Achieve beat earn gain make win defeat
ЧАСТЬ 1. ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
TASK 1………………………………………….… 4
TASK 2………………………………………….….7
TASK 3……………………………………………10
TASK 4……………………………………………15
TASK 5……………………………………………22
TASK 6…………………………………………….24
TASK 7…………………………………………….28
TASK 8…………………………………………….32
TASK 9…………………………………………….35
TASK 10…………………………………………...39
TASK 11…………………………………………...42
TASK 12……………………………………………48
APPENDIX………………………………………..55
Task 1.
1. Complete the table using a dictionary (e.g. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).
| Слово | Денотативное значение | Коннотация |
| machine (n) | ||
| barrier (n) | ||
| nervous (adj) | ||
| quiet (adj) | ||
| drink (v) | ||
| laugh (v) | ||
| make(v) |
2.This animal expression quiz focuses on expressions and words commonly used with animals. Match three related expressions or words to each animal.
Animals
bat elephant lion cow horse sheep bird fish cat dog
Related Words
bark kitten saddle
beak lamb scales
blind leather school
calf mane shoe
cub meow sonar
feather mutton trunk
fin nine lives tusks
flock pie vampire
house puppy wool
ivory ride roar
kennel
3. Use a word from the box in the correct form to complete each collocation.
| shine dark light up sunny lighten darken |
1. I could tell Maria was in a good mood by the……smile on her face.
2. The little boy’s eyes………..when he saw his daddy approaching.
3. Let’s put some happy music on to……….the atmosphere. Everyone’s too serious.
4. My grandparents lived through the…………days of civil war from 1936 to 1939.
5. The girl’s eyes……with excitement as she prepared for the party.
6. Mr Garnham’s expression……….as he was told the terrible news.
4. Put these words in order to make sentences.
1. with / cheeks / embarrassment / burning / were / my
2. city / up / has / in / capital/ flared/ the / violence
3. flowed / the / during / discussion / ideas / the
4. divorce / was / footballer’s / the / publicity / surrounded / famous / a / by / blaze / of
5. Answer the questions.
1. What is most likely to be fiery:
(a) someone’s intelligence (b) someone’s temper?
2. Which is the most typical collocation:
a blaze of (a) temper (b) glory (c) joy?
3. What is most likely to be heated:
(a) discussions (b) cheeks (c) troubles?
4. What is most likely to flare up:
(a) love (b) interest (c) violence?
6. Use a dictionary to find collocations using these words in a metaphorical way.
1 bright
2 warm
3 cold
7. Complete the table with metonyms.
| word | original meaning | metonymic use |
| china | China, the country | |
| Manchester | the city in England | |
| microwave | electromagnetic wave of wavelength 1 mm to 1 m | |
| press | printing press | |
| Hollywood | District of Los Angeles, California, historically the primary center of… | |
| Silicon Valley | geographic region of the San Francisco Bay Area | |
| Strasbourg | Alsatian city, which is the official seat of the… |
Task 2.
The Spell-Checker Poem
More than an exercise in homophonous humor, "Candidate for a Pullet Surprise" endures as a cautionary tale for all those who place too much trust in spell checkers.
1. Rewrite this poem with appropriate homophones.
Candidate for a Pullet Surprise
by Mark Eckman and Jerrold H. Zar
I have a spelling checker,
It came with my PC.
It plane lee marks four my revue
Miss steaks aye can knot sea.
Eye ran this poem threw it,
Your sure reel glad two no.
Its vary polished in it's weigh.
My checker tolled me sew.
A checker is a bless sing,
It freeze yew lodes of thyme.
It helps me right awl stiles two reed,
And aides me when eye rime.
Each frays come posed up on my screen
Eye trussed too bee a joule.
The checker pours o'er every word
To cheque sum spelling rule.
Bee fore a veiling checker's
Hour spelling mite decline,
And if we're lacks oar have a laps,
We wood bee maid too wine.
Butt now bee cause my spelling
Is checked with such grate flare,
Their are know fault's with in my cite,
Of nun eye am a wear.
Now spelling does knot phase me,
It does knot bring a tier.
My pay purrs awl due glad den
With wrapped word's fare as hear.
To rite with care is quite a feet
Of witch won should bee proud,
And wee mussed dew the best wee can,
Sew flaw's are knot aloud.
Sow ewe can sea why aye dew prays
Such soft wear four pea seas,
And why eye brake in two averse
Buy righting want too pleas.
