Iii. особенности грамматического строя английского языка
В силу особенностей исторического развития английского языка в его грамматической системе сохранилось минимальное число окончаний.
Грамматические окончания в английском языке
| Окончание | Часть речи | Словообразование |
| -s | Имени существительного 1) во мн. числе, 2) 's в притяжательном падеже Глагола в 3-м лице ед. числа в утвердительной форме наст. вр. (Present Simple Tense) | _______ |
| -er | Имени прилагательного в сравнительной степени | Имя существительное, обозначающее действующее лицо, аппарат, прибор |
| -est | Имени прилагательного в превосходной степени | _______ |
| -ed | Глагола: 1) в личной форме простого прошедшего времени (Past Simple Tense); 2) в неличной форме (Participle II) | _______ |
| -ing | Глагола в неличных формах: Participle I – причастие настоящего времени Gerund Verbal Noun – отглагольное существительное | _______ |
Поскольку количество суффиксов английского языка, по которым можно установить, к какой части речи относится данное слово, сравнительно невелико, для уточнения грамматических функций слова, взятого отдельно в предложении, используются: 1) строевые слова; 2) твердый порядок слов.
Строевые слова-признаки
| имени существительного | глагола |
| Артикль а name – имя an aim – цель the machine - машина | Прединфинитивная частица to name – называть to aim – нацеливаться to machine – обрабатывать механически |
| Предлог in turn – по очереди without result – без результата | Модальный или вспомогательный глагол You must turn to the left. Вам надо повернуть налево. Their efforts will result in success. Их усилия приведут к успеху. |
| Местоимение (притяжательное, вопросительное, неопределенное, отрицательное, относительное) my work – моя работа his studies – его занятия Whose plans are better? – Чьи планы лучше? No vacant seats are left. (Никаких) свободных мест не осталось. | Местоимение (личное, вопросительное, относительное) I work. Я работаю. He studies. Он занимается. Who plans the research? Кто планирует это научное исследование? The car which seats 5 persons. Машина, которая вмещает 5 человек. |
IV. РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ
Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения иностранному языку является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов. Понимание текста достигается при осуществлении двух видов чтения:
1) изучающего чтения;
2) чтения с общим охватом содержания.
Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путем изучающего чтения, которое предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ текста. Итогом изучающего чтения является адекватный перевод текста на родной язык с помощью словаря. При этом следует развивать навыки пользования отраслевыми терминологическими словарями и словарями сокращений.
Читая текст, предназначенный для понимания общего содержания, необходимо, не обращаясь к словарю, понять основной смысл прочитанного.
Оба вида чтения складываются из следующих умений: а) догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе словообразовательных признаков и контекста; б) видеть интернациональные слова и определять их значение; в) находить знакомые грамматические формы и конструкции и устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке; г) использовать имеющийся в тексте иллюстративный материал, схемы и т.д.; д) применять знания по специальным предметам в качестве основы смысловой и языковой догадки.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Притяжательный падеж.
2. Времена английского языка групп Simple и Progressive.
3. Активный и пассивный залог английского глагола.
4. Существительные в функции левого определения.
5. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
6. Способы перевода оборотов there is/are.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. The plaintiff is a person who brings an action in civil law.
2. The United Kingdom Parliament has full power to pass such laws.
3. Videotapes and photographs are both compelling and incriminating types of evidence.
4. The full details of this tragic event are in today’s TV news.
5. A solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice to his or her client and may represent them in court.
6. The crime scene is at a kilometer’s distance from here.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
1. The juvenile crime record is constantly growing.
2. The young man was having treatment for drug problems.
3. When you see him next time he will be wearing a new uniform.
4. People are equal before the law.
5. Two policemen helped convict a fraudulent investment consultant.
6. The students will discuss the problem of arrest next time.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. In Britain all learner drivers need to display «L» plates.
2. We will continue to need an effective and trusted police force.
3. He was relatively successful and after three or four months moved into the Criminal Investigation Department, as a detective constable.
4. The main task of law enforcement organizations is to protect against crime.
5. Clearly, we cannot create a competitive market of ideas in crime investigation.
6. The specialists are conducting a handwriting comparison to establish a forgery.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The kidnapper is described as white, aged about 38, with dark combed back hair and with a Northern accent.
