Тренировочные упражнения по грамматике
1. Оборот there + to be.
1. There were several vacant seats in the bus when I got into it.
2. There is a great number of goods that can be transported by air.
3. There is no fear of damaging the machine if it is properly maintained.
4. There was no chance of getting tickets for this conceit.
5. There are very powerful cranes for unloading ships in this port.
6. There was still some hope of reaching the destination in time.
7. There are some factories to be rebuilt in this region.
8. Is mere any demand for the tubes of that size?
9. There are no excuses for his being late.
10. There are always some problems to be solved.
11. There have been several bad accidents at this comer recently.
12. There has been an increased demand for this kind of goods.
13. There were plenty of furnished flats and furnished houses in the village now.
14. This a place where the two streets cross. There are lights in the middle of the crossing. If there is a red light on, the drivers of cars and buses must stop. Then they must wait until the red light changes to green. Sometimes there is a yellow light between the red and the green. It means that you must stop and wait until it changes to green.
2. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
1. Не thought he was the happiest man in the world.
2. Mayakovsky is one of the most talented Russian poets.
3. The new car is more comfortable than the previous one.
4. His radio set is not as powerful as mine.
5. The Neva is wider and deeper than the Moskva River.
6. Last year he spent less time on English than this year.
7. The sooner they finish the construction of the plant the better.
8. The book is not so interesting as you think.
9. The more time you spend in the open air the sooner you will recover after your illness.
10. He has much more free time than I have.
11. Tom runs fast. Dick runs faster, but Harry runs fastest.
12. This road is the worst I've ever travelled over.
13. If you listen to the teacher more attentively you'll understand better.
14. Do you think people used to read more books twenty years ago than they do today?
15. Tennis and football are the games I like best.
16. This is the hottest day we have had for several weeks.
17. Smiles is the longest word in the English language because there is a mile between two s.
18. Yesterday was hotter than any other day we had this summer.
3. Времена группы Indefinite Active и Passive.
1. At last he returned to the little town where his childhood had been spent.
2. The latest surgical instruments were used during this unique operation.
3. The trouble is that this student does not work properly at his English.
4. Before the experiment the substances are mixed in a large cup.
5. The commission will consider this offer carefully before accepting it.
6. In spite of the fact that the report was short, it covered the subject completely.
7. This instrument is preferred to all others because of its great reliability.
8. The doctor said that an urgent operation was needed.
9. They will do everything in their power to help us.
10. I hope we shall never deal with this matter again.
11. The results of the last experiment were constantly referred to by the professor.
12. This airplane crosses the Atlantic in about 10 hours.
4. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Не is to go to the Far East on business.
2. When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?
3. He has to investigate a series of accidents that have occurred in the locality during the last three months.
4. We had to find a safe place for the pictures.
5. I shall have to take a local train.
6. You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field.
7. He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.
8. You needn't keep your activities in secret.
9. You can see this old film in one cinema only.
10. The talks were to be attended by the representatives of fifteen European countries.
11. We shall be able to see a number of Chaplin's films in September.
12. You are to write your name at the top of the paper.
13. If you want to know English you have to work hard.
14. We had to walk home because the last bus had gone.
15. I'll have to come to the Institute at eight o'clock tomorrow.
16. The teacher will have to explain this difficulty again.
5. Времена группы Continuous Active и Passive.
1. When he met me I was walking to the Institute and had little time to talk to him.
2. "What's your little brother doing?" "He is still sleeping."
3. She was sitting there doing nothing.
4. Next Monday we'll be working only five hours.
5. The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.
6. The new engine is being tested in the laboratory.
7. Automation is being increasingly used in all branches of industry.
8. The child is being looked for by his granny.
9. A new research is being carried out successfully.
10. When I come home the family will be watching TV.
11. He cut himself while he was repairing his car.
6. Времена группы Perfect Active и Passive.
1. He has never been there before.
2. By that time we had already changed our plans.
3. He decided to "become a writer when his first story had been published
4. No one came in since we have been here.
5. He has been shown her photo.
6. He told me that he had never been to doctors.
7. The papers have hot yet been sent.
8. It’s a long time since I have visited that town.
9. By that time the story had been long forgotten even by the story-teller himself.
10. The street has been widened
11. The light has just changed from green to red.
12. I have not made up my mind yet.
13. Several attempts have been made recently to produce artificial rain.
14. Have you ever seen a bullfight?
15. Have you ever travelled by air? – Yes, I have often travelled by air. A month ago I flew to New York.
7. Согласование времен.
