Unfortunately explore increasingly ancient unfair trade democracy prevent population protect

1. Scientist discovered an … civilization recently.

2. A … is a system of government in which people vote to choose the people who will govern them.

3. Less than 40% of the … voted in the last election.

4. He wants to … new functions of the human brain.

5. Spain wants to develop its … with the Philippines

6. Are you prepared to … yourself in case of attack?

7. Her job is becoming … difficult.

8. …, Jack is leaving the company.

9. Regular cleaning may help … infection.

10. It is … that not everyone got the chance to vote.

Text 5

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Communism and dictatorship

A revolution in 1917 changed Russia into a Communist country. As Russia combined with some of its neighbors, the new country was called the Soviet Union. The nation was built on the principles of Communism: that government should exist to control the nation's wealth and distribute it fairly and equally to all of its citizens. Communism was therefore a combination of government and economic policy. Unfortunately, the effort to redistribute wealth had violent consequences. People who owned property did not want to have it taken away and given to others. The Soviet Union, led by a violent ruler named Joseph Stalin, had many millions of people murdered in order to implement his view of a Communist society.

Other countries, including China, Cuba, and several countries in Eastern Europe, established Communism as well. These countries eliminated the freedom of people to practice their religions, open their own businesses, and even leave their country. Power was concentrated in the hands of a very few people, which was the opposite goal of Communism in the first place. Joseph Stalin and many other Communist leaders are often called dictators. A dictator rules a nation through violent means, and he often suppresses, or puts down, any attempt to oppose the leader or to improve the conditions of the people. Stalin in the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Benito Mussolini in Italy were among the

most notorious dictators of the 20th century. They arranged for the deaths of millions of people in order to keep power.

Mussolini defined a certain type of dictatorship that characterized many governments in the 20th century. Previously, dictators were mostly concerned with military power, but Mussolini believed that the power of the state should encompass absolutely everything in society. This totality of power is known as totalitarianism, or rule by the government over every part of social life. Another name for it is Fascism, a belief that the government has total authority over the individual, and that individuals must contribute to the improvement of the state. As the 20th century drew to a close, it proved impossible for most Communist dictatorships to hold onto power. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990. But dictatorships and totalitarian states still thrived in many regions, including Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.

2. Скажите, соответствуют ли данные утверждения прочитанному тексту:

1. Communism was a combination of government and economic policy.

2. The effort to redistribute wealth had positive consequences.

3. The Soviet Union, led by a violent ruler named Joseph Stalin, had one hundred of people murdered.

4. China, Cuba, and several countries in Eastern Europe established Communism.

5. A dictator rules a nation through violent means.

6. Mussolini believed that the power of the state should encompass absolutely everything in society

7. Another name for totalitarianism is equality.

8. At the end of the 20th century it proved possible for most Communist dictatorships to hold onto power.

3. Найдите синонимы:

1. to own

2. to murder

3. to implement

4. to establish

5. attempt

6. to improve

7. goal

8. equal

A aim

B to make something start

C effort

D same

E to have

F to make

G to kill

H to make better

4. Замените подчеркнутые слова синонимами из текста:

1. This discovery is a change in science.

2. You should share these copies with the whole school.

3. The people of London were against this law.

4. Next summer I’ll go away from this terrible city.

5. There were several reasons why the Soviet Union fell down.

6. He was one of the most powerful rulers in history.

7. His business continues to prosper.

8. Our aim in this project is to help children.

Text 6

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Political systems

As long as people have lived together in communities there have been governments to rule those communities. As the forms of communities grew and changed, governments developed many institutions to help them function. Political systems consist of all the ways in which the different parts of government interact through these institutions.

Types of government

Long before there were governments ruled by kings, queens, presidents, and dictators, early peoples organized themselves into tribes. Tribes organized their power around kinship, or family associations. Leaders guarded the customs of the group and recorded its history through oral tradition, a kind of storytelling that preserved the culture from one generation to the next.

As various tribes combined into larger units, the political system of a village came into being. Villages were organized around rural jobs and agricultural life. The government of early villages consisted of a basic form of democracy. Council or village elders held face-to-face discussions to settle disputes and cooperate on matters of public concern.

Later, cities began to grow. They differed from villages in size and function. The economies of villages depended on farming, while the economies of cities depended on commerce and a wide range of industries. Early cities were autonomous, meaning that they had their own government without being part of a larger government, such as a country. These cities, such as Sparta and Athens in ancient Greece, were known as city-states.

As the world population grew, cities began to form relationships with one another and with surrounding villages. In some cases they sought to resist some common military or economic threat by combining their forces. They formed leagues for these purposes though they remained separate cities with their own governments. In other cases the cities and peoples of a particular region were actually combined into one political unit ruled jointly by a single government. These often had similar religious backgrounds or local customs.

Sometimes a ruler would decide to expand his or her control over a wider region. As these rulers took over the lands of various peoples they formed empires. For thousands of years empires controlled much of the world, notably in Egypt, China, Persia, and Rome. These empires all eventually fell apart, sometimes because they were attacked by outsiders and sometimes because the ruler died and the lands were broken up by his or her children. Smaller kingdoms sometimes took their place. By the 20th century the last empires had been broken up, and the world was divided into nations.

2. Скажите, соответствуют ли данные утверждения прочитанному тексту:

1. Governments didn’t develop many institutions to help them function.

2. Tribes organized their power around kinship.

3. The government of early villages consisted of a basic form of dictatorship.

4. The economies of villages depended on commerce and different industries.

5. Villages formed leagues for some purposes.

6. Sometimes a ruler would decide to expand his or her control over a wider region.

7. There were different reasons why empires eventually fell apart.

8.By the 19th century the last empires had been broken up.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:

1. община, общество

2. взаимодействовать