П р о ш е д ш е е с о в е р ш е н н о е в р е м я
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
У п о т р е б л е н и е.
Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, завершившегося к какому-либо моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть выражен:
а) при помощи конкретного указания времени с предлогом by.
Eg.: We had learned all the rules Мы выучили все правила
by Friday. к пятнице.
б) при помощи другого действия, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Eg.:When I came home, Mother Когда я пришел домой, мама had cooked supper. приготовила ужин.
Если мы имеем дело с перечислением последовательных действий в прошлом, употребляется Past Indefinite.
Eg.: He got up, dressed, then he hadОн встал, оделся, затем
coffee and left for his office. выпил кофе и ушел на работу.
О б р а з о в а н и е.
Утвердительная форма.
Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола tohave в прошедшем времени (had) и 3-й формы смыслового глагола.
| had + VIII |
I had done my work by 6 p.m.
They had done their work by 6 p.m.
Отрицательная форма.
Образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола.
Eg.: She had not read the book Она не прочитала книгу
by the end of the week. к концу недели.
Вопросительная форма.
Образуется при помощи перестановки вспомогательного глагола had на первое место перед подлежащим.
| 0 место - вопросит. слово | 1 место - вспомог. глагол | 2 место - подлежа- щее | 3 место - смысл. глагол | 4 место - дополне- ние | 5 место - обст-во |
| Why | had | he | written | the poem | by the end of the party? |
| Had | she | done | the work | by 5 o'clock? |
На русский язык Past Perfect переводится прошедшим временем совершенным видом.
У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я
Упр.102. Скажите, какое действие совершилось до другого действия или момента в прошлом.
1. He had done all the work by 5 o'clock yesterday. 2. By the time mother came home the children had cleaned the room. 3. The pupils hadn't done the sum before the bell rang. 4. I hadn't read the book when it was time to give it back to the library. 5. He went for a walk after he had done his homework. 6. Had he finished his work by the time you came? 7. The streets were wet. It had rained for a long time. 8. He said they had left Moscow a week before.
Упр.107. Объедините пары предложений в одно, используя:
a) союз "after".
Model: He had lunch. He relaxed.
After hehad hadlunch he relaxed.
1. He spoke to the doctor. He felt much better.
2. I caught a cold. I stayed in bed for three days.
3. They had lunch at a cafe. He saw (провожать) her home.
4. He gave a big party. He broke a world record.
5. He recovered. He went back to work.
6. She decided to go to a holiday camp together with her friends. She let them know about it.
7. They saw all the sights of the city. Then they left.
в) союз "before".
Model: He called up his friends. Then he came to see them.
Hehad called uphis friends before he came to see them.
1. The tourists saw most of the historic places. Then they left the city.
2. They phoned different hotels. Then they found a good one.
3. He booked rooms at the hotel. The he went sightseeing.
4. She swam in the sea. Then she lay in the sun.
5. We made friends. Then he joined us on our tourist trip.
6. She told them about the holiday camp. They decided to go there for a holiday.
С) союзы в скобках.
Model: a) They went home. They finished their work. (after)
They went home after they had finishedtheir work.
b) The sun set. I was ready to go. (before)
The sunhad setbefore I was ready to go.
1. She tore up the letter. She read it. (as soon as)
2. He died. He was very ill. (before)
3. I didn't understand the problem. He explained. (until)
4. She wrote the letter. She went to the post-office. (after)
5. I arrived in Odessa. My friend left the city. (when)
6. She read the message carefully. She wrote the reply. (before)
7. He left the room. I turned on the radio. (as soon as)
8. He had dinner. He went to his office. (after)
9. The man didn't leave. He didn't receive a definite answer. (till)
10. We didn't disturb him. He finished his work. (until)
11. We reached the football ground. The game started. (when)
12. John worked as a good builder. He studied architecture. (before)
13. Harry couldn't leave for home. He completed everything. (till)
14. The river became deeper. It rained heavily. (after)
d) Model: He made so many mistakes. The teacher wanted to know
why.
