Make up sentences according to the model.

Model:

He said that	he worked at a factory
he had worked at a factory
he would work at a factory

1. He says that .... 2. I'll tell you who... . 3. He said that... . 4. We didn't know either where... . 5. He asked us when... . 6. Do you know why...? 7. He didn't know why... . 8. You didn't lell us whose ... . 9. They asked me how many... . 10. We don't know who else... . 11. We were sure that... . 12. A man asked me how... . 13. I forgot which exercises...

UNIT 9 9.1 Reading Practice WINDOWS

Windows is an operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types.

Windows makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to ac­complish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover acciden­tally deleted files.

Your computer probably will crash less running Win­dows than it did with any other operating system. Most memory related problems have been removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-workers across the room or across the world. And MS-DOS as we know it is so well hidden that you'll rarely give it a thought. Yes, you can still run DOS programs and older Windows applications but most us­ers will probably want to spend most of their time using modern Windows applications instead.

Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create them.

Window plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. And portable compu­ter users will like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer.

A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate and examine the contents of files in a flash.

Most of this is accomplished without sacrificing per­formance. In fact, many things (like printing) usually happen faster now, due to 32-bit support and other Win­dows advancements.

Vocabulary:

to interact — взаимодействовать

to accomplish — выполнять, достигать

weapon ['wepsn] — оружие

to replace — замещать

Recycle Bin — корзина

to crash — ломаться, давать сбои

to remove — удалять

co-workers — коллеги, сослуживцы

rarely ['reali] — редко

to plug — подключать

frequently — часто

support — поддержка

necessity — необходимость

flash — вспышка, зд. in a flash — моментально

to give smth. a thought — подумать о чем- либо

brand-name — торговая марка

calm — спокойный

shortcut — кратчайший путь

to sacrifice — жертвовать

advancement —прогресс, продвижение

Oral practice.

Answer the questions.

1) What is Windows?

2) What principles are used in Windows?

3) What is a Recycle Bin feature?

4) What problems has Windows solved?

5) Is it possible to run old DOS programs under Win­dows?

6) What is a «plug-n-play» capability?

7) What is a «shortcut» capability?

8) What is a «Find» feature?

9) Why many things work faster now with Windows?

2. Which of the listed above statements are true/false? Specify your answer using the text.

1) An «icon» is graphical image that represents file and its type.

2) Second button is not used in Windows because most people use 1-button mouse.

3) There are no similarities between Macintosh and Windows desktop tools.

4) Windows some tools, which help to commu­nicate with other people through computer network.

5) It's no longer possible to use MS-DOS commands and run MS-DOS files.

6) Microsoft corporation is oriented to produce as many programs as needed to meet people needs and make them buy specific brand- name products.

7) New plug-n-play capability is for those who like to play computer games 24 hours a day and seven days a week.

8) A new shortcut feature is used to cut long programs very short to save disk space.

9) New Find feature helps you to locate the contents of files.

10) It must be mentioned that all new Windows fea­tures are possible only because of the low level of per­formance and quality.

3. Find the equivalents in the text:

1) Ваш компьютер, вероятно, будет давать меньше сбоев с Виндоуз, чем с другими операционными системами.

2) Корпорация Майкрософт заявляет, что она дела­ет все для того, чтобы приблизить время, когда мы все будем думать больше о наших данных, чем о конкрет­ных «фирменных» программах, которые используют­ся для создания этих данных.

3) Новая функция поиска позволяет обнаружить местоположение и исследовать содержимое файла в мгновение ока.

4) ДОС, каким мы его знаем, так хорошо запрятан, что вы редко думаете о его использовании.

5) В Виндоуз существует инструмент Корзина, который позволяет легко восстанавливать случайно удаленные файлы.

6) Инструменты Рабочего Стола очень схожи с ин­струментами Макинтоша.

7) Вторая кнопка мыши стала мощным оружием.

4. What is:

1) window

2) icon

3) recycle bin

4) plug-and-play capability

5) shortcut feature

5. Practice:

1) Start Windows. Empty the Recycle Bin. See the free disk space on drives A and C. See the catalogue of disk C.

2) Resize, maximise and minimise the window. Close the window. Move it, holding the left button.

3) Create a folder COMPUTER. Copy any 2 files into it. Rename the folder. Delete two files into the Recycle Bin then recover them. Delete the whole folder.

4) Create a textual file in WordPad program. Save it as TEXT. Rename it as MYFILE. Create a shortcut for it. Put the shortcut on the DeskTOP.

