Случаи несоблюдения правил согласования времен.
1. Если в придаточном дополнительном предложении выражается общеизвестная истина или факт, остающийся верным и в момент речи, то в этом случае глагол в придаточном предложении может быть употреблен в Present Simple.
Already in ancient times, some philosophers believed that matter consists of atoms.
Sally said that she works in a legal firm.
He told me he is a good football player.
2. Если косвенная речь передает то, что было только что произнесено, то правила согласования времен не соблюдаются.
Mary said that she is too busy to come.
Jane said she will make us a cup of coffee.
3. Если в прямой речи указывается точное время совершения действия, а именно: может быть названа определенная дата или конкретный момент времени, который может быть выражен придаточным предложением времени, то замены Past Simple на Past Perfect не происходит.
He said he graduated from University in 1998.
She said that it happened when she was out.
4. Если глагол в придаточном предложении времени стоит в Past Simple или в Past Continuous, то при переводе в косвенную речь форма глагола не изменяется.
She insisted that there was nobody in the back seat of the car when she saw it.
Judy said that the car broke down when they were crossing the bridge.
5. Модальные глаголы must, could, might, should и need переносятся в косвенную речь без изменения.
She said that I must come and see their new flat.
He said that I should consult a doctor.
Exercise 8. Read the dialogue and then complete the letter.
The Wilmotts won a lot of money on the football pools.
Barbara Congratulations on your big win, Mr. Wilmott
Frank W. Thank you. It really was a big surprise.
Barbara How has the money changed your lives?
Frank W. Oh, completely, I’d say.
Mary W. Yes, it really has. We’ve bought so many new things. A new car, for example. A pink Chevrolet.
Frank W. And we’ve employed a chauffeur to drive it for us. I’ve given up my job – I was a taxi driver for thirty years, so I’ve had enough of driving.
Barbara And what else are you going to do with the money?
Frank W. Well, we love the sea and the sun, but we don’t see much sun in England. And when it is hot, we don’t see much of the sea, either. Crowded beaches! We hate them! I’m going to buy a little island in the Pacific.
Mary W. Yes, just imagine it! But we shall pay all our unpaid bills first.
Dear Margaret,
How do like your new job with the Daily Post? I had a very interesting interview
last week with the Wilmotts – they won almost 5,000,000 on the football pools!
Mr. Wilmott said that the money …………… their lives completely. I don’t know how
long their money will last! His wife said they …………… a new car – a pink Chevrolet.
And what’s more, that they …………… a chauffeur to drive it for them. Mr. Wilmott
said that he …………… a taxi driver for 30 years and that he …………… his job.
Mr. Wilmott said they …………… the sea and the sun but that they …………… much
of either in the summer. He said they …………… crowded beaches on hot days, so he
…………… to buy a little island in the Pacific! Mrs. Wilmott was a bit more realistic,
she said they ……………all the unpaid bills first!
Working as a reporter is fun. You meet all kinds of people!
Write soon and tell me your news.
With love,
Barbara.
General training exercises.
Exercise 1. Using the verbs in brackets, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
My English is really getting better. I (try) to learn the language since 1985, but only recently have I been able to make some real progress. By the time I started school in 1988, I (study) the language for almost three years. However, I was only able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a couple of years, I (struggle) through grammar and vocabulary lessons, which made absolutely no difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study abroad.
I found an exchange program in England that sounded like the perfect answer. I (stay) with a host family for one month. It was a huge disappointment! I (sit) there the whole time staring at the host mother and father hoping that there would be some breakthrough. Nothing.
When I returned, I mentioned to a friend that I (have) problems with the language for years. He recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country. I decided to go abroad again. I (research) exchange programs for a couple of weeks and finally decided on a school in the United States.
Well, it worked. I (live) and (study) in the US for more than two years. I (stay) here for at least another year before I return home. By then, I should be completely fluent.
Exercise 2.Use one of the Present, Past or Future forms in the following sentences.
Can’t you see that you (disturb) him? He (work) or at least he (try) to.
When he (tell) you this? I never (hear) him express such views.
The young man (tear) the envelope open and (take) a small sheet of paper out. His hands (shake) a little.
Bill said that he (write) all day and (not eat) anything.
If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually) her job.
Hello, Pat. I (phone) to ask if you (do) anything this Saturday?
Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he (be) as famous as Hemingway.
My teacher was really annoyed with me. It was the third time I (arrive) late for school that week.
She said the car (travel) at 60 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid.
So far we (not notice) anything unusual, but we (not pay) very close attention.
He always (borrow) money but he always (pay) me back.
He (clean) his gun when it accidentally (go) off and (kill) him.
It is a long time since I (speak) to any of my friends about this. Nobody ever (take) it seriously.
What (happen) to his family, if he (lose) all his money.
She (look) for someone. She (walk) up and down the platform these ten minutes if not more.
By the time Jim (become) a heavy weight boxing champion he (win) over thirty fights.
Mr. Brown (come) to visit our company tomorrow. He (travel) by train and his train (arrive) at 10.15. I (meet) him at the station.
Listen Donna, I don’t care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be) late to work too many times. You are fired!
By the time I’m 60 I (lose) all my hair.
Nobody (watch), so the little boy (take) the packet of sweets from the shelf and (put) it in his pocket.
When I (lose) my temper I often (say) things I really (not mean) at all.
I (look) for new lodgings as I have to move out of my flat in two weeks’ time.
Harry (leave) home rather suddenly and we (not hear) from him ever since.
If you (need) to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) at the Sheraton in San Francisco.
Tim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He (look for) his contact lens.
She (work) for the company since she (leave) school, so I wasn’t surprised when she took a new job in London.
It’s a long time since I (see) your brother Paul. What he (do) lately?
Wish me luck! If I (get) the job I (let) you know.
I’m afraid you (lose) your temper. You (say) things you will be sorry for later.
Why, you (not change) at all. I (recognize) you the moment I (see) you.
He refused to go to the theatre because he (have) an exam in a few days.
While I (walk) to the bus-stop, I realized I (leave) the cooker on.
Danny’s train (arrive) tomorrow evening at 6.00 so we (meet) him at the station.
We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) to the train station, Susan (wait) for us for more than two hours.
July 10th is my wedding anniversary. Next month, my husband and I (be married) for twenty years.
Sam (try) to change a light bulb when he (slip) and (fell).
– anybody (see) him today? – I (see) him about half an hour ago. He (get) ready to leave.
I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness.
Everything is in a mess because we (rearrange) the furniture in the hall.
The doctor said that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he (need) to stay at home for a couple of days.
She (hardly, arrive) when she (start) talking about leaving again.
It was the first time we (notice) how old she had become.
Most analysts expected that there (be) a change in policy.
Matt and Sarah (have) some difficulties in their relationship lately, so they (go) to a marriage counselor. I hope they work everything out.
Thomas is an author. He (write) mystery novels. He (write) since he was twenty-eight. Altogether he (write) seven novels and three collections of short stories.
She knew that when she (come) they (dance) and no one (notice) her.
We (have) fried chicken and apple-pie that night so I asked her to stay for dinner.
Jonny, I can’t believe how much you (change) since the last time I (see) you. You (grow) at least a foot.
When I (turn) the radio on yesterday, I (hear) a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) the song in years, and it (bring) back some great memories.
They (build) that bridge when I was here last year. They haven’t finished it yet.
I (not see) you for ages. What (you do)?
When Jack (enter) the room I (recognize, not) him because he (lose) so much weight and (grow) a beard. He looked totally different.
It is already 9.30 PM and I (wait) here for over an hour. If John (get, not) here in the next five minutes, I’m going to leave.
Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) for that company for more than ten years and he (work) in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did.
Lately, I (think) about changing my career because I (become) dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.
Exercise 3. Translate into English.
1. Я не позвонил ему, потому что думал, что он занят.
2. В школе я не любил учителя математики, потому что он все время придирался ко мне.
3. Уже двадцать лет, как я живу в этом доме.
4. Я уверен, что когда ты вернешься, они все еще будут жить в своей старой квартире.
5. Неужели ты не помнишь номер его телефона?
6. Тебе придется сказать нам, каковы твои планы на ближайшее будущее.
7. Они велели мне прийти ровно в пять часов.
8. Сильный снег шел уже около двух часов, когда мы вышли из дома.
9. К концу года цены на бензин снова вырастут.
10. Никто не помнил, кто начал этот разговор и как он превратился в ссору.
11. Она не знала, что будет делать, если он ее не встретит.