2. TV watchers are being fed with all kinds of violence.
3. The verdict was pronounced in dead silence.
4. The lecture on administrative law will be delivered next Tuesday.
5. The committee was impressed by the testimony of doctors.
6. All crimes are being classified into several categories now.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимания на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, а также конструкции, содержащие the…the; as…as.
1. The new class of electors had different and greater demands than those of the existing middle-class electors.
2. He spent much more money for defence than he expected.
3. Fingerprints are the most incriminating types of evidence used in criminal cases because it’s one of the most reliable forms of identification.
4. The more I read the bill the more astonished I was.
5. He was as nervous as never in his life before the trial.
6. She is the most experienced attorney I have ever met.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на обороты there is/are.
1. There is a lot of evidence that proves this fact.
2. There was a prosecutor, an attorney and a judge in the courtroom.
3. There are 52 police forces, or police authorities in Britain, each employed and paid by their local council.
4. There will be a widespread dissatisfaction when the verdict is pronounced.
5. There are a lot of counterfeit banknotes in circulation.
6. There is a person who wishes to see you.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод личных и притяжательных местоимений.
1. They often publish information on economic crimes.
2. What is the offence against her?
3. The policeman was looking for him.
4. It’s your own business.
5. My statement to the police was used in evidence against me.
6. Guilt was written all over his face.
VIII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите первый, второй, пятый и восьмой абзацы.
John Edgar Hoover
1. John Edgar Hoover was born in 1885. He was a native of Washington, D.C. He went to school there and then to George Washington University where he studied law. As a student he was a brilliant one and had a great choice after graduating from the University.
2. John Hoover got a Job in the Department of Justice. Very soon he was sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigations. That was in 1924 when J.E. Hoover was forty.
3. The FBI was created primarily to handle criminal investigations. Now it handles over 180 different kinds of investigations and its responsibilities are growing. Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their efforts to fighting against organized crime.
4. For many years John Hoover was the head of the FBI and made it world's greatest law enforcement organization. He opened a technician and scientific laboratory, an identification division; set up a lot of training schools. He was also the initiator of National Police Academy where he taught as the chief instructor.
5. John Hoover had a photographic mind: he called agents by their first names. He remembered all investigations and their results. He said "The main task of the FBI is the protection of people against crime".
6. As to his personal life he had no time to get married. When he was not busy with his service in FBI, he usually went fishing or hunting. Hoover played tennis very well. He also liked music.
Пояснения к тексту
a department of Justice – Министерство юстиции;
a law enforcement organization – правоохранительная организация;
a chief instructor – старший инструктор;
a training-school – учебный центр.
IX. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов:
1) уроженец; 2) изучать право; 3) блестящий студент; 4) выбор; 5) ФБР; 6) осуществлять (проводить); 7) расследование уголовных преступлений; 8) обязанность; 9) подразделение; 10) отдавать силы; 11) борьба с организованной преступностью; 12) техническая лаборатория; 13) отдел идентификации; 14) организовывать; 15) учебный центр; 16) фотографическая память; 17) главная задача; 18) защита; 19) личная жизнь; 20) служба.
IX. B третьем абзаце текста найдите:
a) предложение, построенное в Past Indefinite Passive;
b) два предложения, построенных в Present Progressive Active. Выпишите эти предложения и письменно переведите их.
XI. В четвертом абзаце текста найдите предложение, содержащее существительное в притяжательном падеже, письменно переведите его.
XII. Изложите письменно на английском языке главную идею текста, отвечая на нижеследующие вопросы.
1. What was John Hoover? 2. How did he contribute to the development of the FBI? 3. What did Hoover consider to be the main task of the FBI?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. An attorney representing a client before a court helps to make the trial fair.
2. Statute law consists of the words that Parliament has enacted.
3. The state is a system of official institutions and organs.
4. John completely forgot his friend’s warning.
5. They are the innocent victims who knew nothing of the serious fraud.
6. She presents the journalist’s material as the evidence.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их. Определите видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
1. Pollution became a problem suitable for regulation by the criminal law as a result of nineteenth-century industrialization and urbanization.
