Polite requests with 'I' as the subject

MAY I COULD I	(a) May I (please) borrow your pen? (b) Could I borrow your pen (please)?	May I and could I are used to request permission. They are equally polite.* Note in {b}: In a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning.
CAN I	(c) Can I borrow your pen?	Can I is used informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talking to someone s/he knows fairy well. Can I is usually not considered as polite as may I or could I.
TYPICAL RESPONSES: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. Sure, (informal)	Often the response to a polite request consists of an action, a nod or shake of the head, or a simple 'uh-huh.'

Polite requests with 'You' as the subject

WOULD YOU WILL YOU	(a) Would you pass the salt (please)? (b) Will you (please) pass the salt?	The meaning of would you and will you in a polite request is the same. Would you is more common and is often considered more polite. The degree of politeness, however, is often determined by the speaker's tone of voice.
COULD YOU	(c) Could you pass the salt?	Basically, could you and would you have the same meaning. The difference is slight: would you = Do you want to do this please? could you = Do you want to do this please, and is it possible for you to do this? Could you and would you are equally polite.
CAN YOU	(d) Can you pass the salt?	Can you is often used informally. It usually sounds less polite than could you or would you.
	TYPICAL RESPONSES: Yes, I'd (I would) be happy to. Yes, I'd be glad to. Certainly. Sure, (informal)	A person usually responds in the affirmative to a polite request. If a negative response is necessary, a person might begin by saying, I'd like to, but...', (eg, 'I'd like to pass the salt, but I can't reach it. I'll ask Tom to pass it to you.').

Polite requests with would you, mind

ASKING PERMISSION (a) Would you mind if I closed the window? (b) Would you mind if I used the phone?	Notice in (a): would you mind if I is followed by the simple past.* The meaning in (a): May I close the window? Is it all right if I close the window? Will it cause you any trouble or discomfort if I close the window?
TYPICAL RESPONSES No. Not at all. No, of course not. No, that would be fine.	Another typical response might be 'unh-unh,' meaning no.
ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING (c) Would you mind closing the window? (d) Excuse me? Would you mind repeating that?	Notice in (c): would you mind is followed Ъу-ing (a gerund). The meaning in (c): I don't want to cause you any trouble, but would you please close the window? Would that cause you any inconvenience?
TYPICAL RESPONSES No, I'd be happy to. Not at all. I'd be glad to.

Activities

/. Study and practise.

1. — Will/Would you be able to fix my brakes today?

— I'm sorry. I won't be able to do it until tomorrow.

2. — Can/Could you possibly check my oil today?

— Sure. I can do it right away.

3. — I'm dying of thirst. Would you make a cup of tea?

— OK. I'll put the kettle on.

— And could you bring me some biscuits?

— Yes, I'll open the new packet.

4. — Excuse me. Could you open the door for me, please?

— Yes, of course.

— Thank you very much.

5. — Could I have the bill, please?

— Certainly, sir. I'll bring it straight away.

6. — It's a present. Do you think you could gift-wrap it for

me?

— Yes, indeed. I'll just take the price off.

7. — Would you mind opening the window?

— Not at all. It's very stuffy in here.

8. —I'll give you a lift if you like.

— That's great. Would you drop me at the station?

9. — Yes, madam. Can I help you?

—Yes, I bought these here two days ago and the heel's broken. Can you change them?

— Oh, dear. I'm so sorry. I'll just see if we've got another pair for you.

10. — Turn that wretched music down, will you?

Or better still, turn it off!

— Oh, all right.

11. — Anita, will you come here a minute? Could you get

me the file on sales in France? I just need to check something. Oh, and Anita, I'd love a cup of coffee, if that's at all possible.

— Yes, Mr Parkinson.

12. — Would you mind mailing these letters for me?

— All right. I'll do it when I go downtown this afternoon.

13. — Would you mind not smoking here?

— OK. I'll go outside.

14. — Excuse me. Could you move your bag, please?

— I'm sorry, but it's not mine.

15. — I wonder if you could tell me where the library is.

— Certainly. It's just round the corner.

16. — Would you mind if I borrowed your paper?

— Actually, I'm just going to read it myself. Sorry.

— Never mind. It doesn't matter.

17. — Do you mind if I open the window? It's a bit stuffy

in here.

— No, not at all. Please do.

— Thank you.

18. — Excuse me. Is that your motorcycle outside?

— Yes, it is.

— I wonder if you'd mind moving it. It's blocking my car.

— OK. I'll park it across the street.

19. — You know, this book is difficult to read!

— Oh, really?

— Yes. Can I borrow your dictionary? I'll only need it for about an hour.

— Sorry, I'm using it.

20. — Mom!

— Yes, honey.

— Can you help me with my homework? I really can't understand these history questions.

— Yes, in a minute.

21. — Is that the six o'clock news?

— Yes, it is.

— Would you mind turning up the TV? I can't hear it. I want to hear the weather report.

— All right.

22. — Uh, are you going to the cafeteria?

— Yes, I am.

— Could you get me a soda from the machine? I'm really thirsty.

— Sure.

23. — Excuse me?

— Yes?

— Would you mind if I went before you? I have to make a very quick call, but it's really urgent.

— Er ... er ... No, go on, that's fine.

— Oh, that's very kind. Thank you.

24. — Megan.

— Mmm.

— Could you do something for me? Can you see the paper over there? Could you get it for me?

— Sorry, where is it?

— On the television.

— OK.

25. — Is it all right if I leave my bags here for a moment?

— Of course, go ahead, (informal)

26. — May I come in?

— By all means.

27. — Hello.

— Hello. I wonder if you could help me? Would you mind if I left my bags here just for one minute. I have to make a phone call.

