Страдательный залог (passives)

Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (третьей формы) основного глагола.

Правила использования времен в страдательном залоге такие же, как и для действительного залога.

Глагол в действительном залоге сообщает то, что делает подлежащее.Глагол в страдательном залоге сообщает о том, что происходит с подлежащим.

Страдательный залог используется тогда, когда деятель неизвестен или не важен: e.g. The soup was finished in silence.

Когда деятель все же называется, существительное вводится при помощи предлога by:e.g. This house was built by my grandfather.

Для того, чтобы перевести предложение из действительного залога в страдательный, мы меняем местами подлежащее и дополнение, а также форму глагола: e.g. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. – Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

Если в предложении имеется два дополнения – человек и предмет, то при переводе в страдательный залог именно человек, а не предмет становится подлежащим: e.g. She gave me a book for my birthday. – I was given a book for my birthday.

В английском языке страдательный залог употребляется гораздо чаще, чем в русском, так как эту форму образуют все переходные глаголы. В русском же языке перевести в страдательный залог можно только предложения с прямым дополнением. Например, эти предложения нельзя перевести на русский буквально:

e.g. Peter was looked at. – На Питера смотрели.

He was shown the way. – Ему показали дорогу.

На русский язык английские предложения в страдательном залоге можно перевести при помощи:

1) неопределенно-личных предложений: Дома строят из камня.

2) глаголов с частицей – ся: Дома строятся.

3) быть + краткая форма страдательного причастия: Дом был построен.

Exercise 1. Дополните предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1. He ____ always ____ (laugh) at.

a) be ____ laughed b) is ____ laughed c) is ____ being laughed

2. We ____ (meet) by our guide at the station.

a) was meet b) were been met c) were met

3. A lot of modern equipment _____ (design) by this scientist.

a) will design. b) will be designed c) will be design

4. All these articles _____ (read).

a) should be read b) should read c) should been read

5. This film _____ (direct) by Tarantino.

a) directed b) was been directed c) was directed

6. The notice _____ (not/ read).

a) can’t be read b) can’t been read c) can’t be readed

7. Two pictures _____ (steal) from the British Museum.

a) has been stolen b) have be stolen c) have been stolen

8. The students ______ (examine) now.

a) are examined b) is being examined c) are being examined

Exercise 2. Составьте предложения.

1. stolen, last, a, picture, year, was.

2. China, is, rice, in, grown?

3. every, bread, eaten, is day.

4. is, by, me, done, the test, being.

5. in, time, be, the work, will, done.

6. has, my, cut, cherry tree, down, been.

7. now, our, being, is, the pizza, made.

8. been, workers, many, have, how, fired?

Exercise 3. Перепишите предложения в страдательном залоге.

e.g. The farmer is building a new barn. – A new barn is being built by the farmer.

1. They play tennis all year round.

2. She has already washed the floor.

3. They aren’t laughing at him.

4. They had repaired his car.

5. He is following us all the time.

6. His friends never forgave his betrayal.

7. Who offered you several jobs?

8. They will promise you much.

9. Has he booked the tickets?

10. Did he give you an interesting task?

11. His parents often send him letters.

12. Had they painted the house yet?

1. We received this letter after his departure.

2. Have dogs ever attacked you?

3. Bees gather honey from flowers.

4. The storm drove the ship against a rock.

5. Who discovered the circulation of blood?

6. They are selling delicious cakes.

7. The old man didn’t show us the way out of the forest.

8. You can easily remove the bandage.

9. We will insist on strict discipline.

10. John will have received the papers by tomorrow.

11. The waiter isn’t serving us very fast.

12. Will they give me holiday next mouth?

1. Someone is helping her with the housework.

2. You must put out your cigarettes.

3. My friend sent me an invitation. 4. They speak Italian in Italy.

5. They didn’t choose him as the best actor of the year.

6. You can improve your health with more exercise.

7. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.

8. Where will they build a new library?

9. Why did they laugh at him?

10. If they send for you do not refuse to come.

11. Nobody accused him of stealing the money.

Exercise 4. Передайте следующие предложения в действительном залоге. Введите любые подходящие подлежащие, где необходимо.

e.g. The doctor was sent for. – They sent for the doctor.

1. Coca Cola is still made in Dallas, Texas.

2. Who are these notes written by?

3. Walkman cassette players were developed by the Japanese.

4. The business was bought by a man called Asa Candler.

5. Twenty Concords have been made at a cost of $55 million.

6. No Beetles have been made in Europe since 1974.

7. Many people will be given new hearts.

8. Can this rule be explained again?

9. Were they shocked by Miss de Beaumont’s generosity?

10. Smoking shouldn’t be allowed in hospitals.

11. He has been brought up to be polite.

Exercise 5. Составьте вопросы к выделенным словам в страдательном залоге.

e.g. Columbusdiscovered America. – Who was America discovered by?

