... in autumn in St. Petersburg (rain).

4) My brother... a very good specialist (be).

5) Larry ... to eat a lot (like).

6) Carl ... a lot of friends in Russia (have).

7) ... he smoke? - No. He ... not (do).

8) My mother ... up very early every day (get).

9) My parents ... newspapers regularly (read).

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Present Perfect Tense. Подчеркните глагол в Present Perfect Tense.

Образец

Have you been to the Mining Institute today? Who has already done Exercise II?

Yes, I have. I’ve been there for 7 hours. Everybody has done it.

1) Have you already had your dinner?

2) How many classes, seminars and lectures have you had today?

3) What interesting TV programs have you seen this week?

4) To what museums, cinemas, theatres or concert halls have you been this month?

5) Who has passed the exams with excellent marks in your group?

6) Where have you just come back from?

7) You have been late for the first lecture, haven’t you?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Past Simple Tense. Подчеркните глагол в Past Simple Tense.

Образец

Were you busy yesterday? Who didn’t attend the lecture yesterday?

Yes, I was. Mike and Helen didn’t. They were ill.

1) Did you get up early yesterday?

2) Did you go to the country last summer?

3) In what subjects did you take exams before you entered the Institute?

4) When did you become a student?

5) When did you see the dean of your department last?

6) When were you born?

7) Where were you last winter?

8) How many books did you read last year?

9) Who was the first to come to the Institute yesterday?

Напишите предложения в форме вопроса. Используйте в качестве подлежащего слова и словосочетания из скобок. Подчеркните вспомогательный и смысловой глагол в вашем вопросе.

Образец

Come back home late yesterday (you).

Did you come back home late yesterday?

1) Go to the picture gallery (your friend)

2) Send a telegram (she)

3) Pay the bus fare (you)

4) Win the game (the Zenith football team)

5) Receive a bonus (your colleagues)

6) Calculate fast (the computer)

7) Stay long at the Institute (the monitor of the group)

Прочитайте и напишите перевод данных предложений на русском языке.

1) When I came home, everyone had gone to the office.

2) When we arrived at the theatre, the opera had already begun.

3) The plane had safely landed by 9 o’clock.

4) How long had you known him before you hired him?

5) I had never seen her before. She was unknown to me.

Прочтите текст. Переведите письменно на русский язык.

The hole in the ozone layer

Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on the Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet’s surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometers above the Earth’s surface, where it plays a very important role. Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation can damage cells of living things - plants, animals and people. Whereas small doses result in nothing worse than sunburn, larger amounts may cause cataracts or skin cancer, and can affect the growth of plants.

The damage of ozone has been caused by complex chemical reactions involving chlorine and bromine. Large amounts of gas called CFCs were produced in twentieth century for use in everyday appliances like fridges, aerosol spray cans, and fire extinguishers. At ground level, these compounds are chemically non-reactive. However they are carried on wind systems up into the high atmosphere, where the ozone layer is. CFCs can be broken up by the intense sunlight, but before their destruction CFCs gases become reactive and damage the ozone layer.

The hole in the ozone layer is formed over the Antarctic continent each spring. During the long dark Antarctic winter, the atmosphere becomes colder than anywhere else on the Earth. Strong winds enclose the cold air above the Antarctic, allowing ice clouds to form. The ice crystals provide the sites where chlorine reacts with ozone when sunlight returns in the spring, and results in the ozone hole. In early summer, the ozone hole mixes with the rest of the air mass of the stratosphere. Over the past years, the concentrations of chlorine in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing, and as a result - more ozone has been destroyed.

Ozone itself is a useful protective layer high above our heads, but in the cities is pollutant agent. The CFCs have other effects too. As well as contributing to the breakdown of ozone, CFCs are also very effective in providing «greenhouse effect», contributing to a gradual warming of the atmosphere. However, the possible change in climate resulting from increases in various greenhouse gases might actually make the stratosphere colder, not warmer.

