Пособие по английскому языку
Пособие по английскому языку
для дополнительного образования
учащихся 12-15 лет”
(второй год обучения)
Составил: педагог ДО
Ишмуратова О.М.
Уфа-2014
Содержание
Пояснительная записка………………………………………………………………….3
Раздел 1.Тексты и лексико-грамматические упражнения
Тема1.Russian Federation………………………………………………………………..6
Тема 2.The United Kingdom……………………………………………………………..8
Тема 3.The USA…………………………………………………………………………11
Тема 4.New Zealand…………………………………………………………………….13
Тема 5.Australia…………………………………………………………………………16
Тема 6.Moscow………………………………………………………………………….19
Тема 7.London…………………………………………………………………………..23
Тема 8.Washington……………………………………………………………………...26
Тема 9.The Theatre……………………………………………………………………...29
Тема 10.Music in our life………………………………………………………………..34
Тема 11.The Tretyakov Gallery…………………………………………………………37
Тема12.British museums………………………………………………………………..40
Тема 13.Books in our life……………………………………………………………….41
Тема 14.At the library…………………………………………………………………..43
Тема 15.My favourite English writer……………………………………………………46
Тема 16.Isaak Newton…………………………………………………………………..50
Тема 17.M.Lomonosov………………………………………………………………….52
Тема 18.John Lennon……………………………………………………………………53
Тема 19.W.A.Mozart……………………………………………………………………56
Тема 20.The last Tsar of Russian Empire……………………………………………….57
Тема 21.V.V.Gogh………………………………………………………………………60
Тема 22.Princess Diana………………………………………………………………….61
Тема 23.The younger generation knows best……………………………………………64
Тема 24.Biorhythms……………………………………………………………………..66
Тема 25.Mass Media…………………………………………………………………….68
Тема 26.Cinema…………………………………………………………………………69
Тема 27.Star signs……………………………………………………………………….71
Раздел 2.Материалы о родном крае
Тема 1.The foundation of Ufa city……………………………………………………...74
Тема 2.Ufa in the ХVIII century……………………………………………………….75
Тема 3. Development of Ufa in the ХIХ century……………………………………….75
Тема 4. Navigation opening and construction of Samara-Zlatoust railway……………76
Тема 5. October revolution……………………………………………………………..76
Тема 6. Development of Ufa in Soviet period………………………………………….77
Раздел 3. Тексты песен
1.Let It Be(The Beatles)………………………………………………………………..78
2.America The Beautiful ( Elvis Presley)………………………………………………78
3.“Money” ( ABBA)…………………………………………………………………….79
4.Have you ever seen he rain (Smokie)………………………………………………...79
5.Obladi Oblada(Beatles)……………………………………………………………….80
Список использованной литературы и источников………………………………….82
Пояснительная записка
Люди, предполагающие, что английский язык им никогда не пригодится, очень сильно ошибаются. Ведь знание любого иностранного языка может кардинально изменить жизнь человека. Можно получить новую интересную и высокооплачиваемую работу, путешествовать без особых препятствий, завести друзей по всему миру. Сегодня в мире именно английский язык занимает первое место по изучению. Ведь будучи самым распространенным на земле, он также является и одним из самых легких в изучении. Изучение английского языка входит в обязательную программу обучения в школе, ВУЗах и учреждениях дополнительного образования детей практически во всех странах мира.
Актуальность и новизна
В практике обучения педагоги дополнительного образования нередко испытывают затруднения в том, какое пособие выбрать, чтобы оно наиболее полно соответствовало потребностям учащихся, затрагивало все основные речевые темы для данного возраста, не только те, которые содержатся в школьных учебниках. Очень удобно, когда к тексту прилагается список новых слов и выражений, вопросы и лексико-грамматические упражнения. Чаще всего предлагаются либо сборники текстов с вопросами, либо сборники лексико-грамматических упражнений.
Таким образом, представляется актуальным создание комплексного пособия по английскому языку для дополнительного образования детей с текстами, словарем, вопросами, грамматическим материалом и лексико-грамматическими упражнениями.
