Порядок слов в предложении (word order)

Повествовательные предложения (Declarative Sentences)

Повествовательные предложения содержат сообщения о различных событиях, фактах, действиях и т. п. Повествовательные предложения могут быть утвердительным или отрицательным. В английском языке существует фиксированный порядок слов, т. е. каждый член предложения имеет своё определённое место в предложении. Для английского повествовательного предложения характерен прямой порядок слов, а именно:

подлежащее	сказуемое	дополнение	обстоятельство
Ann	wrote	a letter	yesterday
(кто?) Анна	(что сделала?) написала	( что?) письмо	(когда?) вчера

Определение (какой? какая?) употребляется перед дополнением.

Подлежащее	сказуемое	определение	дополнение	обстоятельство
Ann	wrote	a long	letter	yesterday
Анна	написала	длинное	письмо	вчера

Когда в предложении несколько обстоятельств, то они располагаются в следующем порядке: обстоятельства места, затем обстоятельство времени.

Примечание:обстоятельства времени может употребляться в начале или в конце предложения.

подлежащее	сказуемое	дополнение	обстоятельство
места	времени
Ann	wrote	a letter	to Moscow	yesterday
Анна	написала	письмо	в Москву	вчера

Exercise 1. Составьте утвердительные предложения, поставив слова в правильном порядке.

e.g. from Tom New York is. – Tom is from New York.

1. plays piano She the nicely.

2. small Ann a brown has table got.

3. gave He me ring gold a.

4. I at every six o’clock day swimming go.

5. by taxi to work usually comes He.

6. room Mary a is now cleaning.

7. playing the in children at moment are garden The.

8. When home came I watching children TV my were.

9. from John Spain comes.

10. me She yesterday gave a present.

11. in works My brother bank a.

12. Rostov year We last lived in.

13. family not My is large.

14. restaurant We a Sunday on go to sometimes.

15. My piano very sister plays well.

16. French Martin learning at is moment the.

17. very Everybody the much party enjoyed.

18. after Sam gave the me lift party a.

19. fell so were We we tired all that asleep.

20. at of Please, your the write page name top the.

Вопросительные предложения (Interrogative Sentences)

Вопросительные предложенияимеют обратный порядок слов, т.е вспомогательный или модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. По способу образования вопросы делятся на две группы: общие и специальные вопросы.

Общий вопрос (Yes/No question)задаётся с целью получить подтверждение или отрицание (Yes, No).

Схема общего вопроса.

вспомогательный или модальный глагол	подлежащее	основной глагол	дополнение	обстоятельство
Did	Ann	send	a letter	yesterday?
	Анна	послала	письмо	вчера?
Сan	Ann	send	a letter	today?
Может ли	Анна	послать	письмо	сегодня?

Специальный вопрос (Special question or Wh-question)можно задать к любому члену предложения. Специальные вопросы начинаются с вопросительных слов. Who? (кто?), What?(что? какой?),When (когда?), Why(почему?),Where(где? куда?),Whose?(чей?),Which? (который?), How?(как?), How much|many?(сколько?), How long?(как долго? сколько?), How often?(как часто?).

Схема специального вопроса.

вопросит. слово	вспомогат. глагол	подлежащее	основной глагол	дополнение.	обстоятельство
Where	did	Ann	send	a letter	yesterday?
Куда		Анна	послала	письмо	вчера?
What	did	Ann	send		yesterday?
Что		Анна	послала		вчера?
What	could	Ann	send		yesterday?
Что	смогла	Анна	послать		вчера?

Exercise 2. Составьте вопросительные предложения, поставив слова в правильном порядке.

e.g. you swimming do like? – Do you like swimming?

1. see you Did friend your?

2. is Who teacher the?

3. When her you see did sister?

4. does Ann Where from come?

5. Italy go Why you did to?

6. have sisters many How got you?

7. your Has a got father car?

8. children are My of afraid dogs?

9. the in building is highest Which Moscow?

10. time you What have usually supper do?

Exercise 3. Выберите правильный вопрос к предложению.