Governments of many countries agreed in 1987 to the Montreal Protocol in an effort to reduce the amount of CFCs, and so protect the ozone layer. Since then, more countries have signed it, and more substances included for control. As a result, the amount of chlorine and bromine in the atmosphere is decreasing. With less chlorine in the atmosphere the ozone hole should become smaller, and eventually close up, but it might take 20-30 years.

7. Ответьте на вопросы письменно:

1. What did the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer show?

2) Why did the hole in the ozone layer appear?

3) What can ultraviolet radiation damage?

4) What caused the damage of ozone?

5) How are CFCs produced?

6) Why do CFCs become reactive and damage the ozone layer?

7) What does greenhouse effect contribute to?

8) What is the essence of the Montreal Protocol signed in 1987?

9) How long can it take to close up the ozone hole in the atmosphere?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 2

Образец

do play

did played

done playd

account, arrange, be, begin, bring, build, buy, calculate, catch, clean, come, concentrate, cost, decide, do, dress, equip, estimate, examine, exchange, explode, explore, find, forget, give, go, graduate, have, investigate, lead, leave, listen, make, melt, pay, plan, play, prepare, process, prospect, provide, put, read, repair, report, run, set, smelt, solve, speak, specify, strip, study, survey, take, think, train, travel, understand, wash, watch, write.

Образец

Have you been to the Mining Institute today?

Yes, I have. I’ve been there for 7 hours.

1) Have you already had your dinner?

2) How many classes, seminars and lectures have you had today?

3) What interesting TV programs have you seen this week?

4) To what museums, cinemas, theatres or concert halls have you been this month?

5) Who has passed the exams with excellent marks in your group?

6) Where have you just come back from?

7) You have been late for the first lecture, haven’t you?

Environment

Another kind of restraint looming over us is a set of outer limits on the capacity of the earth’s natural systems to withstand the impacts of certain human activities without unacceptable damage to the biosphere or to man him. We are only now beginning to look seriously at some of these questions and there is still a dangerous level of ignorance about them. We know that some human activities have reached scales that arc having deleterious effects on ecological • systems. We are beginning to learn that some types of environmental effects can be irreparable and irreversible and that in some systems there are thresholds at which incremental impacts may "trigger" highly disproportionate damage.

Modern science is so inventive that it will probably succeed in providing mankind with technologies to compensate for the destruction of natural resources. But this alone will not correct the damage to the environment done by overpopulation and undisciplined technology. Nor will it prevent the damage to physical and mental health caused by rapid environmental changes. Suffice it to mention here that most types of disease are the expressions of man’s failure to adapt to his environment, and that adaptation will become increasingly difficult as air, water, and soil are altered more and more rapidly by the new ways of life.

The waste of natural resources, the threats to health, the annihilation of civilized sceneries and the destruction of the wilderness all constitute many different aspects of the environmental problem in the modern world, each with characteristics of its own. In the face of potentially serious breakdowns in specific geographic areas, with tragic consequences for large numbers of people, the ad hoc responses that have characterized our reactions to these environmental emergencies in the past can no longer be tolerated. In our own self-interest we should consider the creation of disaster-prevention programs on a global scale.

There must be a world-wide program to conserve scarce resources. The ethics of limitless abundance must give way to the ethics of scarcity and conservation. A rise in the cost of natural resources will provide incentives for the development of technologies and patterns of consumption that are less energy-intensive that those presently in use, on closed-system production methods, and on techniques for recycling.

We must evolve a strategy for global environmental security - a planetary policy to avoid disaster and provide a greater sense of direction in human affairs.

Используйте информацию в тексте и письменно перечислите все проблемы, с которыми сталкивается человечество из-за негативного влияния человека на окружающую среду. Используйте английский язык в ответах.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 3

Образец

Study at the Mining Institute (your friend).

Does your friend study at the Mining Institute?