Целью методического пособия является оказание практической помощи педагогам, преподающим английский язык в учреждениях дополнительного образования, в разработке и проведении занятий для учащихся подросткового возраста.
Задачи:
Обучающие:
Способствовать:
· прочному усвоению и расширению лексического запаса;
· развитию у учащихся чувства языка, знания его стилистических особенностей;
· усвоению и активизации грамматических конструкций;
· совершенствованию навыков иноязычного произношения;
· развитию как подготовленной, так и не подготовленной речи;
· развитие коммуникативных умений в четырех основных видах речевой деятельности (говорении, аудировании, чтении, письме);
Развивающие:
· развитие памяти, внимания, языковой догадки;
· более полное раскрытие творческих способностей каждого учащегося; приобщение учащихся к культуре, традициям и реалиям стран/страны изучаемого иностранного языка
Воспитательные:
· воспитание у школьников понимания важности изучения иностранного языка в современном мире и потребности пользоваться им как средством общения, познания, самореализации и социальной адаптации;
· воспитание качеств гражданина, патриота;
· развитие национального самосознания, стремления к взаимопониманию между людьми разных сообществ, толерантного отношения к проявлениям иной культуры;
· осознание необходимости вести здоровый образ жизни путем информирования об общественно признанных формах поддержания здоровья и обсуждения необходимости отказа от вредных привычек.
Рекомендации по работе с пособием
Пособие состоит из 3 разделов. В первом разделе содержатся тексты, поурочный словарь, вопросы к тексту, грамматический материал и упражнения. Во втором разделе представлены тексты регионального содержания. Предполагается, что одно или два занятия в месяц посвящаются материалу о родном крае. И в третьем разделе представлены тексты песен, которые можно использовать как дополнительный материал для резервных занятий.
По каждой теме представлен список темообразующих слов и словосочетаний Vocabulary, составленный на основе учебных текстов. Отбор слов в каждом разделе определяется их употребительностью, темой, необходимостью расширения словарного запаса за счет синонимов, производных и т.д.
Задания “Ответьте на вопросы”(Questions),”Переведите предложения” (Translate sentences), предназначены для углубленного изучения, толкования, расширения, анализа лексических единиц – подбор синонимов, нахождение лексических единиц по определениям, перевод предложений, расширение словарного запаса учащихся, а также для развития навыков устной и письменной речи ( в зависимости от уровня подготовки группы)
Тексты взяты из современных учебников и образовательных сайтов. Работа над текстом предполагает перевод текста на русский/английский язык, обсуждение его содержания, ответы на вопросы, пополнение лексики по заданной тематике, необходимой для дальнейшего использования в устной речи, тесты. Представленные в настоящем пособии задания на перевод с русского языка на английский послужат эффективной формой контроля усвоения лексико-грамматического материала.
Грамматический блок содержит тренировочный материал по грамматике английского языка, имеющий целью выработку навыков грамматически правильной речи. Этой общей теме подчинен характер упражнений и подобранный языковой материал. При составлении упражнений использованы примеры из учебников по грамматике английского языка и с образовательных сайтов.
В целом пособие рассчитано на 144 часа в год для педагогов и учащихся учреждений дополнительного образования в возрасте 13-17 лет. Данное пособие может быть использовано как на аудиторных занятиях, так и для организации самостоятельной работы учащихся. Исходя из уровня языковой подготовки учащихся, возможно полное или частичное использование предлагаемых в нем заданий и упражнений. Данный материал можно использовать и при составлении творческих работ, подготовки к экзаменам.
Упражнения, тексты и задания пособия
1. позволяют активизировать речемыслительную деятельность
учащихся,
2. способствуют развитию навыков систематизации и обобщения материала.
3. могут быть использованы как на аудиторных занятиях, так и для организации самостоятельной работы учащихся,
4. послужат эффективной формой контроля усвоения лексико-грамматического материала
Примерная схема занятий.
