Абсолютный причастный оборот
(The Absolute Participle Construction)
| 1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. – Когда предмет теряет потенциальную энергию, эта энергия превращается в кинетическую. 2.There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy. – Существуют различные источники энергии, причем солнце – безграничный источник всех форм энергии. |
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
1. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker.
2. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated.
3. The cathode heated, the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode.
4. She hurried along, her heels crunching in the packed snow.
5. He sat on the steps, with his arms crossed upon his knees.
6. Our work having been finished, we went home.
7. The underground station being not far, we walked there.
8. Our efforts to start a car having failed, we spent a night in a nearby village.
9. Substances strongly resisting the flow of current, we call them insulators.
Упражнение 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя независимый причастный оборот.
1. As the storm was arising, the ship entered the harbor.
2. She stood silent and her lips were pressed together.
3. The electrons move with varying velocity and their velocity depends on the temperature and nature of the materials.
4. As the treaty had been signed, trade was at once resumed.
5. As the wind was stirring among the trees and bushes we could hear nothing.
6. In the case electricity passes through a tree or a house we say that they are struck by lightning.
7. When the dinner was over we all gathered in the sitting room.
8. Thoughtful, he finished his meal, his eyes were all the time fixed upon the microscope.
9. As it was very warm children were sleeping in the open air.
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения с русского на английский, употребляя все известные вам формы причастия.
1. Так как было очень поздно, аптека была закрыта.
2. Если погода будет хорошей, спортсмены покажут хорошие результаты.
3. Приехав на станцию, мы купили билеты.
4. Прожив много лет в этих краях, он легко нашел дом, который ему был нужен.
5. Ожидая в приемной, он обдумывал все вопросы, которые он хотел обсудить с боссом.
6. Сидя в уютном кресле, я продолжал думать о своих друзьях.
7. Будучи популярным певцом, он объездил с гастролями всю страну.
8. Доктор тщательно обследовал его сломанную ногу.
9. Не так давно она, наконец, нашла хорошо-оплачиваемую работу.
10. После того как собаку накормили, она уже не выглядела такой несчастной.
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
1. The professor told the students about the experiments carrying/being carried/having carried/carries out in the laboratory
2. The equipment are loaded/be loaded/having been loaded/have loaded, the workers went straight home.
3. Driving /driven/having driven/being driven a car at night he saw a car accident.
4. She showed us a list of the newly publishing/published /had published/are publishing journals and magazines.
5. The sun having risen/having been risen/risen/is risen they continued the way.
6. (Having been advised, advises, was advised, having advised) by the doctor to go to the south she decided to spend summer in Turkey.
7. My brother finished his work, his friend helps/has helped/being helped/having helped him.
8. The work having been finished/having finished/finishing/is finished, the student went home.
9. The teacher praised her well-preparing/well-prepared/well-prepare/well-being prepared report.
10. Having finished/finished/being finished/finishing her work the girl went for a walk.
11. Kerosene is the fuel using/used /having used/having been used in the jet engines.
12. The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken/having taken/taking/took that no correspondent should receive any information.
13. Having been taught/teaching/ being teaching/having taught by a good teacher he knew German well.
14. Refused/refuse/had refused/having refused to unload foreign ships the dockers lost their jobs.
15. Having brought /bringing/brought/being brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to translate the article.
16. The students were translating the article, the teacher watching /being watched/have watched/having been watched them doing it.
17. Reading/having been read/ have read/ read an interesting book he forgot he it was time he went for a walk.
18. Being treated/treating/having treated/ treated kindly by a new family an adopted child gradually calmed down and felt at home.
19. He decided to give up this bad-paid/badly-paid/ badly-paying/badly-pay job.
20. Thinking/being thought/thought/having been thought about all these events he understood that he was not right.
UNIT 10
Герундий и его формы
(The gerund and its forms)
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | using | being used |
| Perfect | having used | having been used |
-Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive используются для выражения действия, одновременного с действием, выраженным сказуемым:
- Introducing new techniques can greatly increase labour productivity.
-Perfect Gerund Active and Passive обычно употребляются для обозначения действия, которое предшествует действию, выраженному в предложении сказуемым.
- He admitted having stolen the money.
Следующие глаголы употребляются с герундием:
| stop enjoy fancy admit consider miss finish mind imagine deny involve postpone delay suggest regret avoid practice risk |
- I don’t fancy eating out tonight.
- Have you ever considered moving to another country?
- I don’t mind being told what to do.
Приведенные ниже структуры требуют после себя герундия:
| give up (=stop) put off ( = postpone) keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly) go on (= continue) carry on (= continue) |
- She kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking.