1. They went to the concert two days ago.

a) Do they go to the concert two days ago?

b) Did they go to the concert two days ago?

c) Did they went to the concert two days ago?

2. He leaves home at 9 a.m. every day.

a) When does he leaves home every day?

b) When do he leaves home every day?

c) When does he leave home every day?

3. He will return in two hours.

a) When will he return?

b) When he will return?

c) When return will he?

4. The children are glad to have many toys.

a) Why do the children glad to have many toys?

b) Why are the children glad to have many toys?

c) Why the children are glad to have many toys?

5. There are two new buildings in the street.

a) How many new buildings are in the street?

b) How many new buildings are there in the street?

c) How many new buildings is there in the street?

Exercise 4. Постройте общие вопросы в следующих предложениях.

1. Lisa is so lazy.

2. You are still working.

3. Sam can speak French.

4. I got up at 7 yesterday.

5. Jim has gone to Spain.

6. Your parents have not come yet.

7. They enjoyed this film very much.

8. My son was late to school.

9. I wrote a test last week.

10. Ann plays the piano very well.

Exercise 5. Задайте специальные вопросы, используя вопросительные слова в скобках.

1. Fred Jones was born on March, 17, 1930 in Liverpool. (When)

2. He goes to work by bus. (How)

3. Julie died last year. (When)

4. Fred Jones felt lonely when she died. (How)

5. Now Fred lives in an old parents’ house. (Where)

6. They left home at 8.30. (What time)

7. Fred will blow out the candles on his cake at 5 o’clock. (When)

8. Tom won’t eat any cake because he doesn’t like cake at all. (Why)

Exercise 6. Задайте специальные вопросы к выделенным словам в предложениях.

e.g.They went to Italylast year. –Wheredid they go last year?

1. It costs ten pounds.

2. Mrs Brown wants to see Sally.

3. We are going to leave at 6 p.m.

4. They are Mr. Smith’s children.

5. Margaret was in Australia last year.

6. Janet and Paul live in the centre of London.

7. When I came home my son was watching TV.

8. Our teacher studied at Cambridge.

Exercise 7. Составьте общие и специальные вопросы.

e.g. You like music. – Do you like music? What do you like? What music do you like?

1. She comesfrom France.

2. My friend watchedan interesting film last night.

3. I goto the university every morning.

4. My friend has a nice car.

5. This girl ismy cousin.

6. My sister wasat the disco yesterday.

7. George Brown is an English student.

8. They areat home now.

Exercise 8. Исправьте ошибку в каждом вопросе.

1. Were the film exciting?

2. Where you went last week?

3. Who did broke the window?

4. When was you graduate from the university?

5. Who your friend is?

6. What you are looking for?

7. Do Mary live in Kent?

8. You have written the report?

9. Does you still work at the library? – No, I don’t.

10. The bus is usually late?

11. Do Diana work on Sundays?

12. What you usually have for breakfast?

13. Are Mary always late?

14. Is her parents Russian?

15. Did Dorothy lost her purse last evening?

16. Are Ann the best student in this group?

17. Has they already painted the house?

18. Have Peter just bought a new computer ?

19. Has you ever been to America?

20. Paul will do shopping next week?

21. Does Helen wears contact lenses?

22. Was you tired yesterday?

23. ‘What Mary is doing?’ 'Am she playing the piano now?’

24. Am Tom going to meet his friends at the station?

25. What is your friend read now?

26. Where is your children playing football now?

27. What newspaper you are reading at the moment?

28. Your hands are very dirty?

29. What film you see last week?

30. This book is interesting?

ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)

5.1. Глагол (the Verb) –это часть речи, обозначающая действие или состояние лица или предмета и отвечающая на вопросы Что делать? Что сделать?: to go, to see, etc.

e.g. I amreading a book now. Did you see Ann yesterday?

В английском языке все глаголы можно разделить на две группы: основныеили смысловые (Main Verbs) и вспомогательные(Auxiliary Verbs).

