Модальные глаголы (modal verbs)

Модальные глаголы используются для того, чтобы показать отношение говорящего к действию или состоянию, выраженному инфинитивом. Эта группа имеет ряд отличий от остальных глаголов:

- модальные глаголы не имеют неличных форм;

- не образуют аналитические временные формы;

- не имеют окончание -s в 3-ем лице ед. числа;

- присоединяют инфинитив без частицы to;

- образуют отрицательную и вопросительную формы без вспомогательных глаголов;

- имеют сокращенную отрицательную форму.

- большинство модальных глаголов относятся к настоящему или будущему, только can имеет форму прошедшего времени – could.

Shouldвыражает:

1. Совет или пожелание, чтобы лицо-подлежащее предложения выполнило действие, обозначенное инфинитивом: You should be more polite to him.

Shouldn’tвыражает совет так не поступать: You shouldn’t go there.

2. Предположение что действие происходит; ожидание, что действие совершится в будущем: The shop should be open now. He should come any minute.

Mustвыражает:

1. Острую необходимость того, что лицо-подлежащее предложения должно, обязано совершить действие, выраженное инфинитивом. Обычно эта необходимость исходит от самого человека, «изнутри»: I must hurry.

Осторожно! В сочетании со 2-м лицом такое предложение будет звучать как приказ:You must help me. Лучше сказать: Could you help me?

Однако, you must может выражать настоятельную рекомендацию: You must see the Monet exhibition. It’s wonderful!

Mustn’t означает запрет:You mustn’t do it!

Уверенность в том, что действие происходит или должно произойти: It must be cold out doors.

Have toвыражает сильную необходимость «извне» – по закону, правилу или чьему-то приказу: I have to come to university at 8.30. You have to have a driving license if you want to drive a car.

Don’t have to выражает отсутствие такой необходимости (не нужно, не обязательно): You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a dishwasher.

Exercise 1. Исправьте ошибки в каждом предложении.

1. I don't can sing.

2. I would like to can travel more.

3. He should to work harder.

4. Could you telling me the time?

5. I must work last Saturday and Sunday.

6. He have to work hard to pass the exam.

7. She don’t have to go there if she has no time.

8. Had he to queue?

Exercise 2. Закончите предложения с помощью don't / doesn't / didn't have to и одним из глаголов, данных в таблице.

do ~~get up~~ go go pay shave wait work

E.g. I'm not working tomorrow, so I don't have to get up early.

1. The car park is free – you ________ to park your car there.

2. I went to the bank this morning. There was no queue, so I _______ .

3. Sally is extremely rich. She _______.

4. We've got plenty of time. We _______ yet.

5. Jack has got a beard, so he _______ .

6. I'm not particularly busy. I've got a few things to do but I ________ them now.

7. A man was slightly injured in the accident but he _________ to hospital.

Exercise 3. Дополните предложения одним из модальных глаголов should / have to в нужной форме.

1. I think you ______ smoke less.

2. I ______ write this composition yesterday.

3. It is raining. You ______ take your umbrella.

4. We missed the bus and ______ take a taxi.

5. She is good at Maths. I think you _______ ask her to help you.

6. On Sundays we ______ go to the university.

7. ______ you _______ go to the university on Sundays?

8. You’re being so pale today. I think you _______ have a rest.

Exercise 4. Постройте вопросительные и отрицательные предложения.

1. She should learn these words. 2. He had to work hard last month. 3. He has to get a visa.

4. You should do it again. 5. I must always remember it. 6. They could do it easily.

Exercise 5.Выберите правильную форму.

1. I could / couldn't go home for lunch when I was at school, but now I'm working, I don't have time.

2. I had to / didn't have to get up early when I was at school, but at university the classes start later.

3. When I was living at home, I had to / didn't have to cook, but now I'm on my own, I had to / have to.

4. When I was at school, you couldn't / could call a teacher by their first name. You had to / have to call them 'Sir' or 'Miss'. Now, at university, we can / could.

Exercise 6.Исправьте ошибки в каждом предложении.

1. We have to telling our landlord three months in advance if we want to move out.

2. My sister cans stay with my uncle whenever she visits the capital.

3. My friend Juan have to find a new place to live.

4. You doesn't have to do it if you don't want to.

5. If you want, I can to drive you home.

6. I'd love to get my own place, but I don't can afford it.

Exercise 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя have to / should в правильной форме с глаголами в скобках.