2. Select the word that completes the sentence.
1. She wanted to effect/affect the students in a way they'd never forget.
2. He stood outside in the rain completely bear/bare.
3. He used the brake/break to stop quickly.
4. There are two prisoners per cell/sell in that prison.
5. The scent/cent/sent in the air is fabulous!
6. The full payment is dew/due by the end of the month.
7. We took the ferry/fairy to Sardinia last summer.
8. He was fined/find $50 for illegal parking.
9. The X gene/jean is responsible for eye colour.
10. We had a marry/merry time at the pub.
11. She was the soul/sole person to understand him.
12. I don't know whether/weather he will come or not.
3. For each pair of sentences, find two words with the same sound but different spelling.
Example:
I cannot ..bear...... to see any animal suffering.
The giant pulled the roof off the house with his ..bare... hands.
1. As soon as the policeman was out of ……., one of the men broke a window.
This spot you are standing on was once the ........ of a great battle.
2. The dress showed off Maria's beautiful slender .............. .
Quite frankly, this whole scheme has been a .........of time and money.
3. In the novel, Cruz is a clever servant who always ............... through his master’s plots.
Armed police were sent to the house to ............ the gang's weapons.
4. Mix the apples and almonds into a fine ......... and pour it into a jug.
The Inspector .......... up and down the room, considering his next move.
Task 3.
1. Select the word in each set that completes the sentence appropriately.
Aisle - isle
He grew up on the …… of Elba.
I quickly walked down the ……… and took my seat.
Bass - base
He sang …… in the church choir.
I think we need a new …… for that lamp.
Blew - blue
Her house is painted …….
She …….a lot of bubbles at her birthday party.
Coarse - course
The fabric is rather ……..
The English ……. will begin next week.
Creak - creek
The ……. winds through the beautiful valley.
The doors in the house all ……..
Dear - deer
My ……. Richard, you just don't understand!
We saw three ……on our hike in the mountains.
Foreword - forward
We moved ………. in the line.
Timothy Leary wrote the ………. to Ken's book.
Heal - heel
I hurt my …… playing tennis.
Doctors …… thousands of patients a year.
Knot - naught - not
He tied a ……. to secure the rope.
His efforts came to ……..
Leased - least
She was the …… successful of the candidates.
They ……. the office for three months.
Mail - male
His ….. friends are crazy!
I got a lot of ….. today.
Patience - patients
Success requires a lot of ……...
There are too many ……. waiting in the emergency room.
Plain - plane
The ……… took off at six in the morning.
The food was rather ……. in England.
Still - steal - steel
I think there should be no punishment for people who …….. food to survive.
Most cars have some ……. in their body.
2. Choose the word in parentheses to complete each sentence.
1. She worked harder (than, then) she had ever worked before.
2. If I had known your number, I would (have, of) called.
3. The bingo game has (all ready, already) started.
4. (Whose, Who's) shorts are hanging from the flagpole?
5. The program changes will not (affect, effect) you.
6. What is your (principal, principle) reason for wearing a parrot on your head?
7. (Whose, Who's) hiding in your closet?
8. Last year Beckham (lead, led) the league in goals.
9. Get your facts first, and (than, then) you can distort them as much as you please.
10. The ultimate result of shielding men from the (affects, effects) of folly is to fill the world with fools.
11. Computers are being called on to perform many new functions, including the consumption of homework (formally, formerly) eaten by the dog.
12. Kate (implied, inferred) that she had a good alibi, but Jack (implied, inferred) otherwise from her nervous behavior.
13. Although the recording (device, devise) was primitive, (you're, your) voice came across clearly.
14. I was (conscience, conscious) after the collision but (to, too) frightened (to, too) move.
15. (Quiet, Quite, Quit) was restored, and the judge (preceded, proceeded) with the case.
16. Following the ice storms, (there, their, they're) (maybe, may be) a plague of locusts and a swarm of frogs.
17. The handle was (lose, loose) and could (have, of) fallen off at any moment.
3. Select the word in each set that completes the sentence accurately and appropriately (Commonly confused words).
1. adverse or averse
A recent study found that many air fresheners are high in chemicals that have been linked to _____ health effects in high doses.
2. complement or compliment
The malty flavor of buckwheat honey makes it a nice _____ to blue cheese.
3. device or devise
Amazon unveiled the Kindle, its digital-book reading _____, at the end of 2007.
4. discreet or discrete
The genes, _____ bits of DNA on the chromosomes in each cell, control all body activities by directing the production of essential chemicals.
5. historic or historical
In 1958, a Spanish photographer accompanied Fidel Castro and his band of revolutionaries during their ____ push to Havana.
6. imply or infer
"The fact that some geniuses were laughed at does not _____ that all who are laughed at are geniuses." (Carl Sagan)
7. incredible or incredulous
All births are _____ moments, but some are more momentous than others.
8. later or latter
Facebook has about 300 million users and Twitter a tenth of that number, but the _____ has been winning the headline battle in recent months.