5) Create a picture in Paintbrush program. Save it as MYPICTURE. Create folder PICTURES. Copy file MYPICTURE to the PICTURES folder.

6) QUIT Windows.

6. Questions for group discussion:

1) What are the poor features of Windows?

2) Computer society thinks that Intel Company, the most powerful CPU producer, has an agreement with Microsoft Corporation that the latter will develop more and more sophisticated, large and demanding software to force users to buy new processors and upgrade their computers. Do you think this might be true? How does this suggestion correlate with the Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office 2000? Do you think that Bill Gates' monopoly on Windows operating systems is very dangerous for the competition and price-making process?

3) Ask anyone in the group who has a computer if what version of Windows is the best one? Why ?

9.3 Grammar Revue Indirect Speech. (Непряма мова)

When direct speech is converted into indirect speech the following changes are introduced:

1. The quotation marks and the comma (or colon) are omitted.

2. If the speaker reports somebody else's words the pronouns of the 1st person are replaced by those of the 3rd person; the pro­nouns of the 2nd by those of the 1st or 3rd.

He said, "I am ready." He said he was ready.

If the speaker reports his or her own words, the pronouns are naturally not changed:

1 said, "1 am ready." I said 1 was ready.

3. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, demonstrative pronouns and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Here This These Now	there that those Then, at that time (moment)

or no adverb is used at all..

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Today Yesterday Ago A year ago Last night	that day the day before or on the previous day before a year before the previous night

4. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses.

Сдвиг времен при переходе прямой речи в косвенную
DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
The Present Indefinite → → →	the Past Indefinite
The Present Continuous → → →	the Past Continuous
The Present Perfect → → →	the Past Perfect
The Present Perfect Continuous →	Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Indefinite → → →	the Past Perfect
The Past Continuous → → →	The Past Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect → → →	The Past Perfect
The Past Perfect Continuous → →	The Past Perfect Continuous
The Future…… → → →	The Future ...... in the Past.

If the Past Indefinite in direct speech denotes an action taking place at a definite moment, it remains unchanged in indirect speech.

The Past Indefinite after since generally remains unchanged.

Indirect statements.

Indirect statements are generally introduced by the verbs to say, to tell, to announce and in official style by the verb to inform.

One night the telephone bell rang and he (Cowperwood) informed her that he was compelled to remain at the office late. (Dreiser)

The Miller said to his wife that he would go down and see Little Hans. (Wilde)

Indirect questions.

Word order in an indirect question is the same as in a statement. Anindirect generalquestion is introduced by the conjunction if or whether.

I said to her, «Have you lived here long?"

I asked her if she had lived there long.

An indirect specialquestion is introduced by the same adverb or pronoun that introduces a direct question.

I said to her, "Where do you live"?

I asked her where she lived.

I asked her where she was going and where her friends were. (Ch. Bronte)

Indirect questions are generally introduced by the verb to ask. In more official style the verb to inquire is used.

Indirectorders and requests.

An order or a request in indirect speech is expressed by an infinitive:

She said to him, "Open the window"(do not open the window)

She told him to open the window (not to open the window).

The verb to tell corresponds to the Russian сказать, чтобы and велеть; to order and to command correspond to приказать.

Unemotional requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask.

Emotional (emphatic) requests are introduced by the verbs to implore, to entreat, to beseech (умолять).

The verb to urge introduces a request made with great insistence. It corresponds to the Russian настаивать, уговаривать.

The mother said to her son, "Do take care of yourself!"

The mother urged her son to take care of himself.

9.4 Grammar Practice

Translate into English.

1. Они спросили меня

какие книги я люблю читать. чей это учебник. какие из этих книг я хотел бы взять. что я сделал, чтобы помочь моему другу. кто помог мне приготовить уроки. с кем я пойду в театр. с кем я поговорил об этом. за кем меня послали. куда я собираюсь идти. почему я пропустил несколько лекций, как им добраться до площади Свердлова. когда я в последний раз видел Петрова. как (насколько хорошо) я говорю по-английски. как часто я хожу в театр. сколько времени мне нужно, чтобы пере­вести эту статью. сколько иностранных языков я знаю. сколько времени я трачу на английский язык. сколько времени он потратил на эту работу. почему он не ходит в библиотеку. сколько ошибок он сделал в последней контрольной работе. сколько времени у него уходит на то, чтобы добраться до института, как часто его навещали его друзья.

2. Его спросили,

когда он играет в шахматы, когда он вернется домой, знает ли он какие-нибудь иностранные языки как он добирается до завода. где он будет работать, когда окончит институт. какие фильмы он любит смотреть, какие из этих фотографий ему хотелось бы иметь. какой фильм будут показывать. с кем он собирается говорить о работе, с кем он делал перевод, кто из его друзей сможет перевести статью на немецкий язык.