2. Senior policemen are becoming very worried about the number of attacks on their officers.
3. The judge was examining the documents all day long yesterday.
4. The electorate will increase in size from 500,000 to 813,000 electors.
5. Judge Helen Paling placed her on probation for two years.
6. Robbery is the motive for the crime.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. The police immediately set up road blocks everywhere in the district.
2. The kidnapper, chased by the shop manager, fled and escaped in the car.
3. He was given a 12-month probation order after admitting burglary and breaking a community service order.
4. Shoe prints are extremely useful in police investigations.
5. Like hair, skin samples can help determine the skin color of the person involved in the crime.
6. Many of the northern and Scottish cities also experience sharply enhanced rush hours.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The news is being reported in all newspapers.
2. Mr. Butler was sentenced to eight months’ imprisonment.
3. If he starts speaking the secret will be revealed.
4. At common law, all fair and accurate reports of Parliament and the courts are protected by qualified privilege.
5. The candidates from different political parties were being discussed by the electors.
6. According to English law, people are innocent until they are proved guilty.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимания на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, а также конструкции, содержащие the…the; as…as.
1. Of the four sources, statute law is perhaps the best understood and nowadays the most extensive.
2. Apart from Common Law and Statute Law the most important department of our legal system is Equity.
3. Even as early as the second stage of imprisonment conjugal visits are permitted every fifteen days.
4. According to Home Office statistics, probation practice is more efficient and no less effective than imprisonment.
5. The longer he waited the more impatient he became.
6. This report is not so detailed as the one presented a week ago.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на обороты there is/are.
1. There are several important issues on the agenda of the meeting.
2. There is a view that individuals are recognized as subjects of international law.
3. There was a witness and a number of facts proving his guilt.
4. There will be a lot of arguments for and against capital punishment.
5. There were only two people suspected in this offence.
6. There are three methods of international payment: a telegraphic transfer, a SWIFT transfer and a mail transfer.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод личных и притяжательных местоимений.
1. She gave up law to become a writer.
2. The social worker advised them to put their child into the care.
3. They apply this sanction involving abuse of official duties.
4. What is in store for him, to your mind?
5. As soon as we find out her legal address we shall contact you.
6. Please telephone him to send this message.
VIII. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите третий, четвертый, пятый и шестой абзацы.
Не Was A Philosopher
1. Socrates was a great philosopher. He lived in Athens in 399 B.C. He talked to anyone who listened to him, in the streets and market places. He was discussing philosophy with students, sailors or tradesmen. Socrates was questioning men about what they believed in and why. He always wanted to know how they could prove it. He met every answer with a new question and each answer after that with another question.
2. Some Athenians called him a dangerous idler who did nothing. The Oracle of Delphi called him the wisest man alive. But Socrates, with a cool skepticism, considered that his wisdom lay only in the fact that unlike other men, he knew how great his ignorance was.
3. He refused to accept a penny for teaching. The philosopher was sure he could never teach anyone anything. He simply tried to teach people how to think.
4. His enemies hated him. They believed he made young minds doubt and mock everything and it was undermining respect for democracy itself.
5. He was brought to the court and they voted him guilty. The prosecutor demanded the death penalty. Under the law of Athens it was now for the defendant to propose an alternative. Did Socrates defend himself? "I shall not change my conduct even if I must die hundred deaths".
6. His friends wanted to liberate him out of prison but Socrates refused to escape. He spent his last hours discussing the problem of good and evil. His mind was never idle. The man is gone, but the "Socratic" method of questioning and teaching has always been respected since then.
Пояснения к тексту
the Oracle of Delphi – Дельфийский оракул;
to undermine – подрывать;
to vote smb guilty – признавать виновным;
a death penalty – смертный приговор.
IX. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов:
1) верить; 2) доказывать; 3) опасный бездельник; 4) считать; 5) мудрость; 6) в отличие от; 7) невежество; 8) отказываться; 9) принимать; 10) сомневаться; 11) уважение; 12) предстать перед судом; 13) прокурор (обвинитель); 14) требовать; 15) по закону; 16) подсудимый; 17) защищать; 18) поведение; 19) освободить из тюрьмы; 20) добро и зло.