1. I think you _______ (take) warm clothes. It’s rather cold there.

2. They _______ (keep) all documents.

3. Her parents have gone to Spain, so she ______ (cook) for herself.

4. I don’t think you ______ (see) this film. It’s rubbish.

5. Students ______ (work) hard to get good education.

6. You ______ (eat) only fruits and vegetables to get thinner.

7. She is seriously ill. She ______ (take) medicine every 3 hours.

8. Last year he _______ (work) a lot to buy a car.

9. A chef ______ (cook) many kinds of food.

10. I ______ (get) up early tomorrow. I meet my brother.

11. I don’t think you ______ (tell) her about it. It'll upset her.

1. I think you______ (rest) a little.

2. He______ (keep) his things in order.

3. I don’t think you _____ (get) upset about such little things.

4. Tim works too much. He ______ (take) it easy.

5. You______ (come) with me, if you don’t want to.

6. When you go abroad you______ (get) a visa.

7. What _____ I _____(do) to pass the exam?

8 We ______ (ask) the way. I remembered the place quite well.

9. How long ____ you _____(wait) for bus?

10. I ______ (call) my friend or she'll forget to bring my book.

Exercise 8. Закончите предложения модальными глаголами must/ have to в правильной форме. В некоторых предложениях оба модальных глагола возможны.

e.g. It’s later than I thought. I must/have togo now.

1. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He _______ go home early.

2. In Britain many children _______ wear uniform when they go to school.

3. When you come to London again, you _______ come and see us.

4. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We _______ call a doctor.

5. You really ________ work harder if you want to pass the examination.

6. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I _______ work late.

7. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I ______ work late.

8. Paul doesn't like his new job. Sometimes he ______ work at weekends.

9. Caroline may _______ go away next week.

10. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We ______ take it to a garage.

11. Julia wears glasses. She ______ wear glasses since she was very young.

12. When you're in America you_____ visit San Francisco, because some people think it's the most beautiful city.

Exercise 9. Закончите предложения с помощьюmustn't, don't/doesn't have to.

1. I don't want anyone to know. You ______ tell anyone.

2. He ______ wear a suit to work but he usually does.

3. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ go to work.

4. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. It's very dangerous.

5. There's a lift in the building, so we _______ сlimb the stairs.

6. You _______ forget what I told you. It's very important.

7. Sue _______ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.

8. Don't make so much noise. We _______ wake the baby.

9. I _______ eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.

10. You _______ be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

Exercise 10. Какие пять предложений являются неправильными? Исправьте их.

1. We can't come yesterday, because of the train strike.

2. I must go to the bank. I have to get some money.

3. We don't have to do exercise 4 - we only needed to do exercise 3.

4. The question was so difficult, I couldn't to answer it.

5. When I was at school, we must always stand up when the teacher came into the classroom.

6. Could you move, please? I can't see the board.

7. He has to re-take the test twice before he passed.

Exercise 11. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. Приходиться ли Вам носить униформу на работе?

2. У нас есть билеты, поэтому мы можем и не стоять в очереди.

3. Я думаю, Вам следует выехать из дома пораньше из-за пробок.

4. Должен ли я платить за что-нибудь, когда иду к врачу в России?

5. Как Вы думаете, что мне подарить моей будущей жене на день рождения?

6. Ей приходилось работать долгими часами, чтобы заработать на жизнь.

7. Я не думаю, что тебе следует быть грубым с твоей младшей сестрой.

8. У нас осталось не много времени, нам придётся поторопиться.

9. Вы думаете, мне следует бросить работу и уехать жить за границей.

10. Могли Вы гулять, сколько хотели, когда Вам было 15 лет, или Вы должны были быть дома к определенному времени?

9. СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ С ПРИДАТОЧНЫМИ ВРЕМЕНИ И УСЛОВИЯ (TIME CLAUSES. FIRST CONDITIONAL)

9.1. Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными времени (Time Clauses)Придаточные предложения времени отвечают на вопросы when?‘когда’, since when?‘с каких пор’, how long?‘как долго’. Они соединяются с главным предложением союзами when‘когда’, as soon as‘как только’, while‘в то время как’, after‘после того как’, before‘до того как’, till‘пока’, until‘до тех пор пока не’: e.g. When the cat is away, the mice will play.

В придаточных предложениях времени глагол в будущем времени не употребляется: Future Simple заменяется на Present Simple: e.g. As soon as I come back, I’ll call you.

9.2. Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными условия (First Conditional)Условное придаточное предложение является частью сложноподчиненного предложения, где главное выражает следствие условия, заключенного в придаточном. Условные предложения могут выражать реальное и нереальное условие, а главное предложение, соответственно, может выражать реальное и нереальное следствие.

Придаточные предложения условия соединяются с главным предложением союзами if‘если’, in case‘в случае’, unless‘если …не’ и некоторыми другими: e.g. He won’t go there unless he is invited.

Сложноподчиненные предложения первого типа (реальное условие) выражают вероятный и возможный результат в будущем: e.g. You'll get wet if you don’t take an umbrella.

В условных предложениях первого типа в главном предложении используется Future Simple (простое будущее время) со вспомогательным глаголом will, а в придаточном предложении используется Present Simple (простое настоящее время). Если придаточное стоит в начале предложения, то после него ставится запятая. Если главное стоит в начале предложения, то запятая после него не ставится: e.g. If I work hard, I’ll pass my exam. I’ll pass my exam ifI work hard.

