Text 10. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer sys­tem. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruc­tion. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a reg­ister that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruc­tion and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the op­erand is sent from the instruction register to the address regis­ter. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic-logical unit (AL U) executes the processing op­erations called for by the instructions brought from main mem­ory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic op­erations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs log­ical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than".

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-log­ical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called regis­ters. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the cal­culation and hold the results temporarily until they can be tranferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the functional units of CPU?

2. What is the func­tion of CU?

3. How does CU operate?

4. What is the function of a counter?

5. What role does a decoder play?

6. What is the sequence of CU operations?

7. What is the function of the arith­metic-logical unit?

8. What operations are performed by ALU?

9. What primary components does ALU consist of?

10. What isthe function of an accumulator / comparer?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; ариф­метико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный ре­гистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; ад­ресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деле­ние; принимать решения; результаты сравнения.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами:

Register: address register; base register; clock register; com­mand / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hard­ware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.

Counter: binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.

Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu se­lection; security selection.

Management: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource manage­ment; task management; window management.

6. Найдите в тексте слова, близкие по значению следующим:

Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.

Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.

Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real.

Вариант 11

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 11:

environment — среда; окружение; режим работы;

external environment — внешняя среда

human-related— (взаимо)связанный с

человеком human-independent — независимый от человека

remote terminal— удаленный терми­нал

reel of magnetic tape — бобина с магнитной лентой

input-output interface — интерфейс (сопряжение, место стыковки) ввода-вывода

scan— просматривать; сканировать; разверты­вать

scanner — сканер; устройство оптического счи­тывания

bar-code scanner / bar-code reader — устройство считы­вания штрих-кода

regardless of — несмотря на; независимо от

to match characteristics — сопостав­лять параметры

similarly— подобным образом; также; анало­гично

to fall between — падать; попадать в интервал между

card reader — устройство считывания платы (карты)

line printer — построчный принтер; принтер печатания строки

page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью

optical character reader — оптическое считывающее уст­ройство текста

оptical mark reader — оптическое считывающее устрой­ство знаков

visual display - визуальный индикатор

digitizer — аналого-цифровой преобразова­тель; сканер

keyboard input device — клавишное устройство ввода

plotter — графопостроитель

voice recognition and response unit — устройство распоз­навания голоса и реагирования

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какие устройства относятся к сфере ввода-вывода информации:

Text 11. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT

Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.

The I/O environment may be human-related or human-in­dependent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a hu­man-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a de­vice that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an ex­ample of a human-independent output.

Input-Output Interfaces, Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scan­ner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memo­ry of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical character­istics of input devices to the requirements of the computer sys­tem. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors*(IOP).

The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.

Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be clas­sified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devic­es are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high ­speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with com­plex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall be­tween — they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.

High-speed devices: magnetic disk; magnetic tape.

Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page print­ers; computer output microfilms; magnetic diskette; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays. Low-speed devices: bar-code readers; character printers; dig­itizers; keyboard input devices; plotters; voice recognition and response units.

3. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the purpose of input and output devices?

2. What types of input-output devices do you know?

3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device?

4. Give an example of a human independent output.

5. What is an I/O interface?

6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?

7. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices?

8. What types of devices tend to be low-speed devices?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Среда устройств ввода-вывода; система обработки ин­формации; внешняя среда; связан с человеком; независим от человека; удаленный банковский терминал; измерять поток данных; бобина с магнитной лентой; хранить со­бранную информацию; двоичный формат; интерфейс вво­да-вывода; вводить с клавиатуры; устройство считывания штрих-кода; не смотря на; преобразовать в двоичный код; сопоставлять параметры; подобным образом; интерфейс вывода; изменить процесс в обратном направлении; на­строить устройство ввода-вывода к внешней среде; глав­ное отличие; основная память; вторичная память; низко­скоростные устройства; в соответствии.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами:

Environment: application environment; communication en­vironment; execution environment; external environment; hard­ware environment; interface invironment; management envi­ronment; multimedia environment; network environment; processing environment; security environment; software envi­ronment; user environment.

Interface: channel interface; common interface; data inter­face; database interface; display interface; external interface; flexible interface; floppy-disk interface; general-purpose inter­face; hardware interface; low-level interface. Scanner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand scanner; laser scanner; manual scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.

Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal; security terminal; logical terminal; text terminal.

6. Вспомните формы инфинитива, проанализируйте и пе­реведите следующие предложения:

Infinitive Active _____ Passive___

Indefinite to ask ____ to be asked__

Continuous to be asked --- ______

Perfect to have asked to have been asked

Perfect Continuous to have been asking

1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of elec­tronic computers was a breakthrough (прорыв) of the second part of the 20^lh century. 4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU.

7. Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic pur­poses are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts at­tention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor. 10. Russia was the first country to start the cosmic era.

Вариант 12

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 12:

keyboard— клавиатура

key — клавиша; кнопка; переключатель; ключевой, основной; главный; переключать; набирать на кла­виатуре

manipulator — манипулятор; блок обра­ботки

trackball — трекбол

touch panel — сенсорная панель

graphic plotting tables— графичес­кие планшеты

sound card— звуковая карта (плата)

enable — разрешать; позволять; допускать; де­лать возможным

operating mode — режим работы press a button — нажать на кнопку

keep buttons depressed — удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии

double-click — двойное нажатие

erase images — удалить, стереть изобра­жение (объект)

roller — ролик; валик

track — следить; прослеживать; проходить; след; траек­тория; путь; дорожка; соединение

by means of — посредством

permitting capacity — разрешающая способность

2. Прочтите текст 12 и назовите приборы, которые служат для введения информации в компьютер:

Text 12. INPUT DEVICES

There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graph­ical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards etc.

When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.

Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabili­ties of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usu­ally used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.

The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user's orientation on the display. The mouse's pri­mary functions are to help the user draw, point and select im­ages on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.

In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase emages. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse's vertical movements, the other is track­ing horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giv­ing the user good control over the textual and graphical images.

In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.

Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in draw­ing and inputtig manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permit­ting capacity, that is the number of lines per inch, and their ca­pability to respond to the force of pen pressing. Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photogra­phies, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.

Digital videocameras have been spread recently. They enable getting videoimages and photographs directly in digital comput­er format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.

Sound cards produce sound conversion from analog to digi­tal form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?

2. What was the most common device in early per­sonal computers?

3. What is the function of a keyboard?

4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?

5. How does the mouse operate?

6. What is its function?

7. What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play?

8. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?

9. What is the touch pad's principle of operation?

10. Where do graphical plot­ting tables find application?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Введение информации; координатные устройства вво­да; манипуляторы; мышь; трекбол; сенсорная панель; гра­фические планшеты; цифровые камеры; сканеры; ТВ тю­неры; стандартная клавиатура; числовая и текстовая информация; световые индикаторы; клавиши; режим ра­боты; презентация текста на мониторе; графический ин­терфейс; программные средства; оптико-механическое "устройство ввода; управлять движением курсора; упрощать ориентацию пользователя на экране; указывать и выбирать изображения; удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии; двойное нажатие; стирать объекты; ровная поверхность; вращать ролики; следить за вертикальным движением; легко скользить; портативный компьютер; рукописный текст; посредством; разрешающая способность

5. Вспомните значение новых глаголов и переведите сло­ва, производные от них.

То accomplish: accomplished; unaccomplished; accomplish­ment.

To adapt, adaptable; unadaptable; adaptability; unadaptabil-ity; adaptation; adapter.

To digitize: digit; digital; digitization; digitizer.

To erase: erasable; erasability; eraser; erasing; erasure.

To match: matcher; matching.

To permit: permitted; permissible; permissibility; permission.

To print: printable; printed; printer; printing;

To scan: scanning; scanner.

To recognize: recognition; recognizer; recognizable; unrec­ognizable.

To respond: response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibil­ity; irresponsibility.

To reverse: reversed; reversible; irreversible; reversion; revers­ibility.

To transform: transformer; transformation; transformation­al; transformative

6. Проанализируйте предложения, содержащие конструк­ции "for + Infinitive" и "Objective with the Infinitive".Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. It was not difficult for the pupils to understand the func­tion of the mouse in computer operation. 2. There is no reason for computer experts to use computers of the first generation now­adays. 3. The mechanism is provided with special devices/or the whole system to function automatically. 4. The text was very in­teresting but rather difficult for the students to translate it with­out a dictionary. 5. It is not easy for me to learn to speak En­glish fluently. 6. We know the machine to react to a series of electrical impulses that can be represented in binary numbers. 7. Scientists considered silicon to be one of the best materials for the creation of an 1С. 8. Wfe know all data to be translated into binary code before being stored in main storage. 9. Engi­neers expect these new devices to be tested very soon. 10. They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models.