Первое занятие: ознакомительное чтение, выяснение главной идеи текста, разбивка текста на смысловые параграфы, озаглавливание параграфов, перевод новой лексики, отработка произношения, детальное чтение и перевод текста, ответы на вопросы.
Домашнее задание: чтение и перевод текста, запоминание новых слов и выражений.
Второе занятие:знакомство с грамматическими явлениями в данном тексте, теоретическая информация по грамматике по принципу от простого к сложному, практика перевода предложений с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский язык, лексико-грамматические упражнения.
Домашнее задание: выучить грамматические правила и выполнить лексико-грамматические упражнения.
Третье занятие:краткий пересказ данного текста, просмотр видеосюжета (если есть), а далее на выбор учащихся: эссе, проект или устный рассказ.
Тема 1
Russian Federation
Лексический блок
| The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. It is total area is about 17 million square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Byelorussia and Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA. |
| There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east. There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. |
| There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena — flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 meters) is a Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom. |
| Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources. |
| Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma. The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial center. It is one of the oldest Russian cities. But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. |
Vocabulary
to occupy ['okjupai] — занимать
to border — граничить
variety [v∂'rai∂ti] — многообразие, разнообразие
plain — равнина
highlands — горная местность
mountain chain — горная цепь
bottom — дно
temperate — умеренный
coal — (каменный) уголь
iron ore ['ai∂no:] — железная руда
copper — медь
legislative ['ledзjisд∂tiv] — законодательный
in spite of — несмотря на
opportunity — благоприятная возможность
Questions:
1.What is the largest country in the world?
2.What is geographical position of the Russian Federation?
3.What plains, mountain chains, lakes and rivers are there on the territory of the country?
4.What is Europe's biggest river?
5.Where are forests concentrated?
6.What types of climate are there on the territory of the country?
7.What natural resources is Russia rich in?
8.What is Russia from the political point of view?
9.What do you know about Moscow
Грамматический блок
Повторение Future Simple
Exercise 1 Дополните предложения глаголами в скобках, используя Future Simple или Going to:
1 A: Have you finished your essay yet?
B: No, but I'm sure I ..... (finish) it on time.
2 A: I have decided what to wear for the party.
B: Really? What ..........(wear), then?
3 A: Why do you need hot soapy water?
B: Because I.......... (wash) the car.
4 A: Did you post those letters?
B: No, I forgot. I.........(post) them this afternoon.
5 A: Did you book a table at the restaurant?
B: Yes, but I don't expect it...........(be) busy.
6 A: I'm hungry.
B: Me too. I.......... (make) us something to eat.
7 A: What are you doing this weekend?
B: Oh, I..........(probably/visit) my grandparents.
8 A: Look at that dog!
B: Oh yes! It ............(swim) across the river.
9 A: Tony is nearly eighteen, isn't he?
B: Yes. He ...............(work) for his father when he leaves school.
10 A: Are you going into town today?
B: Yes. I...........(give) you a lift if you like.
11 A: Your shirt is dirty.
B: Oh dear! I............(change) into another one.
12 A: I hope we ............(not/arrive) late for the meeting.
B: Don't worry. There's plenty of time.
13 A: I'm really thirsty after all that hard work.
B: I............(make) some tea.
14 A: Did you give Steve his present?
B: No. I ............(give) it to him tonight at dinner.
15 A: Watch out! You............... (bang) your head on the doorframe.
B: Oh! I didn't realise it was so low.
Тема 2
The United Kingdom
Лексический блок
The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244.000 square kilometres.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain), and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest cast, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not \ ei \ high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1.343 m).
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, hut they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 % of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties.
Questions
1. The UK is an island state, isn't it? Where is it situated?
2. What countries is the UK made up of? What are their capitals?
3 What channel separates the British Isles from the European continent?
4. The surface of the British Isles varies very much, doesn't it?
5. How is the north of Scotland called? How is the south of Scotland called?
6. What's the highest mountain in Scotland?
7. Are there a lot of long and deep rivers in Great Britain?
8. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild?
9. Is the UK a large country?
10. What's the UK's population?
11. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. What does it produce and export?
12. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. What does it mean?
Vocabulary:
to be situated — быть расположенным
to consist — состоять
respectively — соответственно
to separate — отделять
surface — поверхность, ландшафт
mountainous — гористый
valley — долина
machinery — машинное оборудование
Head of the State — глава государства
in practice — в действительности
to reign — царствовать
to rule — править
to elect — выбирать
government — правительство
at the head — во главе
chamber — палата
Грамматический блок
Тема 3
Лексический блок
After 350 years of development the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. The USA is the most powerful and highly developed country of the world. The United States of America lies in the central part of North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska and the rest major part of the USA. There are fifty states and district of Columbia. The states differ very much in size, population and economical development. The population of the United States is about 250 million people.
What makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economical, political and military dominance over other countries.
The United States is a federal republic. The Government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic and the Republican.
The flag of the USA is called "Stars and Stripes". The 50 stars — white on a blue field — represent the 50 states, 18 stripes represent 13 original English colonies, which in 1776 became independent of England.
The capital of the United States is Washington. It was named in honour of the first president whose name was George Washington. The biggest cities of the USA are New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago and other.
Questions:
1. Where is the US situated?
2. What are the major political parties?
3. Who is the US president now?
4. How many States are there in the country?
5. What is the US population?
6. What is the political structure in the country?
7. What is the capital of the USA?
8. What is the name of American flag?
Vocabulary:
development — развитие
to hold — держать
leading — ведущий
powerful — могущественный, мощный
coast — побережье
to consist — состоять
to be washed by — омываться
separate — отдельный
dominance — преобладание
branch — ветвь, отрасль
to divide — разделять
legislative — законодательный
executive — исполнительный
judicial — судебный
to represent — представлять
Грамматический блок
Present Perfect
Сегодня вас ожидает новое время глагола Present Perfect . Оно не из лёгких, но если в нём как следует разобраться, то не будет особых проблем в дальнейшем, с остальными перфектами (Past и Future). Рассмотрите такую ситуацию:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (has lost - это и есть Present Perfect)
| Вот как оно образуется: | I / You / We / They have (= I've) | finished lost done been |
| He / She / It has (= he's) |
Вспомогательные глаголы have / has + V3(3 форма глагола), т.е. если глагол правильный (finish, work), то просто добавляем к нему окончание -ed. Если же он неправильный (lose, do), то нужно смотреть таблицу неправильных глаголов Past Participle (обычно в 3 столбике).
Используется Present Perfect когда действие произошло в прошлом, но нас интересует не само действие, а его результат в настоящем. Всегда должна быть какая-нибудь связь с настоящим. Например:
"Where's your key?" "I don't know. I've lost it." (У меня его сейчас нет)
He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (Я не могу сейчас вспомнить)
"Is Sally here?" "No, She's gone out." (Сейчас она вышла)
I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (Ты не знаешь, где она сейчас?)
Часто Present Perfect используется когда нужно рассказать о событии, которое произошло совсем недавно и, опять же, когда нас интересует результат, а не время, в котором действие имело место быть:
Oh! I've cut my finger. (не важно где и когда, важно, что сейчас имею результат - порезанный палец)
The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident.
The police has arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
Present Perfect очень часто используется с такими обстоятельствами как just, already, yet:
- Just - недавно, короткое время тому назад:
"Would you like something to eat?" "No, thanks. I've just had lunch."
Hello. Have you just arrived? - Already - уже, раньше чем ожидалось:
"Don't forget to post the letter, will you?" "I've already posted it."
"What time is Mark leaving?" "He's already gone." - Yet - ещё, до сих пор. (используется только в вопросах и отрицаниях):
Has it stopped raining yet?
I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
Также обратите внимание на разницу между gone (to) и been (to).
Gone - уехал и не вернулся. Been - был, ездил и вернулся:
Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (он сейчас находится там или по пути туда)
Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (была и вернулась)
Exercise 1.Rewrite these sentences with the correct time adverbial in the correct place.Перепишите предложения, употребляя нужное наречие из поданых в скобках.