— No, I'm sorry, sir. It's not allowed.

— It's only for a short time.

— It's against the rules. No luggage can be left in reception for security reasons.

//. Change the following sentences into polite requests using the words in parentheses.

1. I want you to hand me that book, (would)

Would you please hand me that book? 2.1 want you to give me some advice about buying a computer.

(could)

3. I want to borrow your wheelbarrow, (could) 4.1 want to have a cup of coffee, (may) 5. I want to use your bicycle tomorrow, (can) 6.1 want you to read over my composition for spelling errors.

(would)

7. I want you to open the door for me. (would you mind)

8. I want to leave early, (would you mind)

///. Student A Make a polite request for the given situation. Student В Give a typical response.

1. You and (...) are sitting at the dinner table. You want the butter.

Student A: (Anna), would/could/will/can you please

pass me the butter? Student B: Certainly. /Sure./ I'd be glad to. Here you

are.

2. You want to ask your teacher a question.

3. You're at your friend's apartment. You want to use the phone.

4. You're speaking on the phone to your brother. You want him to pick you up at the airport when you arrive home.

5. You want to leave class early. You're speaking to your instructor.

6. You want (...) to meet you in front of the library at three this afternoon.

7. You knock on your professor's half-open door. He's sitting at his desk. You want to go in.

8. You want to make an appointment to see Dr North.; You're speaking to her secretary.

9. You are at a gas station. You want the attendant to check the oil.

10. You are in your chemistry class. You're looking at your textbook. On page 100 there is a formula which you do not understand. You want your professor to explain this formula to you.

11. You call your friend. Her name is (...). Someone else answers the phone.

12. You want to see (...)'s dictionary for a minute.

13. You want a stranger in an airport to keep her eye on your luggage while you get a drink of water.

14. You want (...) to tape something on the VCR tonight while you're away at a meeting.

15. You want a stranger to tell you the time.

16. You want your friend to hand you (something).

17. You wrote a letter to a university. You want your teacher to read it and correct the mistakes.

18. (•••) is going to the library. You want him/her to return a book for you.

19. You and (...) are on vacation together. You'd like to have a picture of the two of you together. You see a stranger who looks friendly. You want her to take a picture of you.

IV. Using the verb in parentheses, fill in the blank either with if 1+ the past tense or with the -ing form of the verb. In some of the sentences, either response is possible but the meaning is different.

1. A: It's hot in here. Would you mind (open) opening

the window? B: Not at all. I'd be glad to.

2. A: It's hot in here. Would you mind (open) if I opened

the window?

B: Not at all. Go right ahead. I think it's hot in here, too.

3. A: Would you mind (take)_________the took back

to the library for me? B: Not at all.

4. A: This story you wrote is really good. Would you

mind (show)________it to my English teacher?

B: Go right ahead. That'd be fine.

5. A: I'll wash the dishes. Would you mind (dry)

____________them. That would help me a lot.

B: I'd be happy to.

6. A: I'm feeling kind of tired and worn out. This heavy

work in the hot sun is hard on me. Would you

mind (finish)____________the work by yourself?

B: No problem, Grandpa. Why don't you go and rest? I'll finish it up.

7. A: Would you mind (use)___________your name as

a reference on this job application? B: Not at all. In fact, ask them to call me.

8. A: Would you mind (wait)____________here for

just a minute? I need to run back to the classroom. I forgot my notebook.

В: Sure. Go ahead. I'll wait right here.

9. A: You have an atlas, don't you? Would you mind (bor-

row) ___________it for a minute? I need to settle

an argument. My friend says Timbuktu is in Asia, and I say it's in Australia.

B: You're both wrong. It's in Africa. Here's the atlas. Look it up for yourself.

10. A: Since this is the first time you've owned a computer,

would you mind (give)___________you some advice?

B: Not at all. I'd appreciate it.

11. A: Are you going to the post office? B: Yes.

A: Would you mind (mail)__________this letter for me?

B: Not at all.

12. A: Are you coming with us?

B: I know I promised to go with you, but I'm not feeling

very good.

Would you mind (stay)___________home?

A: Of course not.

13. A: I still don't understand how to work this algebra

problem. Would you mind (explain)__________it

again? B: Not at all. I'd be happy to.

14. A: It's getting hot in here. Would you mind (open)

______the window?

B: No.

15. A: This is probably none of my business, but would you

mind (ask)___________you a personal question?

B: It depends.

16. A: Would you mind (smoke)________?

B: I'd really rather you didn't.

17. A: Excuse me. Would you mind (speak)__________a lit- •

tie more slowly? I didn't catch what you said. B: I'd be happy to.

18. A: I don't like this TV program. Would you mind (change)

__________the channel?

B: Unh-unh.

19. A: I'm getting tired, I'd like to go home and go to

bed. Would you mind (leave)_____________early?

B: Not at all.

V. Change these sentences into polite requests beginning with Would you mind ... ?' or 'Do you mind?'.

1. You would like your English teacher to speak more slowly.

Would you mind speaking a little more slowly?

2. The music is a bit soft and you would like to turn the volume up.

Do___________________________________________?

3. You would like your landlady to take any messages for you while you are out.

4. The room is cold and you would like to turn the heating on.

5. You are in a friend's house and you would like to make yourself a cup of tea.

6. You would like the telephone company to send you another bill. (You have lost the original one.)

7. You would like your friend to type a letter for you.

VI. Study very polite ways of asking permission and requesting:

Could you possibly do me a favour?

Do you think you could help me with a problem I've got?

I was wondering if you could lend me some money for a. few

days.

You couldn't possibly lend me £20, could you?

Use each form once in the following situations. Use a more direct form in two of them.