X. В первом абзаце текста найдите:
а) два предложения, построенные в Past Progressive Active;
b) два предложения, содержащие личное местоимение в объектном падеже. Выпишите эти предложения и письменно переведите их.
XI. Во втором абзаце найдите предложение с глаголом to do в функции смыслового глагола. Предложение выпишите и переведите.
XII. Изложите письменно на английском языке главную идею текста, отвечая на нижеследующие вопросы.
1. How did contemporaries (современники) call Socrates?
2. Why did his enemies hate him?
3. What were the last words of Socrates?
4. How did Socrates spend his last hours?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
1. Особенности употребления и перевода неопределенных местоимений some и any и отрицательного местоимения no, а также их производных.
2. Функции глагола to be. Употребление to be в качестве глагола-связки, смыслового, вспомогательного и модального глагола.
3. Функции глагола to have. Употребление to have в качестве смыслового, вспомогательного и модального глагола.
4. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
5. Perfect Tenses (Active and Passive Voice).
6. Perfect Progressive Tenses (Active Voice)
7. Согласование времен.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности употребления местоимений some, any, no и производных от них.
1. Don’t sign anything until you have consulted the lawyer.
2. Nothing can warrant such severe punishment.
3. Some burglaries have been committed in this area recently.
4. Did she have any money with her at the moment of crime.
5. You have no grounds for complain.
6. Have you raised any bail?
7. Something is wrong with their contract.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, является ли глагол to be смысловым, глаголом-связкой, вспомогательным или модальным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We are protesting against the brutal treatment of political prisoners.
2. He was at home on the night of the crime.
3. The basic responsibility of police is to fight crime and maintain order.
4. The new law was to come in force last week.
5. The committee members are examining the material now.
6. He is to be arrested on the suspicion of having stolen the money.
III. Определите, является ли глагол to have смысловым, вспомогательным или модальным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The hide-out of the gang was revealed and they had to surrender.
2. Drug trafficking has become the most organized, most professional and most profitable of all illegal activities.
3. Small departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of crime here.
4. The accused has been living in the same house for twenty years.
5. The applicant had to pass an examination before she could practice law.
6. The seller has to compensate for the losses suffered by the buyer.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In British law since the accused are considered to be innocent until they are proved guilty, the prosecution must prove their guilt.
2. The defence does not have to prove their innocence.
3. If there is doubt in the minds of the jury, the verdict must be “not guilty”.
4. In Scottish law, a jury may return a verdict of “not proven” (not proved), but even then the verdict is final and a person may not be tried twice for the same crime.
5. Until 1966 in England and Wales all the members of the jury had to be in agreement.
6. Now, at least ten of the twelve jury members must agree before a verdict can be given.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A man had been convicted of theft on circumstantial evidence.
2. My lawyer has never tried to appeal this case.
3. Different people have been suggested as possible killers.
4. The security officers have revealed that violence has become increasingly common.
5. The clerk has been collecting information on this matter of law for a fortnight.
6. The trial jury will have been selected by the beginning of hearing.
VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода косвенной речи.
1. The man thought they would evade the law.
2. They wanted to know if the lawyers would take part in the negotiations.
3. He said he was a real estate agent.
4. He wondered if the agreement had been signed.
5. We were sure he had legated his house.
6. The secretary announced that the hearing of that case would begin at 9 a.m. sharp.
VII. Прочитайте следующий текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 2-й, 5-й и 6-й абзацы текста.
The need for law
1. When the world was at primitive stage, its laws were as primitive as the society. The more develop the society is the more complicated its legislation is. We have been waiting for ages to see the modern laws appear. Every community has made laws to protect its members from violence and to ensure the basic rights of individuals. Otherwise the stronger men can join together and terrorize the neighbourhood.
2. Without law one cannot go out in broad daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are more good people than bad ones, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone.
3. It is quite obvious that sometimes even law-abiding people are not as good as they ought to be. If people never told lies, never took anything that didn’t belong to them, never refused to do anything that they ought to do, the society would still require some rules of behavior, i.e. laws to protect our social life. So we have to live according to some laws however good we may be. The law has to be provide for all kinds of possibilities. In the absence of law everybody can only rely upon the law of the jungle.
