Link the beginning and the end of the sentence
| 1. Today almost all big companies | a) to handle the information-processing task. |
| 2. The term Information Technology | b) we need to send information. |
| 3. We can connect to our friends | c) have a separate IT department. |
| 4. IT allows us to reduce the time | d) started to be used in the 1960s. |
| 5. Using IT we can develop the best way | e) with the help of IT. |
Find the words with a similar meaning in the text.
| a) determine; b) minimize; c) produce ; d) vast; e) area; f) manage; g) keep |
Complete these sentences using a noun or a verb from the box.
| a) store; b) tool; c) support; d) process; e) resources; f) information |
1. Nowadays IT is one of the most important … in today’s business.
2. IT is used to … information-processing tasks.
3. Organizations use IT to reduce the time it takes to … information.
4. IT helps businesses to … huge amount of information in one small space.
5. In the 1960s the term IT was used to describe the process of storing … .
6. We can define IT as any computer-based … that is used to work with information.
Find the terms to the given definitions.
1. Computer programs that assist the user in producing documents.
2. The branch of an organization that uses computers and other digital devices to process and manage information.
3. An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen.
4. The software that controls the computer’s use of its hardware resources.
5. The device that changes the characteristics of a digital signal into an analog one.
Answer the questions.
1. When did IT appear in business and industry?
2. What does IT include?
3. What are the three main ways of using IT?
4. Why do companies invest money in IT?
5. What role does IT play in your life?
Text D: Categories of information-processing tasks
As we have already learnt, companies and businesses use Information Technology (IT) to do information-processing tasks. These tasks range from computing and printing checks to creating the site from which customers can order products. Because IT is a set of tools for working with information, we can easily categorize different IT tools according to what information-processing tasks we have to perform. In general, there are five categories of information-processing tasks:
-Obtaining information. We get information at its point of origin by using different input devices, such as mouse, keyboard.
-Conveying information. The information is presented in its most useful form with the help of screen, printer and other output and display devices.
-Creating information. We process information using, for example, word processing software.
- Storing information. Using different storage technologies, the information is stored for use at a later time.
-Communicating information. We send information to other people or to another location with the help of telecommunication technologies.
It’s possible to look at each of these information-processing tasks separately but finally we’ll have to combine them to create a system that performs all the tasks. Performing of any particular task-- finance, marketing and management -- always involves these five information-processing tasks.
Agree or disagree with the following statement.
1. IT is a set of tools for working with information.
2. There are four categories of information-processing tasks.
3. It is possible to work with the categories of information-processing tasks only separately.
4. Keyboard is an input device that helps to obtain information.
5. IT tools help professionals to make their work more efficient.
Find the words with an opposite meaning in the text.
| a) divide; b) together; c) useless ; d) destroy; e) get; f) hide; g) input |
Complete the sentences using active vocabulary.
a) IT tools are used to … different tasks.
b) We … information using different input devices.
c) It’s necessary to … all the information-processing tasks to… a system that executes all the tasks.
d) Any raw facts or observations are called … .
e) To…information we need to have output and display devices.
f) Having the most recent or up-to-date information means that this information is ….
Read the sentences translating the Russian fragments into English.
1. (Передача информации) it is one of the categories of information-processing tasks.
2. Using different storage technologies the information (сохраняется) to be used for a later time.
3. Organizations and companies use IT to do (задачи по обработке информации).
4. To obtain information we use different (устройства ввода).
5. Information must be (точной and своевременной).
6. (Обработка данных) is a series of actions that converts data into useful information.
Answer the questions.
1. How many categories of information-processing tasks do you know?
2. Are these tasks used separately or all together?
3. What is IT?
4. What is information?
5. What is “conveying information”?
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Speak on the following topics.
1. The differences between data and information.
2. Characteristics of information.
3. Information technology; three ways of using IT.
4. Different categories of information-processing tasks.
UNIT II: COMPUTER HARDWARE
Active Vocabulary
| 1. Accomplish – совершать, выполнять 2. Area – область, участок 3. Available – доступный; имеющийся в распоряжении, 4. Bus – шина; канал 5. Capacity – ёмкость; пропускная способность 6.Circuit – схема; цепь; контур 7. Clock/computer clock – тактовый генератор 8. Digital – цифровой; дискретный 9. Execute – осуществлять, выполнять 10. Increase – возрастать, увеличивать | 11. Means – средство; способ 12. Predetermined – заранее установленный 13. Provide – предоставлять; обеспечивать 14. Pulse – импульс 15. Rate – скорость; частота 16. Resolution – разрешение, разрешающая способность 17. Retrieve – извлекать (хранимую) информацию 18. Transfer – передавать; пересылать 19. Via – посредством (ч-л.), с помощью |
Text A: Computer Information System Hardware
Hardware includes any machinery (now digital) that assists in the input, processing, storage and output activities of an information system. The distinguishing feature of a computer is its ability to store its own instructions. This ability makes it possible for a computer to perform many operations: to repeat its operations, store the results of its calculations for later use, make logical decisions, compare results with other data, and on the basis of such comparisons change the series of operation it performs. The computer can process, store, and retrieve data without human intervention.
Computer system hardware includes the central processing unit (CPU), input devices, output devices, communications devices, primary and secondary storage devices. Each central processing unit (CPU) includes: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, the register areas, basic I/O devices. Since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons. The control unit sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, the registers, primary storage, secondary storage and various output devices. Registers are high-speed storage areas used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during and after execution by the CPU. Primary storage, also called main memory or just memory holds program instructions and data immediately before or immediately after the registers. The various circuits processing data in the computer’s interior must operate in a highly synchronized manner; this is accomplished by controlling them with a very stable oscillator, which acts as the computer’s “clock”. The CPU produces a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate, called the clock speed, which affects machine cycle time. Clock speed is measured in megahertz, where one hertz means one cycle or pulse per second. Computer clock rates may range from several million cycles per second to several hundred million or even a billion cycles per second.