Основные/смысловые(Main Verbs) глаголы имеют самостоятельное лексическое значение и переводятся в предложении на русский язык:

e.g. I am readinga book now. –Я читаю книгу сейчас;

Вспомогательные(Auxiliary Verbs): to be, to have, to do, shall, will, should, would, и др. на русcкий язык не переводятся.С их помощью образуются сложные глагольные формы:

e.g. I am reading a book now. Did you see Ann yesterday?

Основными формами глагола в английском языке являются: I – инфинитив (Infinitive), II – простое прошедшее время (Past Simple), III – причастие II (Participle II), IV – причастие I (Participle I). Эти формы используются для образования всех остальных глагольных форм.

I- инфинитив правильный глагол (to) look неправильный глагол (to) see

II- прошед. простое looked saw

III-причастие II looked seen

IV- причастие I looking seeing

С помощью глаголов можно рассказать о действиях в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени. Формы английского глагола показывают, что действия протекают по-разному. Секрет английского глагола в том, что он показывает, как протекает действие. В русском языке трем английским глаголам соответствует один:

Пишет

ежедневно

уже час

He writes

сейчас

He is writing

He has been writing

Глагол TO BE

Глагол to be, как основной глагол, переводится на русский язык ‘быть, являться, находиться, быть в состоянии, располагаться’.

Глагол to beв Present, Past и Future Simple имеет следующие формы:

Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
I am He / she / it is We/ they / you are	I / he / she / it was We / they / you were	I / we shall be He / she / it will be you / they will be
+ He is a student Он – (есть) студент. - He is not (isn’t)a student. Он – не студент. ? Is he a student? Он – студент? ? What ishe? Кто он?	+ He wasin Sochi last year. Он былв Сочи в прошлом году. - He was not (wasn’t)in Sochi last year. Он не былв Сочи в прошлом году. ? Was he in Sochi last year? Был он в Сочи в прошлом году? ? When washe in Sochi? Когда он былв Сочи?	+ They will beat the lesson tomorrow. Они будут завтра на занятии. - They will not (won’t) beat the lesson tomorrow. Они не будутзавтра на занятии. ? Will they beat the lesson tomorrow? Они будут завтра на занятии? ? Where willthey betomorrow? Где они будут завтра?

Exercise 1. Вставьте am, is, are.

1.The weather ___ very nice today. 2. These bags ___ very nice. 3. Can you close the window? I ___ cold. 4. Ann and I ___ good friends. 5. Ann ___at home, but her children ___ at school. 6. I ___ a student and my brother ___ a pupil. 7. We ___ happy to be here. 8. It ___ nice to meet you. 9. Meet my friends. They ___ from Canada. 10. Where ___ your sister now? 11. ‘What ___ you?’ … ‘I ___ an electrician.’ 12. Where ___ your parents from?

Примечание:Краткая форма глагола to beобычно употребляется в разговорной речи.

Утвердительная форма

I’mBruce.(= I am)

You'relate! (= You are)

He's a doctor. (= He is)

She's21. (= She is)

It’scold today. (= It is)

We're from Venezuela. (= We are)

They're our friends. (= They are)

Отрицательная форма

I'm nothungry. (= I am not)

You're not/ You aren't in the class. (= You are not)

He's not/ isn't French. (= He is not)

She's not/ isn't very interesting. (= She is not)

It's not/ isn’t cheap. (= It is not)

We're not/ aren’t happy about it. (= We are not)

They're not/ aren’t married. (= They are not)

Exercise 2. Перепишите предложения. Употребите краткую форму глагола to be.

1. I am cold. – I’mcold.

2. You are in class now. – …………

3. He is not here today. – .…………

4. She is my sister. – .…..……………

5. It is not very nice. – .…..…………

6. We are on holiday. – .……………

7. They are late! – ……………………

Exercise 3. Закончите диалог. Употребите правильную форму глагола to be.

A: Hi. How ...... you?

B: I ...... OK, thanks.

A: Where ...... you from? ...... you English?

B: No, I ...... not. I ...... Irish.

A: How ...... your parents? ...... they OK?

B: Yes, they ...... fine, thank you.

