Глаголы must, have to, be to

Модальный глагол must употребляется для того, чтобы выразить:

1. Необходимость, обязанность, долг, приказ:

You mustwear uniform. – Ты должен носить форму.

2. Запрет (отрицательная форма):

You mustn’tsmoke here. – Здесь нельзя (запрещено) курить.

3. Предположение с оттенком уверенности:

He musthave forgotten. – Должно быть, он забыл.

Для выражения прошедшего и будущего времени употребляется глагол have to в соответствующих формах:

It was too late and we had to take a taxi. – Было слишком поздно, и нам пришлосьвзять такси.

Глагол have to означает обязанность или необходимость, обусловленную обстоятельствами, и употребляется в форме настоящего времени have to, has to, будущего времени will have to, прошедшего времени had to. Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do/does, did, will:

He doesn't have to get up early. He is on holiday. – Ему не нужно вставать рано. Он в отпуске.

Did you have to go to the station? – Вам пришлось ехать на станцию?

Глагол be to употребляется как модальный глагол только в двух временах: Present Simple и Past Simple и означает долг или необходимость, заранее обусловленные или соответствующие какой-то программе, графику, плану:

As we had agreed before, we were to meet at two p.m. – Поскольку мы договорились заранее, мы должны были встретиться в два часа.

Ex. 1. Проанализировать значения модальных глаголов. Перевести предложения на русский язык.

a) 1. We must observe the laws. 2. You must take part in this work. 3. You mustn’t talk at the lesson. 4. Everybody must come to the Institute in time. 5. You mustn’t make notes in the text books. 6. You mustn’t forget about your duties. 7. Don’t ring her up: she must be very busy. 8. He never comes to work late! He must have overslept today. 9. They have got a yacht. They must be very rich. 10. It must be very difficult to solve such tasks.

b) 1. He has already gone. I’ll have to talk with him tomorrow. 2. Her eyes are not very good. She has towear glasses. 3. We did not have to buy biscuits because our granny had baked a delicious pie. 4. Will you have to get up early tomorrow? 5. I am sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I had to work late. 6. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 7. I have not written the composition. I’ll have to write it on Sunday. 8. The shoes are too small. She will have to go to the shop and have them changed. 9. She was running high temperature. I had to put her to bed at once. 10. He is a train driver. He has to get out of bed very early.

c) 1. He was to become a musician. That was decided before his birth. 2. When are you to be at the Institute tomorrow? 3. Whose turn is it now? Who is to go to the shop? 4. She is to be at home by 9 o’clock. Her father doesn’t permit her to come back home late. 5. The train is to leave at 6 a.m.

Ex.2. Перевести предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глагола have (to).

1. Everybody had a really enjoyable time last night. 2. Does she really have eight children? 3. Have a seat, please. I have to make a call before we leave. 4. You've just broken the law and you will have to answer for it. 5. Norris had to learn many new words because he had missed some lessons. 6. – When will you have to report? – I have no idea. 7. Dad has something to tell you, Nick, and he has to say it right now. 8. I have been living here for couple of weeks and I have already fallen in love with the place.

Ex.3. Закончить предложения, используя must или have to (в нужной форме). В некоторых предложениях возможны оба глагола, в некоторых – только have to.

1. In Britain many children. ___ wear uniform when they go to school.

2. When you come to London again, you ___ come and see us.

3. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We ___ call a doctor.

4. You really ___ work harder if you want to pass the examination.

5. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I. ___ work late.

6. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I ___ work late.

7. Paul doesn't like his new job. Sometimes he ___ work at weekends.

8. Caroline may ___ go away next week.

9. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We ___ take it to a garage.

10. Julia wears glasses. She ___ wear glasses since she was very young.

Ex.4. Задать вопросы, начинающиеся с данных слов.

1. I have to get up early tomorrow. Why __ early?

2. Ann has to go somewhere now. Where __ she _____?

3. George had to pay a parking fine yesterday. How much ___?

4. I had to wait a long time for the bus. How long ____?

5. I have to phone my sister now. Why ____?

6. Paul has to leave soon. What time ____?

Ex.5. Раскрыть скобки, используя must / mustn’t, have to или be to в зависимости от смысла высказывания.

1. This is Dora. You (live) in this room together. 2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking. 3. Who (meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings. 5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache! 6. When the lecture (begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes tonight? 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp. 10. You (leave) at six to catch the train. 11. I (write) a letter to my sister. I am worried about her. 12. It was planned that we should wait for them after the performance. We (wait) for them at the entrance. 13. How old do you think she is? — Oh, she (be) 50. 14. Anna's very busy; she (write) three essays this week. 15. I (wait) for an hour for the bus yesterday morning. 16. You (be) more careful in future.