1 Have you been to Paris? (ever/never)
Пример: Have you ever been to Paris?
2 Look, your brother has come in. (usually/just)
3 I have tried to read War and Peace but I always stop because it's difficult. (usually/often)
4 We have visited the Czech Republic. What's it like? (sometimes/never)
5 Peter has given me his homework on time . (sometimes/never)
6 Have you been to the cinema with Tom? (ever/ just)
7 I haven't used that computer so I don't know what to do. (never/ever)
8 They have done the homework. Here it is. (already/yet)
9 They haven't done the homework. It's for next week. (already/yet)
10 I've worked here ten years, (since/for)
11 I've worked here 2000. (since/for)
12 I've worked here. (all my life/since)
Тема 4
New Zealand
Лексический блок
New Zealand is an island country in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1600 km southeast of Australia and about 10 500 km southwest of California. New Zealand belongs to a large island group called Polynesia. The country is situated on two main islands — the North Island and the South Island — and several dozen smaller islands. Most of the smaller islands are hundreds of kilometers from the main ones.
Wellington is the capital of New Zealand and Auckland is the largest city. English is the official language of New Zealand and is spoken throughout the country. Many native people speak their own language» Maori, in addition to English.
The country once belonged to the British empire. Today it is an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of Britain and a number of its former colonies.
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is the monarch of New Zealand. She appoints a governor general to represent her, but the governor general has little power. The legislation, prime minister, and Cabinet run the national government.
Britain gave New Zealand a constitution in 1852, when it was a British colony. But through the years the New Zealand legislature has changed almost all its provisions. Today, the nation has no written constitution.
The first people who settled in New Zealand were a brown-skinned people called Maoris. They came from Polynesian islands located northeast of New Zealand. The country was discovered by Europeans in 1642, but they did not start to settle in the islands until the late 1700's. Today, most New Zealanders are descendants of the early European settlers. Maoris make up about 12 % of the country's population
New Zealand has one of the highest standard of living in the world. For many years, the economy of the country depended largely on agriculture. Today agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries are all important to the economy. New Zealand's economy depends on trade with many countries — Australia, Britain, Japan and the United States.
Questions:
1. Where is New Zealand situated?
2. What city is the capital of New Zealand?
3. What languages do people in New Zealand speak?
4. What is the official language in New Zealand?
5. Who is New Zealand's head of state?
6. Who runs the national government?
7. Who were the first people to live in New Zealand?
8. What are the main industries of the country?
Vocabulary:
to lie — находиться
is situated — расположена
the North Island — Северный остров
the South Island — Южный остров
dozen — дюжина
capital — столица
official language — государственный язык
Maori — маорийский язык
the Commonwealth of Nations — Содружество
the United Kingdom — Соединенное Королевство
to appoint — назначать
governor general — генерал-губернатор
to represent — представлять
legislation — законодательная власть
prime minister — премьер-министр
Cabinet — кабинет
government — правительство
provision — положение
brown-skinned — с коричневой кожей
to settle — селиться
New Zealander — новозеландец
descendant — потомок
settler — поселенрц
to rriake up — составлять
population — население
standard of living — уровень жизни
agriculture — сельское хозяйство
manufacturing industry — обрабатывающая промышленность
service industry — сфера услуг
trade — торговля
Грамматический блок
Present Perfect
Тема 5
Australia
Лексический блок
Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 11 000 km southwest of North America and about 8200 km southeast of mainland Asia. The name of the country comes from Latin word «australis» which mean southern. The country's official name is Commonwealth of Australia.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has six states — New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Each state has its government. Australia has two territories — the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The capital of the country is Canberra.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The? nation is administered under written constitution. The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and country's head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves mainly as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an association formed by Britain and some of its former colonies.
Australia is one of the world's developed countries. Australia has modern factories, highly productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is the world's leading producer of wool and bauxite <the ore from which aluminium is made). It also produces and exports large amounts of other minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living. The most important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.