1. We keep money in a safe.

2. They speak Englishall over the world.

3. They have taken his auntto hospital.

4. The boys damaged the television.

5. Da Vincipainted the Mona Lisa.

6. He invited thirty peopleto his party.

7. They grow bananas in Africa.

8. They will advertise the product on television.

9. You should water this plant daily.

10. They laughed at him because he was scruffy.

11. The students are writing a testnow.

Exercise 6.Составьте вопросы в страдательном залоге. Некоторые из них относятся к настоящему времени, а некоторые – к прошедшему.

1. when /invent / the telephone?

2. how / make / glass?

3. when / invent / television?

4. when / discover / Australia?

5. what / use for / silver?

6. who / write by / this book?

Exercise 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках вPresent Simple или Past Simple, действительного или страдательного залога.

1. It's a big factory. Five hundred people _____ (employ) there.

2. Water_____(cover) most of the Earth's surface.

3. Most of the Earth's surface _____(cover) by water.

4. The park gates _____(lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

5. The letter _____(post) a week ago and it _____ (arrive) yesterday.

6. The boat _____(sink) quickly but fortunately everybody _____(rescue).

7. Ron's parents _____ (die) when he was very young. He and his sister _____(bring) up by their grandparents.

8. I was born in London but I _____ (grow) up in the north of England.

9. While I was on holiday, my camera _____(steal) from my hotel room.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera _____ (disappear) from my hotel room.

Exercise 8. Дополните предложения недостающей формой глагола в действительном или страдательном залоге.

Active	Passive
E.g.: Doctors have givennew hearts to seven people.	Seven people have been givennew hearts.
1. Today America’s tobacco industry makes over $4.2 billion a year.	Today over $4.2 billion ____ by America’s tobacco industry.
2. Where __ they __ good wines?	Where are good wines produced?
3. The Swedes invented chewing gum.	Chewing gum ___ by the Swedes.
4. What____ they ____ these shoes of?	What were these shoes made of?
5. Have we eaten all the sandwiches?	________ all the sandwiches ________ ?
6. He ________ her purse from the bag.	Her purse hasn’t been stolen from the bag.
7. We won’t listen to his speech.	His speech _____________ .
8. They _________ at the little boy.	The little boy will be laughed at.
9. The teacher should explain difficult rules.	Difficult rules ____________.by the teacher.
10. ________ we ________ or ________ this door to open it?	Should this door be pulled or pushed to open it?

Exercise 9. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму действительного или страдательного залога.

e.g. My car was stolen(steal) last night.

1. A new generation of TV sets ______ (launch) in Japan recently.

2. Each Concord ______ (build) at 55.000.000 pounds.

3. In Japan marriages of young people ______ (arrange) by their parents.

4. We ______ (receive) a telephone call from them a few days ago.

5. Boss says I ______ (give) a pay-rise next month.

6. She ______ (inform) about the reason of the research as soon as it ______ (finish).

7. ______ you ______ (send) them fax yesterday?

8. At present our company ______ (not / reorganize).

9. The mail ______ (not / receive) yet.

10. I ______ (sell) my car last week.

1. The new theatre _____ (open) in that city last month.

2. Three people _____ (kill) in the car accident yesterday.

3. A cure for cancer _____ (not / find) yet.

4. The article ____ (translate) into Russian now, it ____ (publish) as soon as they ____ (return) it.

5. Our office ____ (decorate) for the celebration and looks cheerful.

6. Sometimes mistakes _____ (make). It is inevitable.

7. If you _____ (offer) a cheap camera, don’t buy it, it _____ (not / work).

8. Ann _____ (attack) last night when she _____ (walk) home.

9. British coins _____ (make) in the Royal Mint.

10. Under safety regulations women _____ (not / allow) to work underground.

11. The movie ____ already ____ (show) four times in the cinema.

12. ‘Is your car still for sale?’ ‘No, I ____ (sell) it’.

13. ‘Is the house at the end of the street still for sale?’ ‘No, it _____ (sell)’.

14. It’s a serious problem. I don’t know how it ____ (can / solve).

15. A new bridge ____(build) across the river. Work started last year and the bridge _____ (open) next year.

Joseph Ford, the politician who (a) _____ (kidnap) last week as he was driving to his office, (b) _____ (release) unharmed. He (c) _____ (examine) by a doctor last night, and (d) _____ (say) to be in good health. Mr Ford (e) ______ (find) walking along a small country lane early yesterday evening. A farmer (f) ______ (see) him, recognized who it was, and (g) _____ (contact) the police. When his wife (h) ______ (tell) the news, she said, 'I am delighted and relieved that my husband (i) ______ (find).' Acting on information received, the police made several arrests, and a man (j) ______ (question) in connection with the kidnapping.

Exercise 10. Дополните предложения одним из данных в таблице глаголов в правильной форме.

~~cause~~ damage hold include invite make(x2) show translate write offer accept invent locate

e.g. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

1. Cheese ______from milk.

2. The roof of the building ______ in a storm a few days ago.

3. There's no need to leave a tip. Service ______ in the bill.

4. You ______ to the wedding. Why didn't you go?

5. A cinema is a place where films ______ .

6. In the United States, elections for President ______ every four years.

7. Originally the book ______ in Spanish and a few years ago it ______ into English.

8. Our company _____ in Sweden.

9. _____ credit cards _____ in your shop?