1. He said that by the year 2000 the number of skiers in the world would reach 75 million.
2. He asked me if I knew about the largest contracts concluded by the firm.
3. We didn't know whether our plan would bring us success.
4. They wanted to know what our present research was centred upon.
5. He asked if the car-manufacturing plant had expanded its international operations.
6. He reported that the firm was holding talks about an automobile plant in the district.
7. I thought that the organization had already started its work.
8. He added that he could show us the collection of mail stamps his father had started to collect in his college days.
9. He said he was no longer interested in the discussion of that problem.
10. It was announced that die expedition had already left for the Kurils.
11. He asked me whether I had known about the planning and fulfillment of his mission.
12. It was told that you were good at mathematics.
13. Tom said he knew a man who was an automobile engineer.
14. The student said that the exercise had many sentences and added that he would do it in half an hour.
15. The engineer said that he didn't think that the office work would be interesting for him.
16. The mechanic asked me if the car had been damaged.
8. Неопределенные местоимения some, any и отрицательное местоимение no.
1. There was no water left in the radiator, so we had to stop and refill it.
2. Any engineer who has worked long enough in this field can give you this information.
3. I cannot consult just any person, I need someone who is an expert on the problem and who has had enough experience.
4. He said he had no wish to read detective stories.
5. I don't want to have any argument. The matter is clear enough for me.
6. He makes no attempts to establish any contacts with our group, so I understand he got no such orders.
7. No explanation was given to him why the experiment had been stopped.
8. The scientists believe that there is practically no atmosphere on the Moon.
9. You've got absolutely no ground for saying so.
10. The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snow storms in the mountains.
11. It was clear that no person could do this work alone.
12. None of the young men seemed to enjoy the film.
13. No discovery can be made without wide experimentation.
14. Any moving object will continue to move in a straight line unless it is stopped by some other force.
9. Причастие. Независимый причастный оборот.
1. The professor told the students about the experiments being carried out in the laboratory.
2. Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he called his secretary.
3. Squeezed by the ice the steamer could not continue her way.
4. She showed us a list of die newly published books.
5. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers.
6. The sun having risen, they continued their way.
7. The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.
8. The figures mentioned in his report were published in the latest scientific journal.
9. The goods having been loaded, the workers left the port.
10. Haying been advised by the doctor to go to the south, she decided to spend her leave in Sochi.
11. One of the most noticeable features of air transport development is the big increase in the quantities of goods carried.
12. Kerosene is the fuel used in jet engines.
13. Driving a car at night he met with an accident.
14. Having refused to unload American ships the French dockers lost their job.
15. Having been taught by a good teacher he knew German well.
10. Герундий.
1. I remember your having objected to this schedule.
2. He entered the room without noticing her.
3. We were surprised at hearing his name among the winners.
4. Nothing could prevent him from playing tennis practically every day.
5. Did you have any difficulty in solving this problem?
6. He improved his report by changing the end.
7. She is against being sent to this faraway place.
8. Is there any possibility of their finding a suitable building material so soon?
9. They insisted on the question being reconsidered.
10. Flying is better for long journeys but travelling by car is more interesting.
11. Wood has many uses. We use it for making chairs and tables, it is
used for building houses. It is used for making matches.
12. Seeing is believing.
13. Smoking is not allowed in this building.
14. He tried to find an excuse for being late.
15. You should avoid hurting other people's feelings.
16. He was given an award for having saved the life of the little children.
17. The director was responsible for the work being finished in time.
11. Инфинитив.
1. The child wanted to be taken seriously.
2. He didn't hear the boy enter the room.
3. The dog was the first to feel danger.
4. This question is too complicated to be answered at once.
5. The engine to be installed in this car is very powerful.
6. Where is the work to be done?
7. To explain the problem the students were interested in, the engineer demonstrated some diagrams.
8. A delegation is expected to arrive in the capital of the country to discuss the creation of a shipping line to operate between the two countries.
9. The computer is said to be able to do computation in milliseconds.
10. He seemed to be completely exhausted after a whole day of hard work.
11. His knowledge of the subject proved to be both deep and many-sided.
12. Nothing could make him change his decision.
13. The new gaseous fuel is assumed to be both cheap and efficient.
14. Many various types of airplanes are reported to have been produced in this country during the last decades.
15. I tried to make him understand that his behaviour was no good.
16. To grow fruit one must have good soil.
17. Do you know the language well enough to read English newspapers and magazines?
12. Условные предложения.
1. Had they met with such difficulties before, they would have known what to do now.
2. If the scientists found the ways to predict earthquakes, it would be possible to evacuate people from the regions and thus save many human lives.