1. Mr Wilson asks his boss if he can leave the office an hour earlier than usual.

2. Stephen asks his guitar teacher to lend him his guitar for the evening.

3. Mr Wilson wants his neighbour to help him carry a cupboard upstairs.

4. You ask someone to move his car, as it's blocking the entrance to your garage.

5. Julie and two of her friends ask their typing teacher for permission to leave early.

6. Mrs Wilson would like Julie to do some shopping for her, if she has time.

7. You ask a stranger next to you in a train if you can look at his newspaper.

8. You ask your host for permission to use his phone.

9. You ask someone you hardly know for a lift into town.

10. You are checking out of a hotel, and want to pay your bill.

Less formal Most formal

Can you please lend me $ 100? Could you let me use your car? Would you be able to mail this letter? Would you mind letting me use your Walkman? Would it be OK if I borrowed your car? Would you mind if I used it? I wonder if you'd mind lending me your cassette player.

VII. Pair work. Make requests with modals or if-clauses using the cues below. Then practise them.

a) You want to borrow someone's typewriter. b) You want someone to drive you to the airport. c) You want someone to help you move on Saturday. d) You want someone to lend you a camera.	A: Would you mind ... B: Sorry. It's not working right. A: ... B: OK. What time? A: ... B: Sure, that'll be fine, but I'm only free in the afternoon. A: ... B: Gee, I'm sorry, I'm going to use it later.
e) You want to use someone's telephone.	A: ... B: All right. Go ahead!

Class activity. Go round the class and make your requests. How many people accepted and how many refused?

Accepting a request Oh, sure. I'd be glad to! OK. I'll do that. All right. Sure! No problem! By all means. Of course, go ahead.

Refusing a request Oh, sorry, I can't right now. I'm sorry, but I'm busy. I'd rather not. What? You must be kidding! Please don't.

VIII. Ask polite questions in the following situations. Use any appropriate modal (may, could, would, etc.).

1. Your train leaves at 6 p.m. tomorrow. You want your friend to take you to the station.

2. You're sitting at your friend's house. A bowl of fruit is sitting on the table. You want an apple.

3. You're in class. You're hot. The window is closed.

4. You're in a car. Your friend is driving. You want her to stop at the next mailbox so you can mail a letter.

5. You're trying to study. Your roommate is playing his music tapes very loudly, and this is bothering you.

6. You call your friend. Someone else answers and tells you that he's out. You want to leave a message.

7. You want your pen. You can't reach it, but your friend can. You want her to hand it to you.

8. You're at a restaurant. You want some more coffee.

9. You're at your friend's house. You want to help her set the dinner table.

10. You're the teacher. You want a student to shut the door.

11. You want to make a telephone call. You're in a store and have to use a pay phone, but you don't have any change. All you have is (a one-dollar bill). You ask a clerk for change.

12. You're at a restaurant. You've finished your meal and are ready to leave. You ask the waiter for the check.

13. You call your boss's house. His name is Mr Smith. You want to talk to him. His wife answers the phone.

14. You're walking down the hall of the classroom building. You need to know what time it is. You ask a student you've never met.

15. You're in the middle of the city. You're lost. You're trying to find the bus station. You stop someone on the street to ask for directions.

17. You call the airport. You want to know what time Flight 62 arrives.

18. You're in a department store. You find a sweater that you like, but you can't find the price tag. You ask the clerk to tell you how much it costs.

IX. Translate from Russian into English.

1. He могли бы вы дать мне консультацию сегодня? 2. Не принесете ли вы мне стакан воды? 3. Пожалуйста, брось письмо в почтовый ящик по дороге на работу. 4. Ты не поможешь мне перевести эту статью? 5. Вы не возражаете, если я приглашу своих друзей? — Конечно нет. Я буду рад. 6. Можно мне включить телевизор? — Боюсь, что нет. Уже поздно и пора ложиться спать. 7. Пожалуйста, скажите мне, где я должен выйти, чтобы попасть на стадион. 8. Ты не можешь зайти ко мне сегодня вечером? 9. Можно мне взять на минуту ваш бинокль? Я хочу рассмотреть лицо певца. 10. Вы не поможете мне с чемоданами? — Конечно. 11. Пожалуйста, подожди меня немного. — Хорошо. 12. Вы не могли бы подвезти меня на вокзал? — С удовольствием. 13. Вы не могли бы помочь мне при переезде на новую квартиру? — Боюсь, что не смогу. Я уезжаю в командировку. 14. Приходите после обеда, хорошо? 15. Вы не возражаете, если я открою окно? Здесь очень душно. 16. Можно мне сесть рядом с вами? — Да, пожалуйста. 17. Не мог бы ты помочь мне упаковать вещи? — С удовольствием. 18. Будьте добры, помогите мне выбрать подарок жене. 19. Вы не против, если я возьму ваш зонтик? — Нет конечно. 20. Не могли бы вы

показать нам свой город? — С удовольствием. 21. Вы не передадите мне соль? — Вот, пожалуйста. 22. Можно мне оставить свой портфель в гардеробе? — Да. 23. Вы не будете возражать, если я оставлю свои вещи до возращения? — Нисколько. 24. Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы мы пообедали в кухне? В столовой слишком холодно. 25. Пожалуйста, позвони в кассу и закажи билеты на самолет. 26. Покажите мне расписание поездов, пожалуйста. 27. Вы не возражаете > если я верну вам остальные деньги через неделю? — Хорошо. 28. Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я пользовался вашим компьютером? 29. Не могли бы вы одолжить мне немного денег? 30.Вы не могли бы отнести мою книгу в библиотеку?

X. Study and practise the following conversations.

1. Isabel is at Sandy's house.

Sandy: Are you hungry?