Questions:
1. Where does the Australia lie?
2. What is the official name of the country?
3. What is the capital of the country?
4. Who is the country's head of state?
5. Is there a written constitution in Australia?
6. What are the main products of Australia?
7. What are the most important trade partners of the country?
Vocabulary:
to lie — находиться
to be situated — быть расположенным
mainland — материк
Latin — латинский
Commonwealth of Australia — Австралийский Союз
federation — федерация
state — штат
territory — территория
capital — столица
government — правительство
tie — связь
Commonwealth of Nations — Британское Содружество наций
income — доход
standard of living — уровень жизни
Грамматический блок
Present Perfect
Тема 6
Moscow
Лексический блок
Moscow is the capital of Russian Federation, the biggest state in the World, It is a political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of the country.
It is one of the youngest capitals of Europe. It is believed that Yuriy Dolgoruky founded Moscow in 1147.
Gradually, the city became increasingly powerful. At the beginning of the 13th century, Moscow, like the rest of Russian territory, was kept under the yoke of Mongols for more than two centuries.
As the 13th century drew to an end, Moscow became the capital of the principality of Moscovia. That time the ruler of this principality became Ivan Kalita, named the first Grand Prince of Moscow by Khan and forced to move to Moscow from Vladimir.
That time, the head of the Russian Church moved to Moscow from Vladimir too. This way Moscow was becoming the political and religious centre of Russia.
In the 15th century, after almost 250 years of Mongol domination Moscow became the most powerful of the Russian city-states. In 1453, after Constantinople, the centre of the Orthodox Church, was taken by the Turks, Moscow was declared the Third Rome and true heir of Christianity.
In 1546, Ivan the Terrible was crowned in Moscow as the first Tsar of All Russia and Moscow became the capital of the new state.
In 1712, Peter the Great moved the capital to St Petersburg, but Moscow remained for some time the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. The great fire destroyed the most territory of the city, but by the mid-19th century, Moscow had been completely restored.
After the Socialist Revolution of 1917, Moscow became the capital of the USSR.
Now, Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is more than 9 hundred square kilometres and still is growing up. The population of the city is about 9 million people.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin and Red Square. They have more historical association than any other place in Moscow.
There are a lot of beautiful places, old cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed, becoming more and more beautiful.
There are more than 80 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums are the Andrey Rublev Museum of early Russian Art and many others.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best known of them is the Great Opera Theatre. Drama theatres are very popular too.
Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions, including several universities; the most famous of them is MGU, Moscow State University.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament and the President of the country.
Questions:
1. Who founded Moscow?
2. When did Moscow become the capital of the principality of Moscovia?
3. How was Moscow becoming the political and religious centre of Russia?
4. When did Moscow become the most powerful of the Russian city-states?
5. Why was Moscow declared the Third Rome and true heir of Christianity in 1453?
6. Who was the first Tsar of All Russia?
7. Why did Moscow become the main target of Napoleon's attack?
8. When had the city been completely restored after the great fire?
9. What is the population of the city now?
10. How many museums are there in Moscow?
Vocabulary:
to found — основывать, учреждать
yoke — иго
principality — княжество
Grand Prince — Великий князь
to force — заставлять, принуждать
to declare — объявлять
the Third Rome — Третий Рим
heir — наследник
to crown — короновать
target — цель, мишень
to destroy — разрушать
to restore — восстанавливать
unique — уникальный
to include — включать
Грамматический блок
Past Continuous
Время Past Continuous указывает на процесс, длившийся в определенный момент или период в прошлом. В отличие от времени Past Simple, этот момент в прошлом должен быть назван прямо (например, yesterday, at 5 o’clock, when you called, when rain started) или быть очевидным из контекста.
Образование Past Continuous
Утвердительные предложения:
| I was playing | We were playing |
| You were playing | You were playing |
| He / she / it was playing | They were playing |
Вопросительные предложения:
| Was I playing? | Were we playing? |
| Were you playing? | Were you playing? |
| Was he / she / it playing? | Were they playing? |
Отрицательные предложения:
| I was not playing | We were not playing |
| You were not playing | You were not playing |
| He / she / it was not playing | They were not playing |
Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму Past Continuous, нужен вспомогательный глагол to be в прошедшем времени и причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) смыслового глагола.