9. pored or poured
Night after night, the president _____ over memos arguing for and against the choice that confronted him.
10. principal or principle
A higher salary was Sol's _____ reason for accepting the job offer.
11. racked or wracked
He _____ his brains to remember, but he could not call to mind a single thing!
12. sensual or sensuous
"The beauty of Moroccan palaces is made up of details of ornament and refinements of _____ delight too numerous to record." (Edith Wharton)
13. shear or sheer
"English usage is sometimes more than mere taste, judgment, and education--sometimes it's _____ luck, like getting across a street." (E.B. White)
14. stationary or stationery
The train passengers spent the night in the makeshift hotels of ____ carriages parked on railway sidings.
15. veracious or voracious
Be it a Jeep Cherokee or a Ford Explorer or supersized to a Humvee, the SUV soon became the _____ and luxurious symbol of boomer excess throughout the 1990s.
Task 4.
1. Choose the correct collocation.
1. The dentist told me to shut/close my mouth.
2. I didn’t know what to do when I got into my car and couldn’t start/begin the engine.
3. I want to buy a sweater for my dad. He needs one in a big/large size.
4. I haven’t finished/ended my essay yet. I can’t decide how to finish/end it.
5. At what time do you plan to shut/close the conference?
6. All societies develop their own stories about how the world started/began.
7. It’s far too big/large a problem for you to solve on your own.
8. It’s never easy to finish/end a relationship.
2. Fill in the blanks with the words from the lists below in their correct form.
a. bring - carry - fetch - take
1. The baby is too young to walk so he has to be ..... everywhere.
2. You may borrow this book as long as you ........... it back tomorrow.
3. Bob ..................... his dog for a walk by the canal last night.
4. I bought so much shopping I couldn't ……….it all home.
5. My dog has been trained to ................ my slippers from the bedroom.
b. anxiety - nuisance - problem - trouble
1. The woman was full of….. when her daughter was late home.
2. That boy is a(n)……..he's always disturbing the class.
3. Can you speak up, please? I have a(n) ............ with my hearing.
4. If you don't revise, you'll have a lot of .......... answering the questions.
5. I left my glasses at home - what a(n) .............. !
3. Choose the correct item.
1. When you ..... the traffic lights turn left!
A arrive B reach C get D come
2. My favourite ......... of car is the Ferrari.
A style B make C trademark D model
3. This shirt will ..... if you wash it with bleach.
A fade B lighten C waken D faint
4. It's very rude to ......... at people.
A gaze B glance C glimpse D stare
5.With lots of time and patience you can .......... dogs to be obedient.
A guide B instruct C learn D train
6. Could you leave me .........? I have to study.
A alone B only C single D lonely
7. From my point of ...... there is no benefit in remaining here.
A idea B opinion C view D belief
8. His injuries turned out to be ..... - he died the day after the accident.
A fatal B final C solemn D lethal
9. I'm really .......... about this situation; I hope we can find a solution.
A anxious B careful C watchful D afraid
10. She ......... all her classmates and finished the race first.
A beat B earned C gained D won
4. Put a tick in the appropriate boxes.
| A | win | earn | gain |
| experience | |||
| a living | |||
| a prize | |||
| a salary | |||
| possession | |||
| weight | |||
| a game | |||
| sb’s heart |
| B | spread | extend | prolong |
| life | |||
| a passport | |||
| disease | |||
| rumors | |||
| a road | |||
| the agony | |||
| a building |
5. Complete each phrase with a word meaning either “old” or “alone” (old, ancient, antique, elderly, single, lonely, alone, solitary, sole, only, unique).
1. a………………figure on the horizon
2. a shop selling………………furniture
3. to be an…………………..child
4. the………….survivor of the accident
5. to study………………history
6. to live…………..