Isabel: Yeah. I haven't had lunch yet. Could you make

me a sandwich?

Sandy: Sure. I'll make it for you in a minute. Isabel: And could you get me something to drink, too? Sandy: Yeah. Could you show me your English

homework while you're eating? Isabel: Sure. Let me get it.

Sandy: Oh, could you lend me a pen? I can't find mine. Isabel: Here. The sandwich is delicious. Sandy: Thanks. Isabel: Could you pass the salt and pepper?

Thanks.

2. Mr Adams: Bob, would you please get me the report that's

in my outbox?

Bob: Of course, Mr Adams.

Mr Adams: Bob, could you bring me the stapler that's on

my desk?

Bob: Of course, Mr Adams.

Bob: Maria, could you help me fix the typewriter

that's on Mr Adams' desk?

Woman: No, not at all. It is rather hot.

Man: Tickets, please.

Liz: Excuse me, but do you know what time this

train gets to Paddington? Man: 10.35, madam.

Liz: Thank you. Er, could I possibly borrow your

newspaper for a moment? Woman: Yes, certainly. By all means. I've finished with

it. Liz: Thanks. I just wanted to check the times of a

film I'm going to see this afternoon. Woman: Are you going to see anything interesting? Liz: Well, actually, I'm taking my four-year-old

niece to see Bambi!

(Some time later)

Man: Any more tickets?

Liz: Oh, excuse me, but do you think you could

help me with my case?

Man: Certainly, madam. There you are!

Liz: Thanks very much.

A. Ask polite requests beginning with 'Do you think you could ...?'.

1. You want your teacher to check a letter you have written in English.

2. You want your friend to lend you his camera for the weekend.

3. You want a shop-assistant to change a £5 note for you.

4. You want your landlady to forward your post when you leave.

5. You want a friend to answer the phone while you are out.

B. Ask for permission in different situations beginning with 'Excuse me. Do you mind if I ... ?'

1. You are in a cafe. You want to borrow the salt and pepper from another table.

2. You are in a hospital waiting room where there is a TV. You would like to change the channel.

3. You are in the reception area of a hotel. You would like to use the phone.

4. You are on an aeroplane. You would prefer to sit in the aisle seat.

5. You are in a dentist's waiting room. You would like to turn the radio on.

C. Make polite requests.

You are making a train journey. You want to buy a newspaper and you ask another passenger to look after your bag.

A: Would you mind looking after my bag? B: I'm sorry?

A: Could you possibly look after my bag? B: Oh yes, of course. No problem.

1. You want to buy a newspaper and you ask another passenger to look after your bag.

2. You ask the assistant at the newspaper kiosk to give you a fifty pence in the change.

3. On the train you want to do the crossword in your newspaper. You wonder if your neighbour could lend you a pencil.

4. You feel a little chilly. You would like the person next to the window to close it a little.

5. Your suitcase is on the rack and you would like the person opposite to lift it down.

6. A woman in the corner has got her walkman on very loud. You would like her to turn it down a little.

D. Write a dialogue for the following situation.

— You are in the departure area at a ferry terminal after your ferry has been delayed. You notice a place next to a woman and ask if you can sit there.

— You then notice that a woman has a magazine on the seat beside her and you ask politely if she could lend it to you.

— The woman doesn't realize that you are talking to her and you repeat your request.

— You have a portable radio with you which you and your friends would like to play. You feel it polite to ask

permission to do this. Tell her you won't play it very loud.

XI. A. Write a note to a friend or classmate asking for several favours and explain why you need help.

Bob,

I'm taking my boss and her husband out to dinner on Saturday, and I want to make a good impression. Would you mind if I borrowed your car? I promise to drive very carefully. And I wonder if you'd mind lending me that red bow tie of yours. Could you let me know as soon as possible? Thanks!

Henry

B. Pair work. Exchange notes and write a reply accepting or declining the requests.

Henry,

Of course you can borrow my car on Saturday. You can

pick it up at ...

About my red bow tie, I'd like to lend it to you but ...

Bob

§4. Obligation and necessity (1): must, have to, have got to

Must and have to

We use both must and have to to express obligation or necessity, but there is sometimes a difference between them:

We normally use must when	We normally use have to when the
the authority comes from the	authority comes from outside
speaker.	the speaker.
Mother: You must be home	Daughter: I have to be home
by 10 o'clock. (I insist.)	by 10 o'clock. (My parents insist.)
I've got a terrible pain in my	I have to go and see the doctor
back. I must go and see the	at 9.00 tomorrow morning. (I have
doctor. (I think it is neces-	got an appointment.)
sary.)
You must drive care-	You have to drive on the left
fully. (I insist.)	in Britain. (That is the law.)

We tend to prefer must:

— when we refer to ourselves (with I/we): I really must weed this garden.

— With you to express urgency: You must phone home at once.

— in public notices, etc.: Cyclists must dismount.

— (= Can't you stop yourself?): Must you interrupt?

— pressing invitations or advice: You must come and see us. You must repair that fence.

We only use must (+infinitive) to talk about the present and the future. When we talk about past obligation or necessity, we use had to.

I had to work late yesterday.

Must has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So, when necessary, we make these forms with have to.

I'll have to work late tomorrow.

He hates having to get up early.

She's had to work hard all her life.

Note that in questions and negatives with have to we use do/does in the present simple and did in the past simple.

What time do you have to start work?

We don't have to hurry. We've got plenty of

time.

Did you have to walk home last night?

Have got to

We often use have got to instead of have to to talk about obligation and necessity. Have got to is more informal and is used primarily in spoken English. Have to is used in both formal and informal English.

I have to hurry. Do you have to go?

I've got to hurry. Have you got to go?