3. Were I a newspaperman, I would write an article describing all the events that have taken place here.
4. If you approach the village from the norm, you will see a tall deserted building mat once was a landlord's place.
5. Had you planned your time better, you wouldn't have come to the station one minute before the train's departure.
6. If you had told me that you couldn't find enough material fix your report, we might have postponed it until next Friday.
7. You would never get lost in a new city provided you had a map of it.
8. You will never get well unless you give up smoking.
9. The director won't see you unless you phone him at least two days in advance.
10. Were you an experienced driver, you would never have any road accidents no matter what road conditions were.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Контрольное задание № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
· Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и окончания –s.
Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
· Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more … the better.
· Числительные.
· Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.
· Грамматические функции и значение слов that, it, one.
· Видо-временные формы глаголов активного залога. Неправильные глаголы. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Simple.
· Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
· Простое распространенное предложение. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах. Обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is(are).
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I)
Грамматическая функция окончания –s
1. The students attend lectures Студенты посещают лекции и
and seminars on Russian History. И семинары по русской истории.
Lectures – множественное число имени существительного.
2. He lectures on economy. Он читает лекции по экономике.
Lectures – 3-е лицо единственного числа глагола в Present Simple.
3. Last night I met Прошлым вечером я встретил
my close friend’s sister. сестру моего близкого друга.
Friend’s – форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Образец выполения 2 (к упр. II)
Степени сравнения прилагательных
1. The longer is the night Чем короче ночь, тем длиннее день.
the shorter is the day.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)
Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения
1. Do you know any foreign language? Вы знаете какой-либо иностранный
язык?
2. There was nobody in the room. В комнате никого не было.
Образец выполнения 4 (к упр. IV)
Видо-временные формы глагола
1. In two years my brother Через два года мой брат станет инженером.
will become an engineer.
Will become – Future Simple Active от глагола to become
Образец выполнения 5 (к упр. V)
Функции и перевод слов that, one , it
1. One can easily understand Легко понять почему профессия инженера
why the profession of an engineer требует специального обучения в вузе.
requires a special college training.
2. It is the invention of an engine that started Именно изобретение двигателя положило
the first industrial revolution. начало первой промышленной революции.
Образец выполнения 6 (к упр. VI)
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
1. We were able to read this article in the library. Мы смогли прочитаь эту статью в
библиотеке.
2. Students must take exams in January. Студенты должны сдавать экзамены
в январе.
Вариант № 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Most high schools have their own student’s hostels.
2. The course of studies usually lasts 5-6 years.
3. Students work at the university’s well-equipped
laboratories.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Moscow University is the largest University in Europe.
2. Strength of materials is more difficult than chemistry.
3. The stronger the wind the harder the conditions of work for weather observers.
3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Have you got any questions?
2. Nothing interesting happened while I was away.
3. We have something to help you.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
1. In a few days she will leave for Moscow.
2. Have you received my letter?
3. Students like to take part in mathematical competitions.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.
2. One must take part in scientific work.
3. It is hydrogen that will be the main source of energy in the car of the future.
6. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Ships can communicate over long distances due to the radio.
2. In the next few years engineers are to develop computers of more than one billions operations a second.
3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Письменный перевод 2,3,4 абзацев.
Higher Education in Russia
The new academic year has begun. Entrance examinations are over in the 894 higher schools of this country. More than a million new students were enroled into universities and institutes.
About 60 per cent of them entered technological institutes. In the last several years the number of students in technological institutes has risen by more than one million bringing the total enrolment to almost three million. This means that young people are interested in the specialities connected with new branches of science and technology. At present engineers and technical specialists constitute 40 percent of graduates from institutes of higher learning while humanities, the natural sciences and pedagogy account for 45 per cent.
The present academic year is marked by expansion of new forms of technical specialization. Specialization plays a major part in planning the curricula. Usually specialization begins in the third year. The first- and second-year students study general engineering subjects such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, strength of materials, elements of machines, drawing as well as computer engineering, a foreign language and a number of others.
The main feature of the educational system in this country is that it is accessible and free of charge for all. But education is free of charge only for the students but not for the state. The state spends large sums on higher education. About 75 per cent of the students receive state grants and 10 per cent get allowances from enterprises which sponsored their applications.
Most higher schools have their own students' hostels and some of them have large and excellent sports centers.
Education plays an important part in the life of any country as it provides the country with highly-qualified specialists for its further development and progress. Top priority is given to improving the standards of higher education - especially in science and technology. At the same time institutes of technology will develop into universities of technology and devote many more hours to the humanities.
The higher school today considers education not only as a collection of useful facts and theories but also as the process which trains a person to analyse and interrelate various ideas as well as make decisions.
Today's young people will be the specialists of tomorrow in the society with new technology. Their qualification will determine the scientific and technological progress of the country. Besides, specialists in all fields should have a general education to supplement their specialized knowledge and thereby enable them to use it most effectively.