1) Get up at 7 a.m. (your mother)

2) Have dinner at the Institute (you)

3) Read books in the library (your friends)

4) Take exams in spring (extra-mural students)

5) Be a big city (St. Petersburg)

6) Be on holiday (you)

7) Have a break for lunch (your neighbour)

8) See you of late (your parents)

9) Go to the Dean’s office today (the monitor of the group)

2. Ответьте на вопросы в письменной форме

1) What you have just done.

2) What you have already done.

3) What you have done this morning.

4) What you have done today.

5) What you have done lately.

6) What you have done this week.

7) What you have done this month.

8) What you have done this autumn / winter / spring.

9) What you have done this year.

Noisy places

It is no news that cities are noisy places. The fact has been commented on since the Towers of Babel were first constructed. But in the technologically advanced sections of the world, noise pollution has reached new dimensions.

In a quiet environment the sound level will be about 50 decibels or less, at 80 decibels the sound level becomes annoying. Nevertheless in the cities, people ere commonly exposed to levels of 110 decibels or more - that of nearby riveting machines, jet takeoff at the airport, or those mind deadening institutions known as discotheques.

Steady exposure to sound at levels of 90 decibels or more is believed to cause loss of hearing. Other effects of noise on man are only being now pinpointed, but they include direct physiological as well as psychological effects. There appear to be individual differences in tolerance to noise and wide differences in tolerance to different kinds of noise high frequency whines are more difficult to withstand than dull roars, sudden and unexpected.

Environment includes all the conditions and influences surrounding and affecting the life of an individual or population. The interrelationships of living organisms to one another and their environment have been studied for many years by ecologists, although relatively few studies have been made of man’s relationship to his total environment. This relationship is not viewed in the same way by all people. Some hold the view that man should have dominion over nature and should bring all aspects of nature under his control. This concept was held by the early settlers of North America as they tried to make a living in the wilderness. Nature was their enemy and had to be conquered. When man’s impact on nature had become great enough to foul the waters, ruin the soil, or eliminate wildlife used for food, then man in North America would pack up and move westward. We are just now emerging from this "cowboy"-practice as we realize that the earth is finite and we move toward a spaceman economy, where resources must be used wisely, where wastes must be properly handled, and where the human colony must adjust to the available resources.

7. Ответьте на вопросы в письменной форме

1. What can cause loss of hearing?

2. What is noise pollution?

3. What does environment influence?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 4

Образец

to do

does

arrive, begin, build, calculate, come, confuse, cross, develop, establish,find, finish, generate, give, grow, invent, know, make,manage, mine, multiply, operate, play, process, produce, reorganize, run, see, specify, watch, win, work.

Образец

Where are you going to? Who is Mike looking at?

I’m going to the Institute. He is looking at Nina

1) Where are you staying?

2) What is your fellow-student doing on Tuesday afternoon?

3) Who is having lectures, seminars and classes between 14.35 and 5.20 p.m. next week?

4) When are the students planning to go back home?

5) What rule is everybody learning?

4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Present Perfect Tense. Подчеркните глагол в Present Perfect Tense.

Образец

Have you been to the Mining Institute today? Who has already done Exercise II?

Yes, I have. I’ve been there for 7 hours Everybody has done it.

1) Have you already had your dinner?

2) How many classes, seminars and lectures have you had today?

3) What interesting TV programs have you seen this week?

4) To what museums, cinemas, theatres or concert halls have you been this month?

5) Who has passed the exams with excellent marks in your group?

6) Where have you just come back from?

7) You have been late for the first lecture, haven’t you?

Образец

I have just got up. I have already cleaned my teeth. I haven’t had breakfast yet. I’ve made my bed.

Water needs and problem

Часть

The rise of civilization came with the ability to manage the floods and irrigation waters of the river basins of the Old World. Western industrial civilization, more than any preceding it, demandswater. Industries engaged in processing raw materials requirevast quantities of water for their functioning, and could not grow or be maintained without the ability to obtain these quantities from streams or underground water sources. Cities could not have reached their present size without drawing water from distant hills and mountains, the watersheds from which rainfall drains into the lakes and rivers. If our ability to manage water falls short, the entire framework of civilized life is threatened.