We normally use have to, not have got to, for things that happen repeatedly, especially when we use one-word adverbs of frequency eg always, often. Compare:

I always have to work late on Wednesday evenings. Do you have to get up early'

I've got to work late this evening. ? Have you got to get up early tomorrow?

We use got mostly in the present. To talk about the past, we normally use had to, not had got to.

I had to work late last night.

Activities

I. (i) Mrs Woods isn't very well. The doctor is speaking to her. Complete what the doctor says using must and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue. Use each verb only once.

Doctor: Well, Mrs Woods, your temperature is a little high, so you ... in bed for the next few days. You can eat whatever you like, but you ... plenty of liquids. And I'll give you some medicine. You ... it three times a day after meals. And you ... to take it for the next ten days.

(ii) Now Mrs Woods is explaining the doctor's instructions to Mr Woods. Complete what Mrs Woods says using have to and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue. Use each verb only once.

Mrs Woods: The doctor gave me some medicine. I ... it three times a day after meals. And I ... to take it for the next ten days. I'm not allowed to get up at the moment. I ... in bed for the next few days. Oh, and I'm allowed to eat whatever I like, but I ... plenty of liquids.

//. Complete the sentences using must or a form of have to. Sometimes two answers are possible.

1. I couldn't go to the party last night because I ... babysit for my sister. 2.1... get up early tomorrow morning. 3. You ... get a visa to visit the United States. 4. It's getting late. We ... go now. 5. I ... stay in bed yesterday because I wasn't very well. 6. Mr Mason ... wear glasses since he was a child. 7.1 don't like ... work at weekends. 8. He ... try harder if he wants to win the prize. 9. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas ... be left at the desk. 10.1... do all the typing at my office. 11. You ... read this book. It's really excellent. 12. The children ... play in the streets till their mothers get home from work. 13. She felt ill and ... leave

early. 14. Mr Pitt ... cook his own meals. His wife is away. 15.1 hadn't enough money and I... pay by cheque. 16.1 never remember his address; I always ... look it up. 17. Employer: You ... come to work in time. 18. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you... pay him quite a lot of money. 19. Father to small son: You ... do what Mummy says. 20. My neighbour's child ... practise the piano for three hours a day. 21. Doctor: I can't come now. Caller: You ... come; he's terribly ill. 22. English children ... stay at school till the age of 16. 23. Notice above petrol pump: All engines ... be switched off. 24. Mother to daughter: You ... come in earlier at night. 25. The shops here don't deliver. We ... carry everything home ourselves. 26. The buses were all full; I ... get a taxi. 27. Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs ... be carried. 28. Tell her that she ... be here by six. I insist on it. 29. Park notice: All dogs ... be kept on leads. 30. She ... learn how to drive when her local station is closed. 31. Railway notice: Passengers ... cross the line by the footbridge. 32. I got lost and ... ask a policeman the way. 33. If you buy that television set you ... buy a license for it. 34. When I changed my job I ... move to another flat. 35. Father to son: I can't support you any longer; you ... earn your own living from now on. 36. Whenever the dog wants to go out I ... get up and open the door.

III. Make questions with have to.

Example 'Tom had to go to the police station.'

'Why__________________________________?'

'Why did he have to go to the police station?'

1. 'Ann has to leave tomorrow.'

'What time exactly______________________________?'

2. 'We had to answer a lot of questions at the examination.' 'How many questions_____________________________?'

3. 'George had to pay a parking fine.'

'How much_____________________________________?'

4. 'He will have to work hard next month.'

'Why__________________________________________?'

5. 'We had to get up early to catch the bus.'

'What time_____________________________________?'

6. 'My mother has to go abroad a lot.'

'How often_________________________________ ?'

7. 'I have to leave tomorrow morning.'

'What time_____________________________________?'

8. 'We had to wait for ages.'

'How long______________________________________?'

9. 'I have to take my car to the garage.'

'Why________________________________________?'

10. 'Peter had to stay in bed for a week.'

'Why__________________________________ ?'

11. 'She'll have to go by bus.',

'Why_________________________________________?'

12. 'We have to dine out.'

'Why_________________________________________?'

IV. Make up short dialogues.

A: About this parcel — do we have to tie it up? B: Oh, yes, it must be tied up.

About ... — do we have to ...

1. these books ... take them back?

2. these old newspapers ... throw them away?

3. this broken glass ... sweep it up?

4. this wallet we've found ... hand it in?

5. these old curtains ... take them down?

6. the carpet ... roll it up?

7. this watch we are giving him ... wrap it up?

8. this information ... pass it on?

9. this notice ... put it up?

10. the instructions ... write them down?

11. these forms ... fill them up?

12. the money ... pay it back?

13. the dishes ... wash them up?

14. his orders ... carry them out?

15. the wall that you say is unsafe ... pull it down?

16. the documents ... lock them up?

17. the meeting ... put it off?

V. Say 'why'.

Examples: Jane is going - food/money/wine

to the bank.

She has got to go to the bank because she needs some money.

I am going to the shop, dress/glass of

water/money

I have got to go to the shop because I need a dress.

1.	Jane is going to the	food/money/wine
	bank.
2.	I am going to the shop.	dress/glass of water/money
3.	Peter is going to the	stamps/parcel labels/
	post office.	traveller's cheques
4.	Peter is stopping at the	perfume/petrol/medicine
	garage.
5.	Simon is asking for	bath/hot dog/girl-friend
	some money.
6.	Mr and Mrs Hunt are	sleep/whisky/holiday
	going to bed.
7.	The man is stopping at	newspaper/tyre/scarf
	the newsagent's.
8.	They are phoning Direc-	book/telephone number/room
	tory Enquiries.
9.	You are going to the	food/telephone/presents
	dining-room.
10.	We are going to the	car/room/holiday
	hotel now.

