Match some of the words above with these definitions. Write definitions for the other words.

1 a group of people who meet regularly and make important decisions

2 a politician with an important government job

3 one part of a company or organisation

4 someone who represents and speaks for a group of people or an organisation

5 someone who helps a more senior colleague

SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY

Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Which of these subjects do you consider to be the most scientific? Put them in order (1 = the most scientific; 8 = the least scientific).

Astronomy Biology Chemistry Economics History Mathematics Medicine Physics

2 Is science one of the most important school subjects?

3 Are most science lessons at school boring?

LESSON 2

READING

Look at this webpage about Stephen Hawking. Why is he famous?

Stephen William Hawking

Born 8 January 1942, in Oxford

Education

St Albans School (20 miles north of London)

University College, Oxford (1959-62), studied Physics

PhD, University of Cambridge (1966)

Career

Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge (1968-73)

Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge (1979-)

Family

Married to Jane Wilde (1965-1995, three children)

and Elaine Mason (1995-)

Work

Stephen Hawking is one of the world’s most famous scientists. He is well-known for his work on black holes, and has developed a number of new ideas about them. Hawking believes that the birth of the universe (the Big Bang) created many small black holes. Hawking also thinks that there is a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole. This hole leads to another universe, completely separate from our own.

Hawking’s 1988 book, A Brief History of Time From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. However, many people could not finish the book (they found it too difficult) so Hawking decided to write an easier version, A Briefer History of Time (2005).

Health

Hawking discovered that he had the disease ALS (a disease that affects muscle control) at the age of 21, in his first year in Cambridge. He only expected to live a few years. However, he married Jane Wilde and found a job in Cambridge. In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse but he was fortunate that he did not have to teach. He only had to do research and this was easier for him.

Until 1985 he could talk, but in that year doctors had to operate on him and he lost his speech. Soon, however, people developed equipment that allowed him to speak. In spite of his disease, Hawking does not consider himself an unlucky man. He says it has not prevented him from having a very attractive family, and being successful in his work. He says this is thanks to the help he has received from his family and a large number of other people and organisations.

Complete this summary of Hawking's life. Write one word in each gap. (The words you need are in the text.)

Stephen Hawking was ¹ in Oxford, in 1942. He studied at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. He was still a young man when he ² that he had a serious disease. However, he married Jane Wilde, finished his PhD and got a ³ at Cambridge University. In 1979, he became Professor of ⁴. In 1985, after an operation, he started to use special equipment to help him ⁵ . Three years later, his book ⁶ History of Time appeared and sold millions of copies. Hawking rewrote the book in 2005. Surprisingly, Hawking believes that he is not an ⁷ person. He is proud of his family and his work, and grateful for the ⁸ that many different people have given him.

What did you find most interesting about the text?

VOCABULARY

4. Complete these sentences with a preposition (e.g. to, of). Then check your answers in the text by looking for the underlined word.

1 The lab is separate … the main building.

2 He's writing a history … crime in the US.

3 She became very successful … business.

4 Communicating is much easier now, thanks … the

Internet.

5 They have received the report …the police officers.

What other prepositions do you know?

Can you complete these questions with a preposition? Listen and check your answers.

1 What are you interested … ?

2 Do you have a good relationship …. everyone

in your family?

3 What are you afraid …?

4 What are you proud …?

5 What's the best thing that's ever happened …you?

6 What do you spend your money …?

7 Do you belong … any clubs or organisations?

Ask and answer the questions in Exercise 4b with a partner.

Complete this text from the webpage with the words in the box.

had to did not have to could could not

After the operation

By 1985, Stephen’s speech was getting worse, and only a few people who knew him well¹_____________understand him. But at least he ² _______________communicate. In 1985, he ³________________________-have an operation on his throat. After that, he ⁴ ________________have 24-hour care by nurses.

For a time after the operation he⁵ __________________speak at all. The only way he⁶____________________communicate was by spelling words. He⁷ _______________raise his eyebrows when someone pointed to the right letter on a spelling card. However, a computer expert in California (Walt
Wotosz) heard of Hawking’s problem and sent him a computer program. With this program, Hawking ⁸ ________________choose words from a menu on a screen. All he ⁹________________do was press a switch in his hand. But he¹⁰ _________________also control the program by making a head or eye movement. In that case, he¹¹ _____________press the switch. At first he¹² _____________-run the program on a desktop computer, but then a man called David Mason fitted a
small portable computer to his wheelchair.