To be в прошедшем времени имеет две формы:
· was – 1 и 3 лицо ед. ч. (I was smoking. He was eating.)
· were – 2 лицо ед. ч. и все формы мн. ч. (They were laughing.)
В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, а значимый глагол остается после него:
Were you sleeping when I called? You sounded drowsy.
Ты спал, когда я позвонил? Ты казался сонным.
В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. Формыwas и were при этом могут быть сокращены до wasn’t и weren’t соответственно.
In the morning our elevator was not (wasn’t) working.
Утром не работал лифт.
Тема 7
London
Лексический блок
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange. Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Big Ben is really the bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there.
To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares. To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there. London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain. The last place of interest I should like to mention, is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library -one of the richest in the world.
All London's long-past history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are known all over the" world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a lot of others can be mentioned. And tourists are usually attracted not only by the places of interest but by the streets too. In conclusion I should say if you are lucky enough to find yourself in London some day you will have a lot to see and enjoy there.
Questions:
1. When was London founded?
2. Into which parts is London divided?
3. What is the heart of the City?
4. Do you know any places of interest in London?
5. All London's history is told by its streets, isn't it?
Vocabulary:
tower - башня
tomb - могила
battle - битва
in conclusion - в заключение
Грамматический блок
Тема 8
Washington
Лексический блок
Washington, the capital of the United States of America, is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is a piece of land ten miles square and it does not belong to any separate state but to all the states. The district is named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America. The capital owes much to the first President of the USA -George Washington. It was G. Washington, who chose the place for the District and laid in 1790 the corner-stone of the Capitol, where Congress sits.
Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has a population of 900 000 people. Washington is a one-industry town. That industry is government. It does not produce anything except very much scrap paper. Every day 25 railway cars leave Washington loaded with scrap paper.
Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest among the buildings is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and the Senate chamber. There are no skyscrapers in Washington because no other building must be taller than the Capitol. The White House is the President's residence. All American presidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time), have lived in the White House. It was built in 1799. It is a two-storied, white building.
Not far from the Capitol is the Washington Monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 metres and is hollow inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a wonderful view of the whole city.
The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is surrounded by cherry-trees. The Lincoln Memorial devoted to the memory of the 16th President of the US, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.
On the other bank of the Potomac lies the Arlington National Cemetery where President Kennedy was buried. American soldiers and officers, who died in World Wars I and II are buried there too.
Questions:
1. What city is the capital of the USA?
2. Where is Washington situated?
3. To which state does the city of Washington belong?
4. In whose honour is the district of Columbia named?
5. Who was the first President of the USA?
6. Who chose the place for the District?
7. Is Washington the largest city in the USA?
8. What is the population of Washington?
9. What industries are situated in the city?
10. What do 25 railway cars leave Washington loaded with?
11. Why are there no sky-scrapers in Washington?
12. Where is the President's residence?
13. When was the White House built?
14. In whose memory was the Jefferson Memorial built?
15. Who is the author of the Declaration of Independence?
16. Which document gave freedom to Negro slaves in America?
17. Who was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery?
Vocabulary:
separate - отдельный
to be named in honour - быть названным в честь
except - кроме, за исключением
scrap paper - макулатура
hollow - полый, пустой
to enjoy a wonderful view of - любоваться прекрасным видом
cherry-trees - вишневые деревья
Грамматический блок
Тема 9
The Theatre
Лексический блок
People live a very busy life nowadays, so they have little time to spare. Still they try their best to make use of those rare hours of leisure. Some people find it a pleasure to go to the theatre. The theatre is one of the most ancient kinds of arts. For centuries people have come to the theatre for different aims: to relax, to be amused and entertained, to have a good laugh, to enjoy the acting of their favourite actors and actresses.