The teacher wanted to know why hehad madeso many
mistakes.
1. I got the tickets to the hockey match. My friend wanted to know how.
2. The child fell ill. The parents wanted to know why.
3. She left the party so early. He wanted to know why.
4. He didn't join us when we went to the theatre. We didn't understand why.
5. They made friends. She didn't remember how.
6. I promised to bring my friend a book. I forgot what book.
Упр.108*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Past Indefinite или Past Perfect.
A.
1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) some milk to the cat when he (to bring) it from the shop. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Ann (not to do) her homework. 9. I (to know) that my friend (not to come) yet. 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at 5 o'clock. 11. Tom (to return) from the cinema by 5 o'clock. 12. I (to finish) my work at 7 o'clock. 13. I (to finish) my work by 7 o'clock. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Alice (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 16. When I (to wake) up yesterday father already (to go) for work. 17. Nick thought that his father (not to come) home yet. 18. Marry (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) a book which I (to lose) in summer. 20. When we (to come) to the station the train already (to leave).
B.
1. They (to finish) all the preparations for the party by 5 o'clock. 2. On leaving the hospital the man (to thank) the doctor who (to cure) him of his illness. 3. In the morning all the passengers (to feel) good after they (to sleep) well at night. 4. During my last visit to the picture gallery I (to find) that I no longer (to like) the pictures which (to impress) me earlier. Evidently my taste (to change). 5. Last night he (to finish) the experiment which he (to begin) some months before. 6. When she (to open) the drawer she (to see) that the money (to disappear). 7. They (to be) friend for 10 years before I met them. 8. Everybody (to be) at the bus station but the guide (not to come) yet. 9. He (to find) her even more beautiful than he (to expect). 10. She (to read) in his eyes what he (to want) to say before he (to say) it. 11. We (to stay) at the station for the night because we (to miss) the train. 12. Marry (to remember) the night when she (to find) Lanny on the ground and (to bring) him to the house. 13. She (to understand) why he (not to come) the day before. 14. When Gemma (to finish) reading the letter she (to understand) that she (to lose) Arthur for ever.
Упр. 109*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Past Indefinite, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.
A.
1. By 8 o'clock yesterday I (to do) my homework. And at 8 o'clock I (to play) the piano. 2. By 6 p.m. father (to come) home and at 7 he (to have) dinner. 3. By 9 o'clock yesterday grandmother (to wash) the dishes and at nine she (to watch) TV. 4. When I (to meet) Tom, he (to eat) an ice-cream which he (to buy) at the corner of the street. 5. When I (to come) home my sister (to read) a book which she (to take) from the library. 6. When mother (to come) home the children (to eat) soup which she (to cook) in the morning. 7. When I (to ring up) Michael, he still (to learn) the poem which he (to begin) learning at school. 8. When I (to look) out of the window the children (to play) with the toys which Peter (to bring) from home. 9. When father came home, we (to cook) the mushrooms which we (to gather) in the wood. 10. When I (to see) Ann she (to sort) the flowers which she (to pick) in the field.
B.
1. She (to come) to see us just at the time when we (to have) dinner. It (to be) the first time when I (to see) her. 2. I (to see) him just as he (to come) out of the hotel. 3. He (to leave) the house before I (to have) time to ask him anything. 4. He (to tell) me he (to learn) it from newspapers. 5. He (to enter) the room, (to take) something from the desk and (to go) out. 6. There (to be) two men in the room. One of the men (to write) something while the other (to read) a book. 7. He (not to tell) me that he (to receive) a telegram from her. 8. I (to ask) him if he (to know) where she (to live). 9. She (to say) that he (to give) the wrong address to her. 10. I (to ask) him where he (to put) my letter. 11. He (to tell) us that he (to spend) all the money. 12. I (to find) the old man in the garden. He (to talk) to the children who (to stand) around him. 13. He spoke a language we never (to hear) before.
Упр. 110*. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Perfect, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous или Past Perfect. Обратите внимание, что все эти времена соответствуют русскому прошедшему времени.