Ex.6. Перевести предложения на английский язык.

1. Вам приходится очень рано вставать? 2. Я не должен был говорить с ней. 3. Он, должно быть, в офисе в это время. 4. Группа туристов должна прибыть туда утром. 5. Студенты должны будут остаться после уроков. 6. Мои друзья, должно быть, в парке. 7. Спектакль должен был начаться в семь часов. 8. Мне не пришлось учить это стихотворение. 9. Вы должны внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 10. По новому расписанию у нас будет пять уроков английского языка в неделю.

Глаголы SHOULD и OUGHT

Модальный глагол should употребляется, чтобы выразить личный совет, мнение, рекомендации, упрек, порицание, а также вероятность, предположение:

You should work hard if you want to pass the exam in English. – Тебе следует работать усердно, если ты хочешь сдать экзамен по английскому языку.

You should be more careful. – Тебе нужно быть более осторожным.

He should be about 40. – Ему, должно быть, около 40.

Глагол ought to передает значение моральной необходимости совершения действия и в некоторой степени приближается к should. Но в отличие от should после глагола ought инфинитив стоит с частицей to.

I ought to visit my sick friend more often. – Мне следует навещать больного друга чаще.

She ought to have helped her mother. – Ей следовало бы помочь своей матери (но она этого не сделала)

Ex. 1. Перевести предложения на русский язык.

1. The dog is afraid of him He shouldn't shout at the dog. 2. The boy is a little pale. He should play out of doors. 3. There is no one in. You should try the room next door. 4. This child doesn’t want to eat soup. The parents shouldn’t give him sweets before dinner. 5. The teachers should know how to raise the children. 6. you shouldn’t give the children everything they want. 7. I don’t know how to find her. I should have written her address. 8. I shouldn’t have eaten too much cake with my tea. 9. I should have explained her how to get here. 10. We should have waited for the bus.

Ex.2. Для каждой ситуации написать предложение, используя should или shouldn't + одно из выражений, данных ниже. Перевести на русский язык.

go away for a few days, go to bed so late, look for another job, put some pictures on the walls, take a photograph, use her car so much

Example: (Liz needs a change.) She should go away for a few days.

1. (My salary is very low.) You ____________.

2. (Jack always has difficulty getting up.) He ___________.

3. (What a beautiful view!) You ______________.

4. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks.) She ____________.

5. (Bill's room isn't very interesting.) He ________________.

Ex. 3. Заполнить пропуски модальным глаголом should или must.

1. a) You look fresh! You … have had a good sleep at night. b) You look tired! You … have a good sleep at night.

2. a) They … have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on. b) They … have studied the subject thoroughly; they answer every question.

3. a) You … have ignored the traffic regulations. That’s why you were fined. b) You … have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined.

4. a) He … be working at his problem now. b) He … work at the problem, it hasn’t been solved yet.

5. a) I … have got on the wrong bus. I can’t recognize the places we are passing. b) I … have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change the buses, and I am afraid I’ll be late.

Глагол NEED

Глагол need выражает необходимость и используется, главным образом, в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях:

She needn’t get up early. The lessons begin at ten. – Ей не нужно вставать рано. Уроки начинаются в десять.

The water was clean. You needn’t have boiled it. – Вода была чистая. Вам не нужно было кипятить ее.

Ex. 1. Перевести предложения на русский язык,

1. You needn't worry, I'm fine. 2. You needn't finish the work if you are to leave. 3. We needn't have taken so much food for the picnic. 4. You needn't have done shopping. We are dining out tonight.

Ex. 2. Закончить предложения, используя needn't + один из глаголов, данных ниже.

ask come explain leave tell walk

Example: We've got plenty of time. We needn't leave yet.

1. I can manage the shopping alone. You _____ with me.

2. We _______ all the way home. We can get a taxi.

3. just help yourself if you'd like something to eat. You _________ first.

4. We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We _______ anybody else.

5. I understand the situation perfectly. You _______ further.

Ex.2. Закончить предложения, используя must, mustn't или needn't.

Example: We haven't got much time. We must hurry.

1. We've got plenty of time. We ___ hurry.

2. We have enough food at home so we ___ go shopping today.

3. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ___ remember to post it.

4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ___ forget to post it.

5. There's plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You ___ decide now.

6. You ____ wash those tomatoes. They've already been washed.

7. This is a valuable book. You ___ look after it carefully and you ___ lose it.

8. 'What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?' 'Well, it ___ be big, that's not important. But it ___ have a nice garden, that's essential.'