Ex. 1 Remember the following words and word combinations

activity - діяльність

to cause –заставляти, стати причиною

to apply – застосовувати

sequentially - послідовно
to execute- виконувати

design – проект, конструкція

to carry out – виконувати

process - процес

to happen – відбуватися

to transfer - передавати

load – загрузка

convenient – зручний

to involve –включати, завoлікати

to consider – вважати, розглядати

argument-аргумент

accumulator – накоплюючий стимулятор

previous - попередній

to obtain – отримувати ,досягати

facilitate – полегшувати, сприяти

accomplish – виконувати, здійснювати

contents - зміст

to separate - розділяти

to relate - відноситися

to sense – зчитувати, сприймати

record – запис, реєстрація

to choose - вибирати

a central processor — центральний процесор

a control unit — блок управління

a control generator — генератор управління

an instruction decoder — дешифратор команд

an instruction register — регістр команд

a current-address register — регістр поточної адреси

Ex. 2 Read the following international words and say what they mean:

nerve; system; to coordinate; to control; activity; central; processor; separate; section; role; to discuss; function; to interpret; actual; interpretation; signal; to decode; gen­erator; automatically; accumulator; argument; decoder

Ex. 3 Make pairs of synonyms:

semiconductor technology; to execute; to write; to con­trol; memory; to sense; to choose; to form; to feel; storage; to store; to set up; to handle; solid-state technology; to per­form; to keep; to select; research; to put in; investigation

Ex. 4 . Find in (b) the Russian equivalents to the English words and word combinations in (a):

a) hence; for example; according to; by means of; i.e.; etc.; always; just; on the other hand; since; any; in its turn; sometimes; the same; while; in this way; instead (of); usually

b) а саме; наприклад; завжди; щойно; з іншого боку, так як, в свою чергу; інколи; той самий; будь-який; отже; і так далі; в той час як; таким чином; замість; відповідно, зазвичай,; за допомогою.

II. Reading.

Ex. 5 Read and translate the text

Central processing unit

1. Central processing unit is the nerve center of any digital computer system, since it coordinates and controls the activities of all other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be executed must be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed must be loaded first into this unit. It is convenient to consider the central processor to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, an arithmetic and logic unit, and a control unit.

2. The CPU has two functions: it must (1) obtain instructions from the memory and interpret them, as well as (2)to perform the actual operations. The first function is executed by the control unit. This unit in its turn must perform two functions: it must

(1) interpret the instruction; then, (2) tell the arithmetic and logic unit what to

do next. The control unit is that part of the CPU which obtains instructions from the memory, interprets them and generates the control signals.The latter function is accomplished through the use of electronic signals.

3. An instruction having been transmitted to the instruction decoder, where it is interpreted, the control generator senses this interpretation and then produces signals that tell the arithmetic unit which operation to perform. It also generates signals that choose the proper numbers from the memory and sends them to the arithmetic and logic unit at the proper time; and when operation has been performed, other control signals take the result from the arithmetic and logic unit back to the internal memory. . The instruction decoder is the part of the control unit which interprets or decodes the instruction. After an instruction has been executed, the control generator produces signals that cause the next instruction to go from the memory to the instruction decoder. In this way the instructions are performed sequentially. The control generator is the part of the control unit which generates the control signals.

4. The second function of the CPU is performed by the arithmetic and logic unit which does the actual operations. This unit is capable of performing automatically addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparing, selecting, and other mathematical and logical operations. Consider now what happens in the arithmetic and logic unit while an instruction is being executed. In most computers only one word at a time can be transferred between the arithmetic logic unit and the memory.

The memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit for this purpose is called the accumulator. The operation being performed, the result is formed in the accumulator before it is transmitted back to memory.

5. Next consider the instruction decoder that interprets instruction. The instruction register is the part of the instruction decoder in which the address of current in­struction is stored. In order that the instruction decoder perform its function, it must constantly refer to the instruction being interpreted during the time control signals are being set. Another memory cell located in the instruction and decoder is called the current address register. The contents of this register is always the memory address from which the instruction being executed came. The reason for this is related to the fact that the address of the present instruc­tion was given as part of the previous instruction.For the computer designer to understand the work of the CPU is quite necessary.

III. Language