8.Прочитайте и сделайте полный перевод текста.
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Number names were among the first words used when people began to talk, but it has taken thousands of years for people to learn how to use numbers or the written figures which we call "numerals".
In early days people often counted on a scale of three or four instead of ten and sometimes other number scales were used. Later they found it more convenient to count by tens, using the fingers of both hands. We still use this "scale" in counting; that is, we count to ten; then to ten tens; then to ten times ten tens; and so on.
When people first began to use numbers they knew only one way to work with them; that was to count. Later they found out how to add, subtract, and multiply. They invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers.
Division was not often needed in ancient times in comparison with multiplication, and it is far more rarely employed than addition and subtraction at the present time.
Besides the decimal number system which we commonly use there are other systems of numeration such as the binary, octal, etc. In the number systems we use digits. The Latin word digital means "fingers".
In ancient times it was very difficult to use fractions because they did not know any easy way of writing them. Decimal fractions were introduced in the 16th century and are now much more commonly used than common fractions.
Вариант № 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.
2. The tutor plans the student’s work.
3. Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The new transistor is more powerful than the old one.
2. The more we study nature the more we know about it.
3. This program is the most difficult.
3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
1. He didn’t try to do anything.
2. They made no changes in the working plan.
3. Some children don’t like reading.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык .
1. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine.
2. Today’s young people will be the specialists of tomorrow in the society with new technology.
3. Students asked the lecturer many questions.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution.
2. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.
3. One must know that the study of environmental problems with the help of satellites is becoming international.
6. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
2. Our group will be allowed to use the new labolatory equipment next term.
3. The exam was to start in the morning.
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте письменный перевод 3,4,5 абзацев.
Cambridge
Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England located at еру Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12-th century. The University consists of 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college is self-governing.
The head of the University is the chancelor who is elected for life. The teachers are commonly called "dons" and "tutors". Part of the teaching by means of lectures is organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which the Cambridge University famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges.
Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student's work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects.
After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries etc. Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.
A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers studied at Cambridge. Among them are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the soldier, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.
8. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
The atom is the basic particle of all matter. All solids, gases, and liquids are composed of atoms.
For a time the atom was considered to be indivisible but then it has been found that the atom in its turn can be divided into many different, components.
In dividing the atom, man releases forces of great magnitude. These are forces that bind the central core of the atom. This central core – the nucleus – is extremely small in diameter.
The nucleus of the atom is of a highly complex structure. It is the three main components of the atom that we shall deal with below. These are called protons, neutrons and electrons.
The proton carries a positive charge of electricity, the number of protons in the nucleus determining the element that the atom forms.
For example, if the nucleus has a single proton, then it will form the gas hydrogen. If 92 protons are present, the element will be uranium and so on. In short, if the number of protons in the nucleus is known, the element can be found out at once.
As mentioned above, the proton carries a charge of positive electricity. We know the bodies charged with the same kind of electricity to repel one another. When two protons are brought close together they repel one another with great force.
The second of these basic components of the nucleus is the neutron. The neutron does not carry a definite electric charge. The sub-particles that form the neutron do carry charges but the charge of one balances that of another, leaving the neutron neutral. It is from this state that it gets its name.
The third component of the atom is the electron. The electrons revolve around the nucleus. Each electron carries a negative charge of electricity that is equal to the positive charge of a proton in the nucleus.
Вариант № 3
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.
2. Students choose the major subject and take many courses in this subject.
3. After four years they get a traditional Bachelor’s Degree.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The more you work the better you know English.
2. My friend is one of the best students of our group.
3. What is the most popular sport in your country?
3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Can anybody show me the way to the station?
2. The commission found nothing wrong.
3. Something important took place there.
4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы; переведите предложения на русский язык .
1. I have attended lectures on history since May.
2. He was looking through a newspaper when I rang up.
3. This young woman teaches mathematics at our University.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors.
2. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.
3. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry.
6. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
2. The application of digital computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
3. The students cannot translate this text because it is difficult
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Higher Education in the USA
There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Higher education is given in colleges and universities. There are over 2100 various higher educational institutions, including colleges, technological institutes and universities. The average college course of study is 4 years. The academic year is usually 9 months or 2 terms (semesters) of four and a half months each. Classes usually begin in September and end in June. The first-year students are called freshmen.
Students choose a major subject and take many courses in this subject. After four years, they get a traditional Bachelor's degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school and with a year or two of further study get a Master's degree.