A: Where ...... your boyfriend from? ...... he French?

B: No, he ...... not. He ...... English.

A: What ...... your friend's name?

B: Oh, I ...... sorry.This ...... Rachel.

Exercise 4. Вставьте am/ am not/ is/ isn’t/ are/ aren’t/ was / were/ weren’t.

1. Cats ___ big animals.

2. I phoned you yesterday evening, but you ___ at home. Where ___ you?

3. Last year we ___ in Paris.

4. George ___ at work last week because he ___ ill.

5. Diamonds ___ cheap.

6. Motor-racing ___ a dangerous sport.

7. ‘___you married?’ – ‘No, I___. I___ single.’

8. ‘___ his brother in Spain now?’ – ‘No, he ___. He___ in Russia.’

9. Tom, we ___ glad to see you again.

10. I ___ in Scotland 6 years ago. I’d like to go again.

Exercise 5. Вставьтеis/ are/ was/ were/ will be.

1. The weather ___ nice today, but yesterday it ___ cold.

2. Where ___ you last Friday morning?

3. ‘Where ___ the children?’ – ‘They ___ in the garden now.’

4. ‘___ your friends ___ at the disco next Sunday?’ – ‘Yes, they will.’

5. Don’t buy these shoes. They ___ very expensive.

6. I must go now. It ___very late.

7. Tom ____seventeen next summer.

8. ‘___ you at the library last week?’ – ‘No, I ___.’

9. ‘When ___ you in Sochi last time?’ – ‘Two weeks ago.’

10. ‘___ it dark now?’ – ‘No, it___. It ___dark in an hour.’

Оборот THERE BE

В английском языке эта конструкция употребляется в предложениях, в которых сообщается о наличии какого-то предмета или лица в каком-либо месте. Этот предмет (лицо) называется впервые. Перевод предложений с конструкцией there be нужно начинать с обстоятельства места или времени, т.е. как правило, с конца предложения.

e.g. There is a student’s club at our university. – В нашем университете есть студенческий клуб.

There are many problems in this field nowadays. – В наши дни в этой сфере существует много проблем.

THERE IS ... / THERE ARE...

Мы употребляем оборот there is / there's с существительными в единственном числе:

e.g. There's a nice cafenear here.

Мы употребляем оборот there are с существительными во множественном числе: e.g. There are a few cheap hotels in town.

Время	Форма
утвердительная	вопросительная	отрицательная
Present Simple	There is a book on the desk. На парте – книга. There are three books on the desk. На парте три книги.	Is there a book on the desk? На парте есть книга? Are there three books on the desk? На парте три книги?	There is no book on the desk. There is not any book on the desk. На парте нет книги. There are no books on the desk. There are not any books on the desk. На парте нет книг.
Past Simple	There was a book on the desk. На парте была книга. There were three books on the desk. На парте былитри книги.	Was there a book on the desk? Yes, there was / No, there was not. На парте былакнига? Да / Нет Were there three books on the desk? Yes, there were / No, there were not. На парте были три книги? Да / Нет	There was no book on the desk. There was not any book on the desk. На парте не былокниги. There were no books on the desk. There were not any books on the desk. На парте не былокниг.
Future Simple	There will be some students in the room. В комнате будут несколько студентов.	Will there be any students in the room? В комнатебудутстуденты?	There will be no students in the room. There will not be any students in the room. В комнатене будет студентов.

Exercise 6. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. There is / are a large table in my room.

2. There is / are two windows in the classroom.

3. There was / were many children in the park yesterday.

4. There wasn’t / weren’t a cinema here in 1970.

5. There was / will be a nice disco next Sunday.

6. There is / are a blackboard, ten tables and two chairs in our classroom.

Exercise 7. Вставьте there is / there isn't/ there are/there aren't.

1 ...................... .... lots of nice shops near my house.

2 ...................... .... any coffee in here.

3 ...................... .... some great countryside in the north.

4 ..................... ..... any hospitals in the area.

5 ...................... .... a lot of crime in the town. It's awful!