12. Она понятия не имела, сколько денег уже потратила и сколько еще может потратить.
13. Эксперты сказали, что ситуация в стране улучшится через два года.
14. Я не имею ни малейшего представления (the faintest idea) о чем вы говорите.
15. Она утверждала, что компьютер был в полном порядке, когда она пользовалась им в последний раз
Exercise 4. Choose the correct item.
1. Everything is going well. We ………. any problems so far.
A. didn’t have B. don’t have C. haven’t had D. won’t have
2. You are leaving next week, ………. ?
A. are you B. don’t you C. will you D. aren’t you
3. Does the offer you ………. last week still hold good?
A. have made B. would make C. made D. had made
4. When you ………. Dave, tell him he still owes me some money.
A. will see B. are seeing C. see D. are going to see
5. He ………. to India twice.
A. was B. has been C. were D. have been
6. We ………. the shopping on Saturday last week.
A. did B. have been doing C. were doing D. have done
7. This time next week they ………. their exam.
A. are sitting B. will sit C. will have sat D. will be sitting
8. I ………. television a lot but I don’t any more.
A. was watching B. used to watch C. was used to watch D. had watched
9. Rose ……… the party by the time we arrived.
A. left B. had left C. has left D. would leave
10. The players are tired. They ………. for three hours.
A. are training B. have been training C. trained D. were training
11. She ………. her holiday in Finland.
A. told me about B. said about C. said me about D. told about
12. If a person ………. his thumb up it means “It’s O.K.” both in Russia and America.
A. put B. puts C. will put D. have put
13. The number 1 bus ………. the terminal stop in three minutes.
A. will leave B. leaves C. is leaving D. has left
14. She couldn’t tell us what she ………. the money on.
A. spends B. had spent C. spent D. did spend
15. He’s going to be nominated to receive The Academy Award for best director,……?
A. won’t he B. didn’t he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he
16. This time last month I ………. for the exam.
A. studied B. was studying C. am studying D. study
17. We are good friends. We ………. each other for a long time.
A. have known B. know C. have been knowing D. knew
18. The traffic warden said we ………. park the outside the bank.
A. were not able to B. didn’t have to C. mustn’t D. can’t
19. Let’s go away for the weekend, ………. ?
A. have we B. shall we C. don’t we D. will we
20. The man next door disappeared six months ago. He ………. since then.
A. wasn’t seen B. doesn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hasn’t been seen
21. By the time we got there the rain ………. .
A. was stopped B. stopped C. would stop D. had stopped
22. Will you take the dog for a walk if you ………. home early?
A. got B. will get C. is getting D. get
23. Mary has a white sports car, ………. she?
A. is not B. does not C. has not D. do not
24. He asked where he ………. put the box.
A. shall B. may C. will D. should
25. We ………. a party next Saturday. Can you come?
A. are to have B. are having C. have D. will have
26. Alcatraz, in San Francisco Bay, ………. a prison.
A. was using to be B. use to be C. used to be D. was used to being
27. Pieter Bruegel the Elder ………. “The Tower of Babel” in 1563.
A. painted B. has painted C. has been painting D. has been painted
28. Britain ………. the Napoleonic Wars for six years when income tax was introduced in 1799.
A. had been fighting B. had fought C. was fighting D. fought
29. He wore his hair in a ponytail, ……….?
A. doesn’t he B. didn’t he C. wasn’t he D. hadn’t he
30. His French won’t improve unless he ………. more.
A. will study B. will be studying C. studies D. studied
31. Last night police said that they ………. the missing girl.
A. had found B. have found C. find D. were finding
32. It’s the most exciting film ………. .
A. I’ve never seen B. I’ve ever seen C. I ever saw D. I had seen
33. By next August, I ………. my exams and I’ll be ready for a holiday.
A. will have been finishing B. am finishing C. will be finishing D. will have finished
34. I ………. to the radio. You can turn it off.
A. don’t listen B. didn’t listen C. wasn’t listening D. am not listening
35. ………. for a living? - I’m an engineer.
A. What do you do B. How do you do C. What are you doing D. How are you doing
36. J. Edger Hoover ………. as director of the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972.
A. has served B. served C. had served D. was serving
37. You are having an operation next week, ………. ?
A. aren’t you B. don’t you C. won’t you D. isn’t it
38. I’ll pass this exam if I ………. .
A. hardly work B. will work hardly C. will work hard D. work hard
39. Since her operation, her health ………. day by day.
A. improved B. will improve C. has improved D. has been improving
40. I’m looking for Jim. ………. him?
A. Did you see B. Do you see C. Have you see D. Are you seeing
41. Shall I take your letters to the post office? ………. there anyway.
A. I’ll have gone B. I’ll be going C. I will go D. I’ll have been going
42. I ………. one of my special desserts for dinner, if you like.
A. make B. am going to make C. will make D. am making
43. Lesley said she ………. in London all her life.
A. lived B. had been living C. was living D. has lived
44. The judge asked the witness ………. give more information.
A. him that he B. if he could C. that he could D. him whether
45. Why, you’re not ready yet! What ………. ?
A. did you do B. have you done C. were you doing D. have you been doing
46. I didn’t recognize him. He ………. a lot.
A. had changed B. changed C. has changed D. would change
47. According to the programme, the show ……….. at 9 o’clock prompt.
A. shall start B. starts C. starting D. is start
48. .……… to John’s party on Saturday – do you want to come?
A. I go B. I will go C. I’ll have gone D. I’m going
49. By then I ………. my driving test, I hope.
A. pass B. have passed C. will be passed D. will have passed
50. Ian ………. in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London.
A. lived B. has lived C. was living D. has been living
51. I ………. this letter for around four days and I even haven’t looked at it.
A. have been carrying B. carry C. am carrying D. was carrying
52. Don’t worry ………. late tonight.
A. if I am B. when I am C. when I’ll be D. if I’ll be
53. ………. a car when they were living in London?
A. Had they B. Did they have C. Were they having D. Have they had
54. Anorexia Nervosa is a serious eating disorder that ………. medical treatment.
A. requiring B. requires C. have required D. is requiring
55. She works ………. than me.
A. more harder B. more hardly C. much harder D. much hard
56. If Jack phones I ………. you know.
A. am going to let B. let C. am letting D. will let
57. Something extremely strange ………. yesterday while we were out jogging.
A. was happened B. happened C. has been happening D. has happened
58. Don’t interrupt me ………. I’m talking.
A. while B. by the time C. until D. after
59. More and more people ………. into old age and it’s a serious social problem.
A. live B. are living C. have been living D. have lived
60. She said she ………. to me but she didn’t.
A. will have written B. will write C. would have written D. would write
Exercise 5.Read the following sample composition.
An examination and an interview
I am going to write about an examination and an interview which I had to take so that I could go to university. When I was in my last year at school, I decided that I wanted to study English at the University of Cambridge. The examination, which lasted for three days, consisted of five examination papers and an interview. My English teacher, who knew all about the examination, warned me that it would be very difficult. She suggested that I should give up the other things that I was doing so that I could spend all my time preparing for the examination. It was a pity I had to give up my jazz group, but I agreed. I promised her I would work as hard as possible.
In December I went to Cambridge for three days. I travelled to Cambridge by train the day before the examination. When I reached Cambridge I went to the college where the examination was to take place. I was given a room which belonged to a university student who was on holiday. The room was full of interesting things. As I sat in the room I felt that I was already a university student myself. Then I remembered that I had not passed my entrance examination yet – I had not even taken it.
At dinner that evening I chatted to some of the young people who had come to take the entrance examination. I am sure we all felt very anxious but we all pretended we were not worried about the examination. That evening as I went to bed I felt sure the other candidates were better than me and that I would not pass the examination.
Next morning I did not eat any breakfast because I felt very nervous. I went straight to the examination room so that I would not be late. I thought the first two papers were very difficult and I doubted I would pass. I felt sure that the other candidates had done better than me. On the second day I had my interview with a lecturer. I was very anxious that the lecturer would ask me questions which I could not answer. But as soon as I went into the room I realized he was very friendly. He suggested I tell him about the poets I was interested in. It was obvious that he wanted me to feel relaxed. We had a very interesting discussion which lasted for about half an hour. Afterwards, I felt confident that I had done well. I felt much more confident that I could answer the remaining two examination papers well.
At the end of three days I was very pleased that the examinations were finished. I hoped the results would come quickly so that I could stop worrying. Two weeks later I received a letter which informed me that I had passed and that I could study at Cambridge.