Translate into English.

1. Он попросил своего друга

разбудить его в семь. не будить его. открыть окно. не открывать окна. сделать завтра сообщение. не делать завтра сообщения. повести сына погулять. не водить сына гулять, потому что он не очень хорошо себя чувствует. ответить на письмо немедленно. не отвечать на письмо пока (еще). обсудить вопрос без него. не обсуждать вопроса без него. пойти кататься на коньках (лыжах, плавать, за покупками) без него. не ходить кататься на коньках (лы­жах, плавать, за покупками) без него.

2. Скажите ему, чтобы он

поторопился. не спешил. не делал работу в спешке. загорал только час в день. совсем не загорал. встал рано завтра. не вставал завтра поздно, пораньше лег спать. не ложился спать поздно. помнил о собрании. не забывал о собрании. позвонил мне вечером. не звонил мне поздно вечером. не слушал, о чем они говорят

Unit 10 10.1 Reading Practice INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of top­ics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in­formational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are con­nected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and serv­ices that are part of the World Wide Web is growing ex­tremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hard­ware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphi­cal interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file some­where on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, and cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Vocabulary:

World Wide Web — «Всемирная Паутина»

to retrieve — извлекать

variety — разнообразие, спектр

recreation — развлечение

network — сеть

to share — делить

humanities — гуманитарные науки

business transactions — коммерческие операции

access — доступ

to browse [brauz] — рассматривать, разглядывать

browser [brauza] — браузер (программа поиска ин­формации)

to provide — обеспечивать (чем-либо)

provider — провайдер (компания, предоставляю­щая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети)

broadcast live — передавать в прямом эфире

site — страница, сайт

to link — соединять

hyperlink ['haipa'link] — гиперссылка

to compete [kam'pi:t] — соревноваться

Oral practice.

Answer the questions.

1) What is Internet used for?

2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?

3) What is World Wide Web?

4) What is Web browser?

5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?

6) What are hyperlinks?

7) What resources are available on the WWW?

8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

2. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.

2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts.

3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

4) Internet is tens of thousands of networks, which exchange the information in the same basic way.

5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special pro­gram (software) to be a WWW user.

7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.

8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.

9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

10) Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet.

3. Define the following using the vo­cabulary:

1) Internet

2) World Wide Web

3) Web browser

4) Internet provider

5) Hyperlinks

4. Find the equivalents:

1) Объем ресурсов и услуг, которые являются час­тью WWW, растет чрезвычайно быстро.

2) Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами, представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудио файл где-то в Интернет.

3) Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения.

4) Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам Интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-браузер.

5) Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десяткам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных И! Интернет и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.

6) Пользователи общаются через электронную почту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многока­нальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие сред­ства информационного обмена.

5. Match the following:

1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a...

2) People connected to the WWW through the local ... have access to a variety of information.

3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the... follows the...

4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the...

5) Each... provides a graphical interface.

6) Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.

Words to match with:

web browser, providers, link, WWW

6. Questions for group discussion:

1) Some people think that Internet is very harmful,1) especially for young people, because it carries a lot of information about sex, drugs, violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship is necessary on the WWW?

2) World famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their copyright because Web-program­mers put all kinds of books, pictures, music, films and programs free on the Internet and this reduces their sales and profits.

3) Has anyone in your group experience working on the Internet? Ask them 1) about the difficulties they had; 2) useful information retrieved; 3) fun they got? Why so few people have experience working on the Internet?

10.3 Grammar Review СПОСОБИ ДІЄСЛОВА. (MOOD)

Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.

In Modern English we distinguish three moods;

1 The Indicative Mood.

1. The Imperative Mood.
2. The Subjunctive Mood.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD

The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact. We went home early in the evening. (Dickens)

The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i. e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible.

If it rains, I shall stay at home.

If Catherine disobeys us, we shall disinherit her. (Eliot)

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD

The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern English the Imperative Mood has only one form which coincides with the infinitive without the particle to; it is used in the second person (singular and plural).

Be quiet and hear what I tell you. (Eliot)

Please put the papers on the table by the bed. (Hemingway)

Let's go and have some fresh coffee. (Mansfield) Пойдемте выпьем свежего кофе.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

§ I. The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired.

Formation of Subjunctives.

	Subjunctive 1	Subjunctive 2
Present and Future	Should/would + Verb	V-ed (2- form)
Past	Should/would + have+ V-ed (3-form)	Had + V-ed (3-form)

USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. Subjunctive I is used in a simple sentence and in the principle clause of a complex conditional one.