Вариант 13

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 13:

human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма

performance — (рабочая) характеристика; производительность; быстродействие; скорость ра­боты; пропускная способность

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью; символьный принтер

line printer — принтер с построчной печатью

page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью

(поп) impact printer — (бес)контактный принтер

letter-quality printer — принтер с типографским каче­ством печати

dot-matrix printer — точечно-матричный принтер

ink-jet printer — струйный принтер

laser-beam printer — лазерный принтер

to identify — идентифицировать; распознать; обозначить

approach — подход; метод; принцип; прибли­жение

at a time — за один раз; одновременно

to cause — вызывать; приводить к (ч.-л.); застав­лять; вынуждать

to strike against a ribbon — ударять по ленте

typewriter — печатное устройство

to spray drops of ink — распылять капли чернил

to affect — влиять; воздействовать; сказываться на (ч.-л.)

technique — метод; способ; техника; методика; технология

printer output — вывод на печать; распечатываемые дан­ные

2. Прочтите текст и назовите типы принтеров и их назна­чение:

Text 13. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-read­able form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. Wewill classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a dif­ferent speed range. In addition, printers can be described as ei­ther impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A type­writer is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix print­ers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form print­ed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affect­ed by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their print­ing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be print­ing a line at a time. They are impact printers. Trie speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drumprinters use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their print­ing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophoto­graphic techniques, have developed from the paper copier tech­nology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the three types of printers?

2. What is a letter-quality printer?

3. What is a dot-matrix printer?

4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems?

5. What is the most common printer type used on large com­puter systems?

6. What is an impact printer? Give an example.

7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples.

8. What are the most widely used printers?

9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer?

10. Which of these printers is slower?

11. What types of character printers do you know?

12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer?

13. What are the main types of a line print­er? Which of them is faster?

14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Удобная для восприятия человека форма; наиболее ча­сто употребляемые устройства вывода информации; раз­личаться по рабочим характеристикам и внешнему виду; принтеры с посимвольной печатью; принтеры с построч­ной печатью; принтеры с постраничной печатью; различ­ные методы печати; диапазон скорости; принтеры контак­тные и бесконтактные; ударять по ленте; печатать по одному символу; буквально все компьютеры; а также; тре­бования печати; принтер с типографским качеством печати; точечно-матричные принтеры; струйные принтеры; разбрызгивать капли чернил; высокое содержание железа; магнитные поля; принимать форму символа; кажется, что печатают по строчке; барабанный принтер; цепочечные принтеры; лазерный принтер.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­ вести словосочетания с этими словами:

Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; ed­ucational (training) approach; general approach; graphic ap­proach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error approach.

Performance: application performance; computer perfor­mance; device performance; disk performance; display perfor­mance; error performance; execution performance; memory performance; network performance; processor performance.

Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink:jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality print­er; matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.

Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; comput­ing technique; display (video) technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simula­tion) technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning technique; software tech­nique; testing technique.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот Nominative with the Infinitive (сложное подлежа­щее):

1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. 2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices. 3. Magnetic fields are supposed to effect a high iron con­tent of the ink. 4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers. 5. Electrophotographic tech­niques proved to have developed from the paper copier technol­ogy. 6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed char­acter by impacting a character font against the paper. 7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type. 8. The most com­mon printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer.

Вариант 14

1. Ознакомьтесь с новыми словами и терминами текста 14:

personal computers — персональные компьютеры

competitive operating systems — конкурирующая опера­ционная система

IBM (International Business Machine) — фирма по про­изводству компьютеров

to enter the fray — ввязаться в драку

computer of choice — лучший компьютер

to fall by the wayside — остаться в стороне; уступить до­рогу

to survive onslaught — выдержать конку­ренцию

word size — размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова

soft-copy output — вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output — вывод «твердой» печатной копии

online storage — неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ

offline storage — автономное хранение данных отдельно от компьютера

input media — носитель для входных данных

output media — носитель для выходных данных

general -purpose — универсальный; общего назначения

stand-alone — автономный

to plug in— подключать; подсоединять

leisure activities — досуговая деятельность

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, существуют ли отличия пер­сональных компьютеров от больших компьютеров и в чем они заключаются:

Text 14. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the , introduced in 1977 by the Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive oper­ating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM en­tered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's on­slaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a de­cade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calcula­tor and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost ev­eryone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be char­acterized?

— First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

— Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are small­er than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

— Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

— A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output me­dia.

— Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal com­puter is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. When did the first personal computer appear?

2. What was one of the first PC model?

3. What is a personal computer?

4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC?

5. What does the term “microprocessor-based" mean?

6. What are the typi­cal word sizes of a PC?

7. How is input carried out in personal computers?

8. What principle storage devices do PC use?

9. What kind of a system is a PC?

10. What differs personal com­puters from large computer systems?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Конкурирующая операционная система; появляться ежедневно; ввязаться в драку; лучший компьютер; остаться в стороне; выдержать конкуренцию; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микро­процессорный; цельный кристалл (микросхема) из крем­ния; размер слова; компоненты меньшей мощности; по­средством; вывести на экран; низкоскоростной принтер с посимвольной печатью; использовать гибкие диски; при­боры (не) автономного хранения данных; универсальный; автономная система; отличительная черта; интерактивный режим; независимо от цели; досуговая деятельность.

5. Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве­дите предложения.

6. Переведите сложные предложения:

А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью.Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ... and, as well as, not only... but also, either... or, neither... nor.

A) 1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we'll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of 1С development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of integration and to improve reliability. 7. — Where are the computer games I gave you yesterday? — The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known.

B) 1. These devices can perform both the input and output functions. 2. Data are recorded on magnetic discs and tapes either by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. 3. Neither-the programmer nor tha analyst could explain the cause of the computer errors. 4. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. 5. This grammar exercise is not only too long but also very difficult. 6. Printers may be either impact ornonimpact. 7. Character printers are used with all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes. 8. Both primary and secondary storage contain data and the instructions for processing the data. 9. The CPU functional units can be in one of two states: either "on" or"ofF\ 10. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.

Вариант 15

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 15:

word processing — обработка текста

telephone dialing — набор номера те­лефона

security — безопасность; охрана

appliance — устройство; прибор

maintenance — поддержание; сохранение; эксплуатация

application software — прикладные программы

to delete — удалять; стирать; очищать память

to move paragraphs around — менять местами абзацы

accountant — бухгалтер

accounting — бухгалтерский учет

income tax — подоходный налог

stock market forecasting — биржевые прогнозы

worksheet — электронная таблица

scheduling — составление расписания, графика

computer-assisted instructions — компьютерные команды

to meet the demands — удовлетворять потребности

record keeping — регистрация; ведение записей

grading — оценивание; классификация

2. Прочтите текст и укажите сферы деятельности, где ис­пользуются персональные компьютеры:

Text 15. APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hob­by. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is al­most endless, including: checking account management, bud­geting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, tele­phone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a dis­kette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecast­ing and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by profes­sionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the exam­ination of "what if situations.

Educational. Personal computers are having and will contin­ue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.

Two important types of uses for personal computers in edu­cation are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and comput­er-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, com­puter literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What are the main spheres of PC application?

2. Do you enjoy computer games?

3. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games?

4. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name?

5. What is "a word processing program"?

6. What pos­sibilities can it give you?

7. Can you correct mistakes while typ­ing any material and how?

8. What other changes in the typed text can you make using a display?

9. Which professions are in great need of computers?

10. How can computers be used in education?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Много областей применения; тем не менее; обработка текстов; пользоваться популярностью; любители; способно­сти компьютера; бесконечный перечень; анализ инвести­ций; набор номера телефона; автоответчик; ведение календаря; хранение адресов и почты; и так далее; прикладные программы; исправлять ошибки в написании; стирать предложения; переставлять абзацы; бухгалтер; биржевые брокеры; консультант по налогам; юристы; работники об­разования; управленцы; бухгалтерский учет; подоходный налог; компьютерное моделирование; электронные табли­цы; составление расписания; оказывать огромное влияние; прокладывать путь; дать толчок; удовлетворять потребно­сти; учебная деятельность; компьютерная грамотность; моделирование реально-жизненных ситуаций.

5. Найдите в тексте слова:

a) близкие по значению следующим словам:

Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to sup­ply; to give possibility; to involve.

Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; mode; profession; consultant; teacher; director; book-keeper; fight; producer; attack; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage; primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.

Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;

b) противоположные по значению следующим словам:Verbs:to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.Nouns; online; input; work.

Adjectives: cheep; weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.

6. Расшифруйте следующие аббревиатуры и переведите их:

PC; PU; CU; ALU; CPU; MPU; IBM; DOS; CRT; ROM; RAM; 1С; SSI; MSI; LSI; VLSI; MP; CD; I/O; IOP; CMI; CAI.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Основные источники:

1. Агабекян И.П. «Английский язык для ССУЗОВ». Учебное пособие. – М.:Проспект, 2009.- 280 с.;

1. Агабекян И. П. «Английский язык для технических ВУЗов». Ростов - на - Дону Феникс 2002.- 350 с.;
2. Богатский И. С. Дюканова Н. М. «Бизнес-курс английского языка», словарь, справочник. Киев «Логос» 1998. – 351 с.;
3. Луговая А. Л. «Английский язык для энергетических специалистов. Учебное пособие». Высшая школа 2002. – 213 c.;
4. Радовель В. А. “Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности” Учебное пособие/ “Феникс” Ростов на Дону, 2006. – 219 c.;
5. Цветкова И. В. «Английский язык для школьников, поступающих в ВУЗы» М. «Глосса» 2001. -150 c.

Дополнительные источники:

1. Raymond Murphy“English grammar in use” Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 327 c.
2. Англо-русские и русско-английские словари.

Интернет-ресурсы:

www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish

www.onestopenglish.com

www.developingteachers.com

www.longman.com

www.teachingenglish.org.uk