6 ...................... .... any schools in the village!

7 ...................... .... no traffic on the roads today. It's great!

8 ...................... .... two or three little bars near the beach.

Exercise 8. Вставьте there is / is there / there isn’t / isn’t there / there are / aren’t / are there?

1. Look! _____ a photograph of George in the newspaper.

2. Where can we sit? ______ any chairs in the room.

3. Excuse me, ______ a restaurant here?

4. How many students ______ in your group?

5. How many players ______ in a football team?

6. We can’t take any photographs. _____ a film in a camera.

Exercise 9. Вставьте there is / there are/ there was/ there were/ there will be.

1. Look! This bag is empty. _____ nothing in it.

2. When we arrived at the cinema, _____ a long queue outside.

3. Why are those policemen outside the bank? _____ a robbery?

4. Tomorrow the weather will be cold. _____ some rain in the afternoon.

5. Ten years ago ____ 500 children at school.

6. This is a modern city. _____ many high buildings here.

Exercise 10. Исправьте ошибку в каждом предложении.

1. There is no cheap hotels.

2. Not there are any jobs here.

3. It have a lovely river in the town.

4. There are lots of noise!

5. There is a lot of traffic in my hometown.

5.4. Глагол TO HAVE/ HAVE GOT

Глагол to have/ have gotмногозначен. Он может употребляться:

· как знаменательный (основной) глагол в значении «иметь, владеть»:

e.g. I’ve got a good computer;

· в качестве вспомогательного глагола (Perfect Tenses):

e.g. I’ve just bought a good computer;

· как модальный глагол (to have to) для выражения необходимости совершения действия: e.g. I have to visit a dentist.

Глагол to have как смысловой глагол в Present, Past, Future Simpleимеет следующие формы:

Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
I/ we/ you/ they have he/ she/ it has	I we you they had he she it	I we you they will have he she it
+I havea car. У меня естьмашина. -Idon’t havea car. У меня нетмашины. ? Do you have a car? У тебя естьмашина? Yes, I do/Да. +My sisterhasa camera. У моей сестры естьфотоаппарат. -My sisterdoesn’t havea camera. У моей сестрынетфотоаппарата. ? Does your sisterhavea camera? Yes, she does. У вашей сестры естьфотоаппарат?Да.	+ We hada car last year. У нас быламашина в прошлом году. ? Did youhavea car last year? У вас быламашина в прошлом году? Yes, we did/Да. -Wedidn’thave a car last year. У нас не было машины в прошлом году.	+My sisterwill havea camera next year. У моей сестры будетфотоаппарат в следующем году. -My sisterwill not havea camera next year. У моей сестры не будетфотоаппарата в следующем году. ?Will your sisterhavea camera next year? У вашей сестры будетфотоаппарат в следующем году?

Примечание: Глагол have и выражение have got переводятся одинаково «иметь, обладать»: have =have got; has =has got

Однако, глагол have (has) употребляется в письменной, официальной речи, в то время как выражение have got (has got) употребляется в неофициальной, разговорной речи.

Глагол tohave got в Present Simple

I we you have got they	+ I have got a camera.- У меня есть камера. ? Have you got a camera?- У тебя есть камера? –I haven’t got a camera. У меня нет фотоаппарата.
he shehas got it	+ My sister has gota camera. – У моей сестры есть фотоаппарат. ? Has your sister gota camera? – У твоей сестры есть фотоаппарат? –My sister hasn’t gota camera. – У моей сестры нет фотоаппарата.

Exercise 1. Ответьте на вопросы о семье и о себе. Дайте краткие ответы.

e.g. Do you have a computer? – Yes, I do.

1. Does your sister\ brother have a CD player?

2. Has your father got a car?

3. Do you have a good English accent?

4. Have your grandparents got a garden?

5. Has your sister got a CD player?

6. Do you have a walkman?

7. Do your friends have good cameras?

8. Has your mother got any good books?

Exercise 2. Составьте вопросы по образцу.

e.g You/ a camera? –1) Have you got a camera? 2) Do you have a camera?