- When are you going to give up smoking?
В отличие от отглагольного существительного, за герундием часто идет прямое дополнение.
Запомните следующие выражения, требующие после себя герундия с определенными предлогами:
| accuse of apologize for approve of congratulate on dream of feel like insist on | look forward to object to prevent from succeed in suspect of thank for think of |
На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, инфинитивом, деепричастием и глаголом в личной форме, если перед ним притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже (-‘s):
- The expansion of production largely depends on their investing adequate sum of money in this business.
- I thanked her for being so helpful.
| Gerund | Participle I |
| Cooking is my hobby. It’s no use tryingto persuade him. I’m thinking of leaving this job. I remember locking the door. | She is cooking at the moment. Here you can see many students readingsomething. Watching TV, he fell asleep. |
Герундиальные обороты
(Gerundial Constructions)
N + V1 + prep. + N /Pron. poss. + Ger.
- Do you mind my asking?
- He complained of my walking too slowly.
- They insisted on the son’s returning soon.
Упражнение 1.Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите форму герундия.
1. I don’t mind being told what to do.
2. Tom suggested going to the cinema.
3. Sorry for not having written so long.
4. I don’t fancy going out this evening.
5. He finally admitted having stolen the money.
6. He climbed over the wall without being seen.
7. Does your job involve meeting a lot of people?
8. Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting.
9. They now regret having got married.
10. I considered taking the job but in the end I decided against it.
Упражнение 2.Составьте предложения, используя глаголы из таблицы в правильной форме. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
| splash study buy interrupt try be go write smoke close |
1. I don’t enjoy ______letters.
2. Are you going to give up _____?
3. They had to postpone ______ away because their son was ill.
4. Would you mind _______ the door?
5. If you use the shower, try and avoid ______ water on the floor.
6. She thanked me for _______so helpful.
7. I don’t feel like ________today.
8. Are you thinking of__________ a house?
9. Jack gave up _________to find a job in Britain and decided to emigrate.
10. Forgive me _________ you but I must ask you a question.
Упражнение 3.Определите в каких предложениях –ing форма является герундием, отглагольным существительным или причастием I. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The using of this method gave really good results.
2. He calculated the company’s income, using a new computer programme.
3. Investing money in high technologies increases production efficiency.
4. We are changing the plan as our boss suggested.
5. Producers using inadequate methods in marketing research can’t obtain high profits.
6. We started producing this new equipment last month.
7. They have much experience in forecasting consumer needs.
8. She ran five miles without stopping.
9. The driving wheel of the machine is broken.
10. I enjoy dancing a lot.
11. Do you know the girl talking to Tom?
12. I was woken by a bell ringing.
13. I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.
14. The road joining the two villages is very narrow.
15. She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.
Упражнение 4.Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Мы с нетерпением ждем, когда он снова приедет в Россию.
2. Он вышел из комнаты, ни с кем не попрощавшись.
3. Она настаивала на том, чтобы позвонить в полицию.
4. Вы не возражаете, если я открою окно?
5. Он бросил играть в шахматы.
6. Родители возражают против того, что он так часто ходит в клуб.
7. Шум за окном мешал ей заснуть.
8. Если ты будешь продолжать задавать глупые вопросы, я тебе вообще ничего не расскажу.
ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ
(TEST YOURSELF)
Определите правильный вариант –ing формы:
1. There are different ways of producing/being produced/having produced /having been produced electric current.
2. The child is being looked for/is looking for/having looked for/ had been looked for by his granny.
3. Next Monday we were working/will be working/ have been working/ working only five hours.
4. We know of his starting/having been started/ was starting/ being started some laboratory experiments.
5. We have been speaking /had been speaking/ speaking/ being spoken about the peaceful use of the atomic energy.
6. Having been/ of being/being/ is being a source of heat and electrical energy, atomic energy can also serve us in medicine.
7. He accused her of stealing/having been stolen/having stole/being stolen the money.
8. She entered the room without noticing/being noticed/ was noticing/ having being noticed me.
9. Long time ago people noticed the attracting/having attracted/having been attracted/being attracted ability of the magnet.