A.
1. I just (to see) Jack! 2. She (to wash) the dishes from 5 till 6. 3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture. 4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friends. 5. The TV program (to begin) before I (to come) home. 6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer. 7. I understood that she (not to read) my letter. 8. She (to do) the flat when I (to come) home. 9. It's all right: she (to find) the way out of the situation. 10. He (to come) home late yesterday. 11. She is very glad: she (to finish) her composition at last. 12. He (to translate) the whole text by 7 p.m. 13. I never (to be) to Rome. 14. Last year we (to work) very much. 15. When I (to have) breakfast I went to school. 16. I (not to see) you for ages! I'm glad to see you! 17. When you (to see) the ballet? 18. My sister already (to graduate) from the Institute. 19. He repaired the toy which the boy (to break) the day before. 20. I (to see) an interesting program on TV this week. 21. They (to cook) the whole day yesterday.
B.
1. Only when she was going to bed she (to remember) that she (to forget)
to call her friend. 2. We already (to study) the Past Perfect Tense. 3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland two years ago. 4. I (to buy) a nice dress. Now I shall look smart at the party. 5. He (to learn) English before he (to go) to the USA. 6. When she (to spend) all her money she (to go) home. 7. I (to speak) to my friend yesterday. 8. Look! Kate (to wash) all the dishes. 9. Your mother (to return) from work? When she (to return)? 10. The cat (to drink) all the milk which I (to give) it. 11. She (to do) the flat the whole day last Sunday. 12. You ever (to be) to Piccadilly Circus? 13. He (not to read) Turgenev since he was a pupil. 14. They (to reach) the river by sunset. 15. I (not to receive) an answer to my letter yet. 16. She is very happy: her son (to enter) the Institute. 17. My brother (to train) at the stadium from 6 till 8 yesterday. 18. My sister (to buy) a pair of shoes this month. 19. When Nick (to come) home his friends (to play) in the yard. 20. When your sister (to go) to London? 21. My friend recently (to recover) from a serious illness. 22. At this time yesterday we (to talk) about you.
Упр.111*. Переведите на английский язык.
A.
1. Я нашел это письмо после того, как он уехал из города. 2. Мы получили вашу телеграмму после того, как она приехала. 3. После того, как он закончил свой доклад, мы начали задавать вопросы. 4. После того, как он снял пальто и шляпу, он пошел наверх. 5. Они уехали из Москвы после того, как подписали контракт. 6. Мы вернулись домой после того, как стемнело.
B.
1. Мы уже пришли домой, когда пошел дождь. 2. Поезд уже ушел, когда он пришел на станцию. 3. Солнце еще не взошло, когда я проснулся. 4. Мама еще не приготовила ужин, когда дети пришли домой. 5. Он вошел в класс, когда лекция уже началась. 6. Они решили этот вопрос до того, как мы приехали. 7. Он хорошо изучил английский язык до того, как поехал в Англию. 8. До того, как приехать в Москву, я жил в Минске. 9. Она выпила чашку чая перед тем, как легла спать. 10. Мы вышли из дома до того, как взошло солнце. 11. Я узнал об этом до того, как вернулся в город.
C.
1. Когда он вошел в комнату, то увидел, что Анна сидела там, где он
ее оставил. 2. На следующее утро, когда она приготовила себе завтрак, к ней пришли ее друзья. 3. Когда гости ушли, она вошла в гостиную и выключила свет. 4. Она сидела на диване и думала, почему еще не пришло письмо от отца. 5. Он вспомнил Лондон, который знал еще до войны. 6. Я не знала, куда он ушел. 7. Прежде чем он закончил рассказ, дверь открылась и вошел отец. 8. Приехав домой, он узнал, что его сестра вышла замуж. 9. Он не встречал Джона раньше, но кое-что знал о нем. 10. Когда родители вернулись, я показала им, что сделал. 11. Было гораздо холоднее, чем она предполагала. 12. Я был голоден, так как ничего не ел с самого утра.