MUST NOT versus DO/ DOES NOT HAVE TO
DO/ DOES NOT HAVE TOshows thatsomething is not necessary or not an obligation(lack of necessity or obligation). Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
| In Canada, children do not have to go to school on Saturdays, but many adults have to work. Common Question: Do children have to go to school on Saturdays? No, they don't. |
| Maggie doesn't have to study tonight because she studied all day. Common Question: Does Maggie have to study tonight? No, she doesn't. |
To put the modal in past tense, simply use the phrase DID not have to.
| For homework last night, we had to read Chapters 4 and 6, but we didn't have to read Chapter 5. Question: Did we have to read Chapter 5 last night? No, we didn’t. |
Note:
1) NEEDN’Tindicates lack of obligation and necessity, like DON’T HAVE TO.
You needn’tbring anything to the party.
2) NEED TO is not a modal, but it is used in affirmative sentences, like have to, to express obligation and necessity.
I need to cook dinner tonight.
MUST NOT shows that something is prohibited or not allowed (prohibition)
| Students must not copy their work from the Internet. It's illegal! Children, you must not go in a stranger's car. It's dangerous! |
There is no question form or past tense form. It is useful when people in authority are giving instructions or explaining to people what they must not do in a formal way. It is more common in writing than in speaking.
| Drivers must not drive on the left side of the road in North America. You mustn't drink alcohol before you drive. You could cause an accident. |
Expressing Advice
SHOULD/ OUGHT TO/ HAD BETTER
The modal verbs SHOULD, OUGHT TOandHAD BETTER are used by English speakers to show that they think something is a good (or a bad) idea. ‘Should’ is the most common way to give advice.
| Affirmative | Negative | Question |
| A: I failed my test. B: Really? You should study harder. | Young children shouldn't watch violent TV shows. | I have a problem. Should I call my parents or my friend? |
| A: It's really cold outside. B: You ought to wear a warm jacket. | (is not used in the negative form) | (is not common in questions) |
| You had better slow down. You are driving too fast! | You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If you do, the university will kick you out! | (is not common in questions) |
Had better is a bit stronger than should and ought to. It includes the idea of a warning: something bad will happen if you do not follow my advice. You had better... can be contracted to You'd better.
WH- (information) questions can also be formed by putting the WH- question word immediately before the modal.
| What should I do about my problem? Where should we have dinner tonight? Why should you believe them? When should they call their boss? |
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Каспин, И.В Говорим по-американски. Учебное пособие по английскому языку. / И.В. Каспин. Ленинград, 1990.
Hornby AS Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English / AS Hornby. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.
Virginia Evans Round-Up’ English Grammar Book / Virginia Evans. Pearson Education Limited, 2003.
Хорень, Р.В. Английский язык. Лексико-грамматические тесты. / Р.В. Хорень Минск, Вышейшая школа, 2004.
Мальцева, В.А. Exercises in Nominal Patterns. / В.А. Мальцева Минск. Народная асвета, 1978.
Карневская, Е.Б. Английский язык. На пути к успеху. / Е.Б. Карневская. Минск, Аверсэв, 2005.
Нижнева, Н.Н. Английский язык: Сложные задания и типичные ошибки на тестировании и экзамене. / Н.Н. Нижнева. Минск, ТетраСистемс, 2005.
Слепович, В.С. Translation Course / В.С. Слепович Минск, ТетраСистемс, 2003.
CONTENTS (Содержание)
PREFACE (Предисловие)..................................................................... 3
CONVERSATIONAL TOPICS............................................................. 6
2nd Year 3rd Term.................................................................................... 6
Unit1 The Republic of Belarus......................................................... 6
Unit2 Minsk – the Сapital of Belarus............................................... 13
Unit3 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.. 20
Unit4 London – the capital of Great Britainthе UK......................... 29
2nd Year 4th Term.................................................................................... 37
Unit5 Legal Profession in Great Britain and the United States......... 37
Unit6 Law Careers in Belarus........................................................... 45
Unit7 Job Hunting and Applying for a Job...................................... 52
TESTS..................................................................................................... 65
2nd Year 3rd Term.................................................................................... 65
Test3 Variant 1................................................................................ 65
Test3 Variant 2................................................................................ 72
2nd Year 4th Term.................................................................................... 79
Test4 Variant 1................................................................................ 79
Test4 Variant 2................................................................................ 87
GRAMMAR REFERENCE................................................................... 97
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................... 118
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Г. В. ПИЛЯВЕЦ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
для студентов 2 курса
специальности «Международное право»
заочной формы обучения
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БИП 2012