§5. Obligation and necessity (2): mustn't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn't

Compare mustn't and don't have to:

Father: Annie, you have a	Susan: I'm on holiday. I
bad cold. You mustn't get up	don't have to get up early now.
today. (= Do not get up.)	(= It is not necessary to get
	up early. )
You mustn't wash that	You don't have to wash that
sweater. It has to be	shirt. It isn't dirty. (= It is
dry-cleaned. (= Do not	not necessary to wash it. )
wash it.)
We use mustn't when	We use don't have to when
there is an obligation	it is not necessary to do
not to do something.	something.

Mustn't means 'it's forbidden'.

mustn't — prohibition don't have to = absence (lack)

of necessity

Life belts must not be re- Tomorrow is a holiday. We moved, (no choice) don't have to go to class.

(choice)

We can also use don't need to, haven't got to or

needn't to say that it is not necessary to do something.

I don't need to get up today. I haven't got to get up today. I needn't get up today.

Note that we often use needn't when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something.

You needn't pay me back the money you owe me until next week. (= I give you permission not to pay me back the money until then.)

Activities

/. Choose the correct form.

1. You've been late for work twice this week. You mustn't/ needn't be late again tomorrow. 2. We mustn't/don't have to hurry. We've got plenty of time. 3. We mustn't/haven't got to make any noise going into the house. It's very late and everybody is asleep. 4. You mustn't/needn't tell Nicki about the party. I've already told her. 5. You mustn't/don't need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I've got a timetable. 6. I mustn't/haven't got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me.

II. Jim is going to backpack around the world for a year, but his mother is worried. Listen to them.

Mum: You must write to us every week!

Jim: Yes, Mum! I will.

Mum: You mustn't lose your passport!

Jim: No, Mum! I won't.

Work in pairs. Make similar dialogues between Jim and his

mother. Use the cues and must or mustn't.

— look after your money — go out when it's dark — make sure you eat well — phone us if you're in trouble

— talk to strangers — drink too much beer — have a bath regularly — go anywhere that's dangerous

III. Complete the utterances using haven't got to and the prompts in the right column.

Examples: Jane is not tired.

Sheila has got a lot of clothes.

buy a new dress go to bed early.

Jane has not got to go to bed early. Sheila has not got to buy a new dress.

1. Jane is not tired. 2. Sheila has got a lot of clothes.	buy any food this week look for a flat
3.	Harry has got a lot of money.	phone the restaurant
4.	Mrs Hunt has got a lot of	cash a cheque today
	food in the house.
5.	We have bought a house in the	go to bed early
	country.
6.	You have already booked a table.	buy a new dress
7.	I have got six airletters.	go to a snack-bar
8.	We have hired a car.	phone them tonight
9.	I have written to the Blakes.	go to the post office yet
10.	They have already had dinner	buy a car
	in the hotel.

IV. This time make negative sentences with have to.

Example: 'Did they have to change trains?'

'No, it was a through train so they didn't have to change (trains).'

1. 'Did you pay to get into the concert?'

'No, we had free tickets so we_____________________'

2. 'Does Jack shave?' 'No, he's got a beard so___________'

3. 'Did you get up early this morning?' 'No, it's my day off so____________________________________________'

4. 'Do you work?' 'No, I'm extremely rich so___________'

5. 'Will you have to walk?' 'No, we have a car so________'

6. 'Did you have to ask a doctor in?' 'No, my sister is a doctor so______________________________________'

7. 'Did you have to hire a taxi?' 'No, the hotel is not far from the station so______________________________'

8. 'Shall I have to wait?' 'No, the boss is free so_________'

V. Complete the sentences with any appropriate form of have to. Include any words in parentheses.

1. A: (You) ... leave so early?

B: I'm afraid I do. I have some work I ... finish before I go to bed tonight.

2. Last night Jack ... go to a meeting. (You) ... go to the

meeting last night too?

3. Joan travels to Russia frequently. Luckily, she speaks

Russian, so she (not) ... rely on an interpreter when she's there.

4. I (not) ... water the garden later today. Joe has agreed to do it for me.

5. I ... write three term papers since the beginning of the semester.

6. Why (Tom) ... leave work early yesterday?

7. I found some milk in the refrigerator so we (not) ... go to the store after all. There is plenty.

8. (John)... buy a round-trip ticket when he went to Egypt?

9. Matt is nearsighted. He ... wear glasses ever since he was ten years old.

10. By the time this week is finished, I ... take eight examinations in five days. The life of a student isn't easy!

11. (You, not) ... return these books to the library today? Aren't they due?

12. If Jean stays in Brazil much longer, she ... teach English part-time so that she'll have enough to support herself. (She) ... apply for a special work visa? Or can she work part-time on a student visa?

13. Because it was Emily's birthday yesterday, she (not) ... do any of her regular chores, and her mother let her choose anything she wanted to eat for dinner.