10. We heard of the experiment having been made/having made/was being made /making last week.
11. Working/being worked/as working/on working at the new device, the inventor carried out an important research.
12. The students went on being studied/studying/having studied/having been studied the properties of that new substance.
13. The new engine is being tested/was being tested/being tested/testing in the laboratory now.
14. There are a lot of advantages of having had/having have/have having/having a car.
15. The singing/singing/having sung/the having sung of this wonderful folk group impressed me greatly.
16. Your hair needs being cut/cutting/the cutting/the having cut.
17. Are you dressed for having gone out/going out/the going out/being gone out?
18. The building/having built/building/having been built of this house will cost much money.
19. Growing/the growing/ having grown/being grown this exotic fruit takes a lot of care.
20. I don’t mind being asked/asking/the asking/ask to help people.
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1
Неправильные глаголы:
| № | infinitive | past | past participle | перевод |
| arise | arose | arisen | подниматься, появляться | |
| awake | awoke | awoken | просыпаться | |
| be | was/were | been | быть | |
| bear | bore | borne | нести | |
| beat | beat | beaten | бить, побеждать | |
| become | became | become | становиться | |
| begin | began | begun | начинать(ся) | |
| bend | bent | bent | гнуть, изгибать | |
| bet | bet | bet | держать пари | |
| bind | bound | bound | привязывать, связывать | |
| bite | bit | bitten | кусать | |
| bleed | bled | bled | кровоточить | |
| blow | blew | blown | дуть, выдыхать | |
| break | broke | broken | ломать | |
| bring | brought | brought | приносить | |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | транслировать в эфире | |
| build | built | built | строить | |
| burn | burnt | burnt | гореть, сжигать | |
| burst | burst | burst | взрываться | |
| buy | bought | bought | покупать | |
| cast | cast | cast | бросать, кидать | |
| catch | caught | caught | ловить | |
| choose | chose | chosen | выбирать | |
| cling | clung | clung | цепляться, прилипать | |
| come | came | come | приходить | |
| cost | cost | cost | стоить, иметь цену | |
| creep | crept | crept | ползать, пресмыкаться | |
| cut | cut | cut | резать | |
| deal | dealt | dealt | иметь дела | |
| dig | dug | dug | копать | |
| dive | dived | dived | нырять | |
| do | did | done | делать | |
| draw | drew | drawn | рисовать | |
| dream | dreamt | dreamt | мечтать, видеть сон | |
| drink | drank | drunk | пить | |
| drive | drove | driven | водить | |
| dwell | dwelt | dwelt | жить, обитать | |
| eat | ate | eaten | есть | |
| fall | fell | fallen | падать | |
| feed | fed | fed | кормить | |
| feel | felt | felt | чувствовать | |
| fight | fought | fought | бороться | |
| find | found | found | находить | |
| fit | fit | fit | подгонять по размеру | |
| flee | fled | fled | убегать, спасаться | |
| fling | flung | flung | бросаться, ринуться | |
| fly | flew | flown | летать | |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden | запрещать | |
| forecast | forecast | forecast | прогнозировать | |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | забывать | |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | прощать | |
| freeze | froze | frozen | замораживать | |
| get | got | got | получать, становиться | |
| give | gave | given | давать | |
| go | went | gone | идти | |
| grow | grew | grown | расти | |
| hang1 | hung | hung | вешать | |
| have | had | had | иметь | |
| hear | heard | heard | слышать | |
| hide | hid | hidden | прятать | |
| hit | hit | hit | ударять(ся), попадать в цель | |
| hold | held | held | держать, удерживать | |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | причинять боль | |
| keep | kept | kept | хранить | |
| kneel | knelt | knelt | преклонять колени | |
| knit | knit | knit | вязать | |
| know | knew | known | знать | |
| lay | laid | laid | лежать | |
| lead | led | led | возглавлять, вести за собой | |
| lean | leant | leant | наклоняться, высовываться | |
| leap | leapt | leapt | прыгать, скакать | |
| learn | learnt | learnt | учить | |
| leave | left | left | покидать | |
| lend | lent | lent | одалживать | |
| let | let | let | позволять | |
| lie | lay | lain | лежать | |
| light | lit | lit | освещаться, загораться | |
| lose | lost | lost | терять | |
| make | made | made | делать | |
| mean | meant | meant | значить | |
| meet | met | met | встречать | |
| mow | mowed | mown | косить | |
| pay | paid | paid | платить | |
| prove | proved | proven | доказывать | |