After another year or two of study and research, they may get a still higher degree as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.). The student's progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works and final examinations in each course. The student's work is given a mark, usually, on a five point scale. Letters indicate the level of achievement. "A" is the highest mark. "F" denotes a failure.
Most American colleges and universities charge for tuition. The methods of instruction in the universities are lectures, discussions, laboratory and course works or seminars.
Most cities have colleges or universities that hold classes at night as well as in daytime. In this way people may work for a degree or just take a course in the subject that interests them.
8. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Electronics
Electronic engineering deals with the research, design, integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. Information is now generated, transmitted, received, and stored electronically on a scale unprecedented in history, and there is every indication that the explosive rate of growth in this field will continue unabated.
Electronic engineers design circuits to perform specific tasks, such as amplifying electronic signals, adding binary numbers, and demodulating radio signals to recover the information they carry. Circuits are also used to generate waveforms useful for synchronization and timing, as in television, and for correcting errors in digital information, as in telecommunications.
Prior to the 1960s, circuits consisted of separate electronic devices – resistors, capacitors, inductors, and vacuum tubes – assembled on a chassis and connected by wires to form a bulky package. The electronics revolution of the 1970s and 1980s set the trend towards integrating electronic devices on a single tiny chip of silicon or some other semiconductive material. The complex task of manufacturing these chips uses the most advanced technology, including computers, electron-beam lithography, micro-manipulators, ion-beam implantation, and ultraclean environments. Much of the research in electronics is directed towards creating even smaller chips, faster switching of components, and three-dimensional integrated circuits.
Контрольное задание № 2
Вариант 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. The theory of interaction of atmospheric and oceanic processes is being developed to determine the weather of the planet.
2. Great changes in people’s lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.
3. Radio astronomy has given the mankind the efficient means for penetration into space.
4. The results of our research are very much spoken about.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждых, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms.
2. When heated glass can be easily worked.
3. Some new properties of the polymer found during the experiments were quite unexpected.
4. The assistant was preparing the solution very carefully.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The plant the material is produced is in the Urals.
2. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study.
3. We know electricity produces heat.
4. Перепишите предложения их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. This important problem had been solved by the end of 1985.
2. Television has a great number of uses nowadays.
3. In the next few years Russian engineers are to complete the work on supercomputers.
4. Do you know the meaning of this word?
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. To develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task.
2. Experiments helped Mendeleyev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.
3. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been developed.
4. They promised to supply us with necessary equipment
6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
All of the simple particles which exist in nature have been found to undergo reactions in which they are converted into or obtained from other particles or radiation. There are, then, no particles which can be said to be truly fundamental.
The electron was the first of the simple particles to be recognized, it being discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. The proton, the nucleus of the ordinary hydrogen atom, was observed as positively charged rays in a discharge tube. The nature of the rays was not at first understood. The next very simple particle to be discovered was the positron, found in 1932. The positrons were found among the particles produced by the interaction of cosmic rays with matter. They seem to be identical with electrons except that their charge is +e instead of -e. Their span of life as free particles is very short, it being less than a microsecond (1x10-6 sec).
The neutron is known to have been discovered by the English physicist J. Chadwick, also in the year 1932. Neutrons have been found to be particles with mass only slightly larger than that of the proton, and with zero electric charge. They having no electric charge, neutrons interact with other forms of matter only very weakly, and it is accordingly hard to prove their existence by direct method. On passage through solid substances they undergo deflection only when they approach extremely closely to nuclei, that is, when they undergo direct collisions with nuclei. Neutrons and nuclei being so small, the chance of collision is very small and neutrons are accordingly able to penetrate through great thicknesses of heavy elements.
7. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Automation
"Automation" is a new word for a new purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly. Recent steps in automation have followed each other with unusual speed. Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become very nearly automatic. They want to know how this has happened.
Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.
Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization – transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly. Machines of this kind are automatic that they do the actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong – when, for instance, tools wear out.
But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time
Вариант 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Computers and lasers are being widely introduced at plants and factories.
2. Some powerful radio stations have recently been built in the northern regions.
3. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
4. Russian chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждых, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Combining hydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen we produce water.
2. The investigations analysed resulted in an interesting discovery.
3. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.
4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work on such a scale.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The methods we have just described are very effective.
2. For a long time Bell couldn’t get the results he was looking for.
3. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.
4. Перепишите предложения их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Such metals as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys are much more magnetic than any other substances.
2. Weightlessness is created on the Earth, but only for a few seconds.
3. In the past messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship.
4. This machine doesn’t work, it hasn’t worked for years.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. A special electric device signals the engine to stop.
2. Materials used for superliners structure must be strong enough to withstand the air resistance at high speeds.
3. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams.
4. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.
6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.