Часть

Water that reaches a city should be clean and pure. Water that leaves a city is often dangerously contaminated. The provision of adequate supplies can be difficult; the disposal of wastes is sometimes more difficult. These are generalizations which need qualification. In much of the heavily populated part of the world today the water that reaches a city is often contaminated and the water leaving it is even more contaminated. The more technologically advanced cities have installed elaborate water-purifying plants for removing the various pollutants from water and for rendering it reasonably safe for human consumption. In less advanced areas the people take their chances and pay the costs in health. However, few people, except those living high on the watersheds, or in unpopulated areas, have the privilege of drinking "new" water, fresh from the air or from the ground and uncommented by previous use. For most city dwellers the water used has been used before - it has gone through somebody’s kidneys or somebody’s industries before reaching the urban water supply.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 5

Образец

Were you busy yesterday? Who didn’t attend the lecture yesterday?

Yes, I was. Mike and Helen didn’t. They were ill.

1) Did you go to the country last summer?

2) In what subjects did you take exams before you entered the Institute?

3) When did you become a student?

4) When did you see the dean of your department last?

5) When were you born?

6) Where were you born?

7) How many books did you read last year?

8) Who was the first to come to the Institute yesterday

Образец

Where are you going to? Who is Mike looking at?

I’m going to the Institute. He is looking at Nina.

1) Where are you staying?

2) What is your fellow-student doing on Tuesday afternoon?

3) Who is having lectures, seminars and classes between 12.35 and 5.20 p.m. next week?

4) When are the students planning to go back home?

5) What rule is everybody learning?

Man’s use of environment

Man is an animal, and is part of the so-called "web of life’. There is, however, an important difference between man and all other organisms. To an unprecedented degree, man has been able to manipulate other species and the environment itself. In the process his numbers and needs have increased dramatically, and are still increasing. Yet the capacity of the environment to supply these needs is limited, and man’s exploitation of the environment tends to reduce that capacity clearly, this constitutes a collision course, vividly reflected in the axiom that, man’s future existence on earth is mot threatened by any species other than, himself.

The thesis I wish to expound is that failure to observe some ecological frond rules has put man into this position. Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to there environment; it deals with the environmental requirements of single species and with whole populations or communities, with the way in which organisms influence, and are influenced by, their environment; and with the way in which organisms interact with one another. If man is to persist on this planet indefinitely, I believe "he must adopt, a new ethic, based on ecological premises to guide his future activity.

I would like to consider first aspects of the evolution of the global environment itself, and of the way in which organisms live together, finally looking at the effect of man’s past activities, and pointers to the future.

A primary feature of life on earth is that organisms do not exist in isolation; instead the entire biosphere, is composed of a range of ecosystems each of which contains a number of species and a number of microenvironments. A forest, or a lake, provides examples of typical ecosystems, but the scale can vary widely; the entire biosphere constitutes the earth’s ecosystem. A primary feature of an ecosystem is that it tends toward self-regulation. Solar energy is absorbed by the green plants of an ecosystem, to provide, through photosynthesis, the basic energy input, which is gradually consumed by metabolism through the food chain and dissipated as heat. Thus there is a flow of energy through an ecosystem starting from solar energy, passing through successive forms of chemical energy - at each stage, some energy being lost as heat - until it is all dissipated.

7. Ответьте на вопросы в письменной форме

1) Do organisms exist in isolation?

2) What does ecology deal with?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА 2

Вариант 1

1) Usually I ... to the Institute by bus (go).

2) We ... not write letters very often (do).

3) It often ... in autumn in St. Petersburg (rain).

4) My brother... a very good specialist (be).

5) Larry ... to eat a lot (like).

6) Carl ... a lot of friends in Russia (have).

7) ... he smoke? - No. He ... not (do).