| put | put | put | класть | |
| quit | quit | quit | покидать | |
| read | read5 | read5 | читать | |
| ride | rode | ridden | ехать верхом | |
| ring | rang | rung | звонить | |
| rise | rose | risen | подниматься | |
| run | ran | run | бежать | |
| saw | sawed | sawn | пилить | |
| say | said | said | сказать | |
| see | saw | seen | видеть | |
| seek | sought | sought | искать | |
| sell | sold | sold | продавать | |
| send | sent | sent | посылать | |
| set | set | set | устанавливать | |
| sew | sewed | sewn | шить | |
| shake | shook | shaken | трясти | |
| shear | sheared | shorn | стричь, срезать | |
| shed | shed | shed | терять, избавляться | |
| shine | shone | shone | светить, сверкать | |
| shoot | shot | shot | стрелять | |
| show | showed | shown | показывать | |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk | сокращаться, сжиматься | |
| shut | shut | shut | закрываться, запираться | |
| sing | sang | sung | петь | |
| sink | sank | sunk | опускаться, погружаться | |
| sit | sat | sat | сидеть | |
| sleep | slept | slept | спать | |
| slide | slid | slid | скользить | |
| sling | slung | slung | швырять, метать | |
| smell | smelt | smelt | пахнуть | |
| sow | sowed | sown | сеять, засеивать | |
| speak | spoke | spoken | говорить | |
| speed | sped | sped | двигаться быстро | |
| spell | spelt | spelt | писать/читать по буквам | |
| spend | spent | spent | тратить | |
| spill | spilt | spilt | проливать | |
| spin | spun | spun/span | вращаться, прясть | |
| spit | spat | spat | плевать, брызгать | |
| split | split | split | расщеплять, разделять | |
| spoil | spoilt | spoilt | портить, баловать | |
| spread | spread | spread | распространять | |
| spring | sprang | sprung | вскакивать | |
| stand | stood | stood | стоять | |
| steal | stole | stolen | красть | |
| stick | stuck | stuck | укалывать | |
| sting | stung | stung | жалить | |
| stink | stank | stunk | вонять | |
| strike | struck | struck | бить, ударять | |
| strive | strove | striven | стараться, бороться | |
| swear | swore | sworn | ругаться, клясться | |
| sweep | swept | swept | сметать, мести | |
| swell3 | swelled | swept | разбухать, увеличиваться | |
| swim | swam | swum | плавать | |
| swing | swung | swung | качаться | |
| take | took | taken | брать | |
| teach | taught | taught | учить | |
| tear | tore | torn | рвать | |
| tell | told | told | сказать | |
| think | thought | thought | думать | |
| throw | threw | thrown | бросить | |
| thrust | thrust | thrust | пронзить, пропихивать | |
| tread | trod | trodden | ступать, топтать | |
| understand | understood | understood | понимать | |
| wake | woke | woken | просыпаться, будить | |
| wear | wore | worn | носить одежду | |
| weave | wove | woven | ткать | |
| weep | wept | wept | плакать, рыдать | |
| wet | wet | wet | мочить, смачивать | |
| win | won | won | побеждать | |
| wind | wound | wound | наматывать, накручивать | |
| wring | wrung | wrung | выкручивать, выламывать | |
| write | wrote | written | писать |
Appendix 2
Сложное подлежащее
I. S + be V-ed + to V
1. say, report, inform
2. see, hear, feel, watch, notice
3. know, think, believe, consider, find, mean, suppose, understand
4. make
II. S + V + to V
seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen
III. S + be + adj. + toV
be likely, be unlikely, be sure, be certain
Cложное дополнение
I. S + P + smb/smth + V, V-ing, V-ed
see, observe, notice, hear, smell, watch, look, feel, listen
II. S + P + smb/smth + toV, V-ed
want, like, wish, dislike, prefer, would like, desire, intend, love, hate
III. S + P + smb/smth + toV, V-ed
know, find, think, guess, consider, expect, believe, rely, suppose, understand
IV. S + P + smb. + toV
order, command, allow, tell, ask, beg
V. S + P + V-ing
keep, leave, set
VI. S + P + smb/smth + V-ing, V-ed
have, get
VII. S + P + smb + V
make, let
Appendix 3
Герундий и инфинитив
1. Глагол + Герундий.
stop, finish, delay, go on, put off, keep, give up, enjoy, mind, suggest, dislike, imagine, regret, admit, deny, avoid, consider, involve, practice, miss, postpone.
После слов deny, suggest, regret, admit может употребляться не герундий, а придаточное предложение с союзом "что".
He suggested that we should run away.
Он предложил бежать.
2. Глагол + инфинитив.
agree, refuse, promise, threaten, offer, attempt, manage, fail, decide, plan, arrange, hope, appear, seem, pretend, afford, forget, learn, dare, tend, need, mean
После слов ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, understand перед инфинитивом могут следовать вопросительные местоимения "что", "куда", "как" и др.
I asked him how to get to the station.
Я спросил его, как добраться до станции.