Some people like drama, others are fond of musical comedy. The subtlest theatre-lovers prefer ballet and opera. In our country there are a lot of theatres: big and small, new and old, famous and not very well known. The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow is among the most famous theatres in the world. Wonderful operas and ballets are staged in this theatre. The names of Ulanova, Plisetskaya, Maximova, Vasiliev, Arkhipova, Sotkilava and others are known worldwide.
The other most popular Moscow theatres are the Maly Theatre, the Satire Theatre, the Vachtangov Theatre, the Variety Theatre and others. Young spectators attend the Children's Musical Theatre and the Puppet Theatre more willingly. All these and lots of other theatres present a great variety of shows. That makes a spectator feel somewhat at a loss what theatre to choose. In this case it may turn out useful to consult a billboard and find out what and where is on. Sometimes you may face a difficulty of another kind: that is of getting tickets. If you don't feel like standing in a queue for tickets at the box-office, you may book them beforehand.
Ticket prices vary according to the seats. The better seats at the theatre are in the stalls and in the dress circle. They are rather expensive seats. Boxes, of course, are the best seats and the most expensive, too. Those people, who are short of money, take seats in the gallery, in the balcony or in the upper balcony. Tickets for afternoon performances are cheaper than those for evening performances.
Dialogue:
- Are you a frequent theatregoer?
- I can't say I am. But still I try not to miss an opportunity to see the plays that are spoken of and are worth seeing.
- When did you visit the theatre first?
- It was some years ago. My mother took me to a morning performance of the ballet "The Sleeping Beauty".
- What were your impressions?
- It was great! The acting, the costumes, the music of the ballet were superb! The performance was a great success with the public.
- Have you ever been to the Bolshoi Theatre?
- Unfortunately, I haven't. But my mother happened to be there. She listened to the opera "The Queen of Spades" there. I can't tell you what a treat it was for her.
Грамматический блок
Future Continuous
Время Future Continuous указывает на процесс, который будет длиться в определенный момент в будущем. В отличие от времени Future Simple, этот момент в будущем должен быть назван прямо (tomorrow at 4 o’clock, when we meet) или быть очевидным из контекста.
Tomorrow this time I shall be flying to New York.
Завтра в это же время я буду лететь в Нью-Йорк.
Don’t disturb me in the evening, I’ll be preparing for exam.
Не мешайте мне вечером, я буду готовиться к экзамену.
Образование Future Continuous:
Утвердительные предложения:
| I shall be playing. | We shall be playing. |
| You will be playing. | You will be playing. |
| He / she / it will be playing. | They will be playing. |
Вопросительные предложения:
| Shall I be playing? | Shall we be playing? |
| Will you be playing? | Will you be playing? |
| Will he / she / it be playing? | Will they be playing? |
Отрицательные предложения:
| I shall not be playing. | We shall not be playing. |
| You will not be playing. | You will not be playing. |
| He / she / it will not be playing. | They will not be playing. |
Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму Future Continuous, нужен вспомогательный глагол to be в будущем времени и причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) смыслового глагола.
To be в будущем времени имеет две формы:
· shall be – 1 лицо. (I shall be studying. We shall be running.)
· will be – 2 и 3 лицо. (They will be packing presents.)
Примечание:
Личные местоимения и вспомогательный глагол часто сокращаются доI’ll, he’ll, they’ll и т. д.
В вопросительном предложении shall/will выносится на место перед подлежащим, а to be и смысловой глагол остаются после него:
Why did you bring an album? Shallwe be studying painting?
Зачем Вы принесли альбом? Мы будем изучать живопись?
В отрицательных предложениях после shall/will ставится отрицательная частица not. Вместе они могут быть сокращены до формы shan’t (чаще в брит. английском) или won’t:
At 6 I won’t be sleeping yet.
В шесть я еще не буду спать.
Тема 10
Music in our life
Лексический блок
Can you imagine a day without music? I bet, you can't. There is music everywhere around us. Birds singing their nice songs in the forest, a brass band playing at a distance in the park, tunes of some lyrical song heard out of the open window. We hear so much music that we may not even notice it sometimes. And what is music? On the one hand, it is a language that is used to expre