VI. Use must not or do not have to in the following sentences.

1. I've already finished all my work, so I ... study tonight.

2. I ... forget to take my key with me. 3. You ... introduce me to Dr Gray. We've already met. 4. In order to be a good salesclerk, you ... be rude to a customer. 5. I ... go to the doctor. I'm feeling much better. 6. Johnny! You ... play with sharp knives. 7. We ... go to the concert if you don't want to, but it might be good. 8. This is an opportunity that comes once in a lifetime. We ... let it pass. We must act. 9. If you encounter a growling dog, you ... show any signs of fear, it is more likely to bite a person. 10. A person ... get married in order to lead a happy >.nd fulfilling life. 11. The soup is too hot. You ... eat it yet. Wait for it to

cool. 12. You ... have soup for lunch. You can have a sandwich if you like. 13. Liz finally got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She ... take the bus. 14. Tommy, you ... say that word. That's not a nice word. 15. Mr Morgan is very rich. He ... work for a living. 16. If you are in a canoe, you ... stand up and walk around. If you do, the canoe will probably turn over. 17. When the phone rings, you ... answer it. It's up to you. 18. When you have a new job, you ... be late the first day. In fact, it is a good idea to be a few minutes early. 19. A: You ... tell Jim about the surprise birthday party. Do you promise? B: I promise. 20. I... forget to set my alarm for 5.30. B: Why do you have to get up at 5.30? A: I'm going to meet Ron at 6:00. We're going fishing. 21. A: Listen to me carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride, you ... get in the car. Never get in a car with a stranger. Do you understand? B: Yes, Mom. 22. A: Do you have a stamp? B: Uh-huh. Here. A: Thanks. Now I ... go to the post office to buy stamps.

VII. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.

1. You ... ring the bell; I have a key. 2. Notice in cinema: Exit doors ... be locked during performances. 3. You ... drink this: it is poison. 4. We ... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5. You ... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 6. Candidates ... bring books into the examination room. 7. You ... write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8. We ... make any noise or we'll wake the baby. 9. You ... bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 10. You ... do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11. We ... reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12. Mother to child: You ... tell lies. 13. You ... turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14. You ... strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15. You ... talk to other candidates during the exam. 16. We ... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17. You ... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18. You ... take anything out of a shop without paying for it. 19. You ... carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20. You ... clean

the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21. Mother to child: You ... play with matches. 22. Church notice: Visitors ... walk about the church during a service. 23. I ... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24. You ... smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 25. Police notice: Cars ... be parked here. 26. We ... open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations. 27. You ... make your bed. The maid will do it. 28. I want this letter typed but you ... do it today. Tomorrow will do. 29. I'll lend you the money and you ... pay me back till next month. 30. We ... climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 31. You ... ask a woman her age. It's not polite. 32. You've given me too much. — You ... eat it all. 33. We ... forget to shut the lift gates. 34. Mother to child: You ... interrupt when I am speaking. 35. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you ... say anything.

VIII. What do you say to the other person in these situations. Use need'tor mustn't.

Situation. You are talking to a little girl. She is playing

with some matches. Response You mustn't play with those matches.

Situation Someone is speaking English to you very slowly. Response You needn't speak so slowly.

1. You are in a petrol station. Someone is smoking.

2. You are in someone's house. They are going to turn the heating up. You are warm enough.

3. Your secretary is willing to work late. You can do without

her.

4. Your friend is going to park his car where there is a sign saying 'No Parking'.

5. Your friend is willing to drive you somewhere. You are willing to walk.

6. Your friend is going out and it is going to rain. You can see he is going to forget his umbrella.

7. Someone is shouting at you but you are not deaf.

8. Your taxi driver is willing to wait but it is not necessary.

IX. You must... It's necessary You mustn't ... It's forbidden

You needn't ... It's not necessary

When you arrive in Britain, there are plenty of regulations to worry about. There are things that are necessary, unnecessary, or forbidden. Use the modals above to complete the following statements.

1. You ... bring animals into Britain.

2. You ... have a passport.

3. ... have a visa, if you want to stay a long time.

4. ... have a visa if you are from an EEC (Common Market) country.

5. ... declare any restricted goods at the customs.

6. ... declare cigarettes up to a certain limit.

7. ... take guns into Britain.

8. ... drive on the left.

9. ... stop at pedestrian crossings unless someone is on them.

10. ... use the horn on your car except in an emergency.

X. Mrs Wilson is telling her husband what has been happening. Write his reactions, using must, mustn't or needn't+ one of these expressions, and a tag question.

buy anything too expensive do any housework be stopped

be paid immediately make him change his mind

. 1. Stephen has announced that he is going to drop out of school.

We must make him change his mind, mustn't we? 2. They have been invited to a wedding, and will have to buy a present. They________________________,__________?

3. The owners of the house across the road want to open a gambling club.

They____________:___________,____________?

4. The doctor has told Gran to rest completely.

She________;_______________,_____________?

5. The telephone bill has arrived — the final date for payment

is in two weeks.

It ______________________,_____________?

XI. Complete the sentences using must, mustn't, have to or will have to.

1. Julie, trying to train her dog: You ... sit when I tell you to!

2. The teacher who is invigilating Stephen's exam: You ... try to talk to each other during the exam.

3. The doctor to a nurse about a patient with a bad heart: He ... stay in bed for several weeks, and ... talk too much.

4. Mr Wilson phones his wife at 6 pm:

I'm afraid I'm going to be late — I ... finish some letters.

5. The immigration officer notices that a traveller hasn't signed his new passport:

You ... sign it as soon as you get it.

6. Mr Wilson explains why he is taking a pill: I ... take these pills for my blood pressure.

7. Mrs Wilson is offering more cake to a guest at a tea party:

You ... have some more cake.

8. Stephen has hurt his knee playing football: The doctor says I ... play for three weeks.

XII. You work in a gym club. In pairs, use the cues below to make rules for the gym, sauna, and carpark, using must always and mustn't.

IN THE GYM:

You must always wear sports shoes and sports clothes. You mustn't smoke.

IN THE GYM:

wear sports shoes and sports clothes

smoke

use the equipment without a teacher

use training bicycles for more than twenty minutes

clean the equipment after using it

IN THE SAUNA:

wear a swimming costume

remove any jewellery

read newspapers

use the sauna after 8 p.m.