2. Subjunctive II is used in the subordinate clause only.

The world would be healthier if every chemist's shop in England were demolished. (Shaw) Человечество было бы здоровее, если бы все аптеки в Англии были уничтожены.

If I had consulted my own interests, I should never have come here. (Galsworthy)

Если бы я думал только о себе, я бы никогда сюда не пришел.

Grammar Practice

Translate into English.

1. Если погода не переменится, мы не поедем за го­род. 2. Интересно, узнаю ли я его, когда я его увижу. 3. Если я не буду занят в пятницу вечером, давайте пойдем на выставку, хорошо? 4. Мне бы хотелось знать, освободился ли он уже. 5. Мы не останемся в городе на субботу и воскресенье, если будет хорошая погода. 6. Я не могу сказать вам, придет ли (будет ли) он вовремя или нет. 7. Если он вернется к десяти, попросите его позвонить мне. 8. Если у меня не будет времени пого­ворить с ним сегодня вечером, я должен обязательно сделать это завтра утром.

2. State the mood of the verbs, translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. If my sister comes earlier, she will help you, 2. Where did you work during your holidays? 3. This article deals with a dialogue between states at the highest level. 4. After finishing his work he went to bed. 5. I haven't listened to the latest news yet. 6. What is the weather like today? How is the weather today? 7. I never thought that he would be (get, become) so interested in music. 8. We should be very glad if he came to see us. 9. You must (should, have to) excuse my not answering you earlier. 10. When he reads this article he will give it to you, won't he? 11. Didn't you know that he wouldn't come? 12. I heard the door open and saw somebody enter the room. 13. If you promise not to be late, I will let you go for a walk. 14. How old is your father? 15. He is fond of reading fiction. 16. Where were you born? 17. I hope that our school team will win the game next Sunday. 18. We had passed many (a lot of) exami­nations by the time we finished school. 19. When Nina came into he classroom, I was answering the teacher's question. 20. Thank you for coming to our meeting. 21. We heard the town clock strike 10. 22. She knows when we shall come. 23. A new model of car will soon appear on the country's roads. 24. When he came we discussed our plans. 25. If he had come yesterday we should have discussed our plans. 26. He has an interesting magazine on his table. 27. There is an interesting magazine on the table. 28. A theatre is in the centre of the city. 29. There is a theatre in the centre of the city. 30. Which floor is your flat on? 31. Have you ever been to London? 32. It took me two hours to translate this article. 33. What kind of books do you like reading? 34. When do you usually get home? 35. They are going to leave for Moscow at the week-end. 36. She gets back (comes back) late on Mondays. 37. I heard this tune on the radio. 38. We listen to the radio in the evenings. 39. Have you seen the doctor yet? 40. They had a good time (enjoyed them­selves) on Sunday. 41. They were out all day and all night (24 hours). 42. We'd like to watch interesting programs on TV. 43. He watches TV every day. 44. There is a piano to the left of the table. 45. It's a pity you can't join us. 46. I was listening to the radio when you rang the bell the first time, and that's why I didn't hear you. 47. It has been raining but it has stopped now. 48. We have lived in this house since 1972. 49. Normally he lives in London but at present he is living in Paris. 50. No one could (was able to) solve the problem. 51. May I smoke here? -Yes, you may. -No, you may not. 52. He asked me whether he might have today's newspaper. 53. Parents are proud of their children. 54. He stopped talking when we came in. 55. Where did you have your hair cut? 56. He made them tell him the truth. 57. It has been raining for two hours. 58. He was the first to come. 59. The plan has been discussed for two hours. 60. The train will have left by the time the group comes to the station. 61. We had finished our work when my friend came. 62. I have known him since childhood. 63. He went abroad and I have not seen him since. 64. Don't you know this rule? 65. Can't we meet them? 66. We have not seen this film yet. 67.I was translating the article when somebody knocked at the door. 68. This time tomorrow he will be listening to the radio. 69. It seldom rains here. 70. If my brother is sleeping when I phone, wake him up, please. 71. What was she promised? 72. They arrived the other day? 73. I can hear your voice well now. 74. He did not see him yesterday, did he? -Yes, he did. 75. This pupil knows German, doesn't he? -No, he doesn't. 76. If I had more free time now, I would read the novel you gave me yesterday. 77. When I have time, I go to the Dnieper. 78. If I had had more free time then, I would have read the magazine you gave me the day before yesterday. 79. May all your dreams come true!