Exercise 1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple или Future Simple. Все предложения относятся к будущему.

e.g. Don’t go away until mother comes back. (come)

1. Give her the note as soon as she _______ (come).

2. I won’t speak to Mary if I _______ her today (see).

3. Peter _______ (introduce) us to his friend as soon as we meet them.

4. We’ll take some urgent steps before the situation ______ (become) hopeless.

5. I ______ (ask) him about it when I see him.

6. She’ll come to the party if she ______ time (have).

7. He ______ (go) fishing tomorrow if the weather ______ fine (be).

8. Ted’s father ______ (not/ lend) him any money until he ______ (learn) not to waste it.

9. She ______ (return) the book to you when she ______ (read) it.

10. If he ______ (not/ come), we ______ (start) without him.

11. If she ______ (not/ be) well, we ______ (not/ go) swimming.

12. If you ______ (miss) the 10.30 train, there is another one at 10.35.

13. Come on! Hurry up! Ann ______ (be) annoyed if we ______ (be) late.

14. ______ (I / see) you before you ______ (start)?

15. ______ (you/ be) lonely without me while I ______ (be) away?

1. If I _____ (pass) my driving test, I _____ (buy) a car.

2. _____ you _____ (give) her the flowers when you _____ (see) her?

3. Our children and grandchildren _____ (suffer), if we _____ (not/ look after) our planet.

4. When she _____ (read) my letters, she _____ (understand) the problem.

5. I _____ (marry) you, as soon as we _____ (find) somewhere to live.

6. Where _____he _____ (stay) when he _____(go) to New - York?

7. If we _____ (get) the tickets, we _____ (keep) two for you.

8. They _____ (give) her the message as soon as she_____ (arrive).

9. Your plants _____ (not/ grow) well if you _____ (not/ water) them.

10. You _____ (learn) English more easily if _____ (study) hard.

Exercise 2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple или Future Simple. Все предложения относятся к будущему.

1. If I ______ (go) to the supermarket, I will buy provision.

2. If I ______ (not/ go), I will ask my neighbour to buy something for me.

3. If I ______ (be) free, I’ll go out.

4. If the weather ______ (not/ be) fine, we ______(not/ go) out.

5. If you ______ (try) it, you ______ (like) it.

6. If she ______ (not/ work) hard, she ______ (fail) the exam.

7. If they ______ (go) out, ______ they ______ (take) me?

8. If my brother ______ (phone), we ______ (arrange) meeting.

9. If we ______ (have) free time, we ______ (go) for a walk.

10. If we ______ (go) for a walk, ______ she ______ (go) with us?

11. If she ______ (go) with you, she ______ (not/ do) her homework.

12. If she ______ (not/ do) her homework, she ______ (have) problem at the lessons.

13. If she ______ (have) problems at the lesson, she ______ (try) to improve.

14. If she ______ (study) a lot, _____ she _____(stay) at home?

15. If she ______ (stay) at home, we ______ (come) to help her.

Exercise 3.Составьте предложения с союзамиwhen, as soon as, if.

1. He is busy. I leave him alone.

2. You put on glasses. You see better.

3. He comes to the hotel. He sends a telegram.

4. My father returns. We discuss it.

5. You give me your address. I write you a letter.

6. He starts reading 5 pages a day. His vocabulary increases.

7. My friends go to the Black Sea. I go with them.

8. I don’t like the dish. I don’t tell about it.

1. I will work a lot. I will be tired.

2. I will be angry. Somebody will break the vase.

3. She will not find the key. She will break the door.

4. He will finish school. He will enter the university.

5. He will enter the university. He will try to work hard.

6. He will work hard. He will get good notes.

7. He will get good notes. He will get a grant.

8. He will get a grant. He will not have money problem.

Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple, Present Continuous или Future Simple.

1. It _____ (be) cold in autumn. It often _____ (rain). A cold wind often _____ (blow).

2. The weather _____ (be) fine today. It _____ (be) warm, the sun _____ (shine) brightly. A soft wind _____ (blow). Small white clouds _____ (sail) in the sky.

3. Don’t go out: it _____ (rain) heavily.

4. Take your raincoat with you. I’m afraid it _____ (rain) in the evening and you _____ (get) wet through if _____ (not/ put on) your raincoat.

5. Every spring birds _____ (come) to our garden and _____ (sing) in the trees.

6. Listen! Somebody _____ (sing) in the next room. _____ (you/hear) her?

7. It _____ (usually/ not snow) at this time of the year.

8. What _____ (be) the weather like now? _____ (it/snow)? – No, it _____.

9. _____ (we/go) out of town to ski on Sunday? – Yes, we _____ if it _____ (snow) this week and if there _____ (be) a lot of snow everywhere.

Exercise 5. Составьте предложения, используя приведенные фразы.

e.g. If you don’t take a taxi, you’ll miss the train.

1. get up very early	a. not be able to buy a car
2. eat the whole cake	b. we / go swimming
3. take this medicine	c. see the sunrise
4. doesn’t save his money	d. his father / get furious
5. forgets his promises	e. have problems with the police
6. don’t work hard now	f. work in the City
7. drinks any more bear	g. not pass your exam in a week
8. moves to London	h. not catch a cold
9. not rain today	i. definitely fall ill