IN THE CAR PARK:

lock your car

make any noise after 9.30 p.m.

leave your car overnight

play your car radio loudly

XIII. Choose the correct verb in these exchanges.

1. I can't go to the disco tonight. I'm afraid I ... get up early tomorrow.

a) mustn't b) I've got c) will

2. You ... wear shoes in the gym.

a) don't b) haven't got to c) mustn't

3. ... go through that door. It says 'No entry'.

a) Don't b) Not c) You mustn't to

3. It was a lovely party. We ... write and thank them, a) got to b) do c) must

5. You're driving at 120 kph. You really ... drive so fast, a) don't b) didn't c) mustn't

XIV. Supply mustn't or needn't/don't have to/haven't got to.

Note: We can use needn't, don't have to and haven't got to

in place of each other to mean it isn't necessary: I needn't/ don't have to/haven't got to go to the office tomorrow.

1. They ... wear a uniform. It's not obligatory. 2. She ... leave the office last. She can go when she is ready. 3. You really ... waste money like that. It worries your parents. 4. Visitors ... enter the laboratories without permission. 5. You ... go to the party if you don't want to. Nobody's forcing you. 6. He ... do the job today, as long as it gets done some time this week. 7. Surely we ... leave home yet. It's far too early to go to the station. 8. Passengers ... smoke in the toilets. 9. 'Are you going to read the report?' — 'No, I.... It's confidential.' 10. 'Are you going to read the report?' — 'No, I .... I already know what it says.' 11. You ... attend the meeting tomorrow. It's for union officials only. 12. You ... attend the meeting tomorrow. It's not important. 13. You ... forget to pay the electricity bill, or we'll be cut off. 14. We ... worry about Tom. He's just phoned to say he's all right. 15. You ... work such long hours. You won't earn any more.

XV. Supply must, need, or a form of have to. Question forms and negatives are also included.

1. 'What time ... we ... leave for the airport?'

'It's only a thirty-minute drive, so we ... go until about 3.30.' 'I ... do my packing. I haven't started yet!'

2. I have an interview for a job next week, but before the interview I ... have a medical examination.

3. How did you damage your bike? You ... learn to look after your toys. When I was your age, I... clean my bike every night.

4. There's anew Indian restaurant just opened that you ... go to. It's wonderful! You ... book, though, because it's so popular already.

5. I'm sure she didn't mean to upset you. You ... take things so personally.

6. I hate ... get up on cold, winter mornings.

7. I hate ... tell you this, but you've just got a parking ticket.

8. I have perfect teeth. I ... never ... have a single filling.

9. I think I've put on weight. I ... watch what I eat in future.

10. I don't think a career in the army would suit me. I ... wear a uniform, for a start.

11. You ... worry about me. I can look after myself.

12. I got something for my cough from the chemist's, so I ... go to the doctor's.

13. You ... drive me to the station. I'd much rather go on foot.

XVI. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need I? etc., or a negative or interrogative have to form.

I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?

1. It isn't necessary for him to go on working. He has already reached retiring age. (He ... ) 2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3. It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4. It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day. 5. We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases. 6. It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We ...) 7. My employer said, 'I shan't require you tomorrow.' (You ... come.) 8. It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays. 9. When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to. 10. New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me 'Sir'; call me 'Bill'. 11. Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police? 12. When you buy something on the installment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once. 13. 'Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket?' 'It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine.' 14. It isn't necessary to buy a license for a bicycle in England. (We ...) 15. Is it essential for you to finish tonight? 16. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 17. Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net? 18. Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard. 19. It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across. 20. It isn't necessary

for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi. 21. Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport. But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us. 22. Is it obligatory for us to vote? 23.When you were a child were you required to practise the piano? 24.1 saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses. 25. Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict. 26. They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry. 27. Is it necessary for you to take your dog everywhere? 28. What time was it necessary for you to leave home? 29. I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone. 30. I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam again? 31. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 32. Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything. 33. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturdays? 34. I was late for the opera. — Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat? 35. He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all. 36. Were you required to make a speech?

XVII. Rewrite each of the sentences below using mustn't, can't and don't/doesn't have to, as appropriate.

I. You're not allowed to smoke on the lower deck of a bus in Britain. 2. It's impossible to learn a language properly in just a few weeks. 3. In Britain it isn't necessary for men to do military service. 4. It's impossible to be served in an English pub if you're under eighteen. 5. In Britain it isn't necessary for people to carry identity cards. 6. 'Don't put on any more weight,' his doctor said. 7. 'Don't forget to post my letter,' she said to him. 8. He's not going to work next Monday because it's a public holiday.

§6. Needn't have and didn't need to

Needn't have + past participle says that someone did something, but it was not necessary.

I needn't have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry.(= It was not necessary to make so much food, but I did.) I needn't have told Kate what happened. She already knew. (= It was not necessary to tell Kate, but I did.)

Didn't need to + infinitive says that something was not necessary (but it does not say if someone did it or not). Compare:

She needn't have waited. (= It was not necessary to wait, but she did.)	She didn't need to wait. (= It was not necessary to wait; we don't know if she did or not.)
They needn't have worried. (= It was not necessary to worry, but they did.)	They didn't need to worry. (= It was not necessary to worry; we don't know if they did or not.)

When we use didn't need to, it often means that someone did not do something (because it was not necessary).

I didn't need to unlock the door because it

was already unlocked.

I didn't need to write to you so I phoned you

instead.

But we can also use didn't need to (with stress on need) when something was not necessary but someone did it.

I didn't 'need to write to you, but I wrote to you anyway.

Activities

/. Respond using needn't have done/could have done.

A: You sent the sheets to the laundry, I suppose? (wash

them myself)

B: No, I washed them myself. C: You needn't have washed them yourself. You. could have