4. The main of each state power is to provide laws which help its people to live in satisfactory social conditions and as comfortably as possible. This is not at all an easy thing to do, and no country has been successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But the imperfect laws are still better than the complete absence of them.
5. Every country has its own legislation machinery and procedure. The procedure of adopting the law is different in each country but there are some similar stages. In the USA any congressman either in the House of Representatives or in the Senate or the President may initiate a new legislation. A bill is first introduced in the House of Representatives and then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearing on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. In the Senate the procedure is much the same as in the House of Representatives. Finally the bill is to be signed by the President, who has the right to veto it. If the President vetoes a bill, it can still become a law, but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.
6. In Britain new legislation usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is purely formal; the second is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in details. If passed after its third reading it goes to the other house. Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality.
Пояснения к тексту
to provide (for) – зд.: предусматривать;
a bill – законопроект;
to shelve – откладывать;
a draft – проект, черновик;
royal assent – королевская санкция, одобрение.
VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов.
1. первобытный уровень (этап)
2. сложное законодательство
3. общество, сообщество
4. защищать от насилия
5. обеспечивать основные права
6. окрестность
7. средь бела дня
8. в интересах каждого
9. законопослушный
10. правила поведения
11. усовершенствовать
12. закон джунглей
13. несовершенный закон
14. механизм
15. предлагать (закон)
16. постоянный комитет
17. право наложить вето
18. проходить (о законе)
19. рассматривать в три этапа
20. царствующий монарх.
IX. Найдите в 3-ем абзаце шесть случаев употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
X. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. Why can’t people live without law?
2. What is the aim of each state power?
3. Who initiates new legislation: a) in the USA, b) in the United Kingdom?
4. How many stages must the bill pass to become law in Great Britain?
5. Who has the right of veto: a) in the USA, b) in the United Kingdom?
ВАРИАНТ 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности употребления местоимений some, any, no и производных от них.
1. He has brought you some books on Criminalistics.
2. There were no journalists at the briefing.
3. I saw nobody in the sheriff office.
4. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?
5. I’m sorry but I didn’t have any information you are interested in.
6. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?
7. I have asked everybody about her address but nobody knows where she lives.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, является ли глагол to be смысловым, глаголом-связкой, вспомогательным или модальным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role in society.
2. The law is on our side.
3. He was caught red handed.
4. The legislation was to be introduced to help single-parent families.
5. That day was too long and hard for them.
6. The police laboratory is on the eighth floor.
III. Определите, является ли глагол to have смысловым, вспомогательным или модальным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Have you ever seen any court or prison in documentaries?
2. Interpol has succeeded in drawing public attention to the scale of the hidden economy.
3. The traffickers (those who are involved in drug traffic) of today has nothing in common with a typical street-corner pusher (уличный торговец).
4. The victim of the crime has to call his insurance agent today.
5. He had a legal right to demand a replacement of a faulty product.
6. He doesn’t have much common sense.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Anyone who wants to own a gun, even a shortgun ( a gun for shooting birds or rabbits) must get a firearm certificate from the police.
2. Criminals have the right to appeal against their sentences to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal is refused there can be a final appeal to the House of Lords, but this rarely happens.
3. Murderers should not be subjected to the principle «an eye for an eye»ю
4. You will be allowed to make this material public only tomorrow.
5. In an accident the immediate care might save the life of a victim.
6. The Prime Minister will not be able to make policy decision without the agreement of his Cabinet.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She had prepared all papers by the time her chief entered the office.
2. The family will have got serious financial difficulties by the time their guardian returns.
3. They have been waiting for the decision of the jury for an hour and a half.
4. Three unarmed policemen had been killed in cold blood before their partners arrived.
5. I had expected to get news by the end of the last week.
6. The police departments will have undertaken certain steps for order’s sake by the end of the week.
VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода косвенной речи.
1. The investigator reported that the suspect had begun testifying.
2. She asked why they punished her.
3. The man declared that he hadn’t committed the crime they accused him of.
4. He said that I could accompany him to the court.
5. The judge said that he would ask the people to leave the room unless they stopped shouting.
6. One of the shop owners asked if his colleagues paid money to gangsters in return for «protection».
VII. Прочитайте следующий текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 2-й, 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста.