Interpreting vs. Translation

On the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written text. Both interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue.

However, the differences in the training, skills, and talents needed for each job are vast. The key skill of a very good translator is the ability to write well, to express him/herself clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in only one direction, translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages. And many excellent translators are far from being bilingual — they may not be, and need not be, fluent speakers of the source language (the language of the original text being translated). The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, and, using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, render that material into the target language.

Forms of interpreting

An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot.

There are two types of interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous. In the most popular form of simultaneous interpreting the interpreter sits in a booth wearing a pair of headphones and speaking into a microphone. Strictly speaking, “simultaneous” is a misnomer: the interpreter can’t start interpreting until s/he understands the general meaning of the sentence. Depending on how far in the sentence the subject and the verb are located, the interpreter into English may not be able to utter a single word until s/he heard the very end of the sentence in the source language! This should make it evident how hard the task of the interpreter really is: s/he needs to be translating the sentence into the target language while simultaneously listening to and comprehending the next sentence. You can experience the difficulty of the task even if you are monolingual: just try paraphrasing someone’s speech with a half-sentence delay, making sure you understand the next sentence while paraphrasing the previous one.

One of the key skills of the simultaneous interpreter is decisiveness: there is simply no time to weigh the merits of variant translations or to recall just the right idiom in the target language. Any delay and you may lose a few words (and possibly a thought) that the speaker uttered. And since the speaker may be far away, or even in a different room than the interpreter, the loss may be permanent.

During consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 1-5 minutes (usually at the end of every “paragraph” or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to render what was said into the target language. A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is note-taking, since few interpreters can memorize a full paragraph at a time without loss of detail. But interpreter’s notes are very different from those of a stenographer, because writing down words in the source language makes interpreter’s job harder when he or she has to translate the speech into the target language. Many professional interpreters develop their own “ideogramic” symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in language-independent form. Then the interpreter’s output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound.

In spite of the vast differences in the skills of translators and interpreters, there is one thing that they must share, besides deep knowledge of both languages: they must understand the subject matter of the text or speech they are translating. One of the main reasons why the Automatic Translation projects that were popular since 1950’s failed is precisely that reason. Translation is not a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another. It is a matter of understanding the thought expressed in one language and then explaining it using the resources of another language. In other words, what an interpreter does is change words into meaning, and then change meaning back into words — of a different language. So interpreting is basically paraphrasing. And just like you can’t explain to someone a thought if you didn’t fully understand that thought, nor can you translate or interpret something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed. This is why making sure that the interpreter is knowledgeable in the subject matter of the conference or the workshop they are interpreting at is just as important as making sure that s/he is an experienced interpreter.

Qualifications of a good interpreter:

- Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted.

- General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures.

- Extensive vocabulary in both languages.

- Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages.

- Excellent note-taking technique for consecutive interpreting.

- At least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting.

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VII[64].

VIII.

We go back a long time And some of our very best memories Are of the good times We have had together With you dear, dear friend Alice & Daniel REQUESTED THE HONOR Of your presence dear Peter At Anniversary party On Saturday The eighth of June Year two thousand and two in the afternoon Reception immediately following Sincerely yours, Alice and Daniel

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I N V I T A T I O N I, WILLIAM JAMES SMITHSON born on March 27,1960, a permanent resident of the USA, residing at: 1642 Brighwater Avenue,apt,1-G,Brooklyn, N.Y. 11235, invite my friend, Olga Ivanovna Smirnova born on February 23,1954, Novgorod, Russia, residing at: 2 Pushkin Str, apt 31,Novgorod, Russia for a period of thirty days. I pledge to provide to the above named person full support during her stay in the USA and, in case of need, to pay all medical expenses and to secure return ticket.

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XIV.

XV.

JOB DESCRIPTION

POST ROOM ASSISTANT

Clerical/Related Grade 2

The Post Room Assistant is responsible to the Post Room Supervisor and in his absence the Deputy Post Room Supervisor for the following:

1. Assisting with the receipt and sorting of incoming mail in the University Post Room.

2. Where appropriate assisting with the sorting and dispatching of outgoing mail in the University Post Room.

3. Liaising with the delivery and collection of mail to departments on the main campus of the University.

4. Using the University computer database to identify wrongly or insufficiently addressed mail.

5. Keeping up to date with efficient Post Room practices.

Conditions of Service

Hours:Hours 07:30-11:30. In addition, some paid overtime is required during the Christmas and Easter closure periods.

Holidays:4 weeks per year plus additional days at Easter, Christmas and New Year.

(Booklet)

XVI. CURRICULUM VITAE

OLIVER WRIGHT- Curriculum Vitae

Personal profile

Experienced and innovative general manager with sophisticated sales, customer service and business administration skills. High personal integrity, and able to relate to and create trust in all. Highly articulate, confident and persuasive team-builder, able to motivate and communicate to achieve exceptional business performance. Dependable and reliable in supporting and enabling team effort to produce genuine long-term sustainable development. Persistent and flexible approach to the mutually beneficial achievement of business plans and personal goals of staff, suppliers and customers. Honours degree in Mechanical Engineering.

Experience

Over 20 years proven expertise in industrial purchasing, manufacturing, logistics, business development, marketing, sales and service. Background in a wide range of industries, including construction, plant hire, pharmaceutical, hygiene services and industrial process control. Executive accountability for P&L, strategic planning, staffing, and sales development etc., for a $60m international technology business, in a $3bn UK plc. International General Manager since 1991. Management of change within the demanding and pressurised business environment. Implementation of modern management practices, concerning personnel, IT, reporting systems, and partnership customer-supplier relations, etc.

Achievements

As production control executive with XYZ Corporation introduced pc-based systems to reduce lead-times from 7 months to 3 days, and inventory by 80% from $4.7m to $750k. As materials manager with ABC Inc. introduced systems to reduce lead-times from 3 months to 7 days, and inventory from $6m to $2.5m, and 12% reduction in $12m procurement costs. As operations manager with Newco Inc. a 10% reduction in £7m procurement costs. As general manager for Bigco Int. business achieved growth from $800k to £5m, increased new customer growth from 20 to 600 per annum. Career history

1973-88 Early career development with Newco Inc., Bigco Int., Mainco plc. 1988-91 ABC Inc. International Operations Manager. 1991-present XYZ Corp. General Manager.

Personal details

Oliver Wright 15 Park Lane London SW58 0DB Tel: 0206 874 4700 Born: 03.07.57 Educated: Sidmouth School 1965-72, and Hertstone College 1972-73, Southtame College 1974, and University of Wales 1973-1977. August 2001

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CURRICULUM VITAE Personal details
Name	Albert Lynn
Address	4 Ash Green Road, Linkoln, OT2 7IR Tel: 0666 364 582 Email: [email protected]
Nationality	British
Date of birth	12/04/77
Marital status	Single
(1) Personal profile I am reliable, well organised, and used to working on my own initiative. I am able to prioritise my workload. I am comfortable working on my own or as part of a team. (2) Key skills
Familiar with Microsoft Word and Excel	Good problem-solver
Confident communicator	Self-motivated
Able to cope under pressure	Fluent in German
Clean driving licence
(3) Work experience
2000 – Present	Marketing Assistant, Success Solutions Unlimited, Manchester Duties include planning and implementing all advertising and promotion, responding to enquiries, monitoring student performance
1998 – 2000	Teacher of English, Churchill School of English, Munich, Germany
August 1996	One month placement in the sales department of Newton Publishing, London
(4) Education
Dec 1997	Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (Distinction)
1994–1997	London University: BA in English Literature and Language (2.2)
1987–1994	Minster College Secondary School, Wells 8 GCSEs, 3 A levels: English (A), German (B), Art (C)
Interests Football, sailing, reading, landscape painting (5) References Available on request