7. to feel desperately…………………
8. to catch up with………………friends
9. support for………………….parents
10. a home for………………..people
6. Correct these sentences.
1. Were many people damaged in the earthquake?
2. Single parents growing children without a partner’s support are entitled to financial help from the government.
3. My mobile isn’t working. I need to load the battery.
4. She has a lot of beautiful elderly jewellery.
5. When we moved house, two men helped us to charge the van.
6. That’s not news – it’s antique history!
7. I don’t know how to charge a gun, let alone fire one.
8. I’ve never been very successful at raising plants.
7. Use the following verbs in the correct form to complete each collocation.
achieve beat earn gain make win defeat
1. I don’t have ambitions to……a lot of money, I just want to be happy in life.
2. Jack has already…….a very good reputation as a talented lawyer.
3. Kim has…………. several prizes for her singing.
4. It is important to have goals even if you do not always…….them.
5. Chris………….a lot of money when he sold some old shares on the stock exchange.
6. In the tournament Hannah………all her opponents and ……….the gold medal.
7. Nowadays John………………a very good salary.
8. In the cycle race, Henry…………an advantage when several of his opponents had punctures.
8. Correct collocation errors in this paragraph.
Last year I got a new job and started gaining a lot more money. I realized I could afford to use more money on my holiday than I usually do and decided to pass a month in Australia. I knew it would be hot there and so I wouldn’t need to carry warm clothes with me. In fact, I used a T-shirt and jeans all the time I was there. I carried a hat all the time too, of course, to protect me from the sun. It was fantastic there. I passed a week sightseeing in Sydney and then stayed the rest of the time traveling round the country. I even did my lifelong ambition of stroking a koala.
9. Choose the word which is the best match.
| We should leave immediately. | later, soon, quietly, now |
| The city is full of massive buildings. | old, modern, huge, stylish |
| She doesn’t usually display emotions. | like, use, understand, show |
| You ought to take an umbrella. It looks like rain. | must not, should, could, must |
| Saying something three times helps you to retain it. | keep, pronounce, stay, forget |
| Someone left their stuff in the car. | money, clothes, things, food |
| My ambition is to start my own business. | decision, goal, need, plan |
| All passengers are required to show their passports. | taken, delivered, taught, asked |
| To prevent accidents, helmets must be worn. | forbid, stop, encourage, solve |
| I frequently drink orange juice. | never, often, rarely, sometimes |
10. Look up BIG and LARGE in a good learner’s dictionary of English and see what collocations it suggests for them.
| BIG | LARGE |
11. Fill in DO or MAKE in the correct form.
1. I enjoy ……... the crossword in The Guardian.
2. It's not a good idea to …….. an enemy of Clare.
3. We had better start …….. preparations for the christening.
4. Pete ……… a great deal of damage already.
5. It's your turn to ……... the washing up tonight.
6. The boy promised to ……... his best in the test.
7. She …….. her exercises every morning before work.
8. Pat doesn't appreciate …………a fool of.
9. I ....... friends with some people from Germany while I was traveling to Budapest.
10. They find it difficult ………..ends meet.
11. Mum has promised to ………. a cake for the party.
12. A man phoned earlier to……..an appointment.
13. He asked me what I ………… for a living.
14. Our neighbours are always …………. noise.
15. Can't you at least…………an effort?
16. It appears that she …… a fortune when she was living in Japan.
12. Underline the correct item.
rise - rose - risen (int) = get higher; move upward
raise - raised - raised (tr) = cause to rise; make higher or greater arise - arose - arisen = (of problems) appear
lie - lied - lied = not to tell the truth
lie - lay - lain (intr) = be in a horizontal position
lay - laid - laid (tr) = cause to place down
(also: lay the table; lay eggs)
1. You should raise/rise/arise your hand to get the teacher's attention.
2. She always lies/lays about her age so no one knows how old she really is.
3. We'll have to put off making a decision because a problem has arisen/risen/raised.
4. It's not good for you to lie/lay in bed all day.
5. I always wake up just after the sun has arisen/risen/raised.
6. They lied/laid/lay the unconscious man on the bed.
7. Everyone arose/rose/raised to their feet when the judge entered the courtroom.
8. She laid/lied/lay on the floor groaning in pain.
Task 5.
1. Choose the opposite word.
| 1. high | deep, little, small, low |
| 2. wide | tiny, small, tall, narrow |
| 3. dangerous | safe, nervous, anxious, exhausted |
| 4. modern | new, historical, smooth, advanced |
| 5. intelligent | stupid, bright, smart, difficult |
| 6. rough | light, small, soft, smooth |
| 7. shy | patient, lazy, outgoing, honest |
| 8. permit | forbid, encourage, allow, get |
| 9. success | loss, failure, fall, mistake |
| 10. loose | small, easy, wide, tight |
| 11. powerful | weak, lazy, slow, soft |
| 12. ugly | pretty, clean, expensive, rich |
| 13. pass | beat, enter, fail, lose |
| 14. noisy | thoughtful, silent, loud, wild |
| 15. full | light, open, empty, heavy |
| 16. sharp | shiny, dull, dark, stupid |
| 17. accept | reject, reply, allow, excuse |
| 18. steep | flat, low, high, sharp |
| 19. liquid | solid, dense, hot, safe |
| 20. enter | escape, exit, proceed, vanish |
| 21. considerate | selfish, dumb, deaf, blind |
| 22. private | public, own, state, closed |
2. Give the opposite word.
dead old big senior student
on light hard hairy
3. Change the underlined words so that each sentence has the opposite meaning.
1. The Democratic Party lost the election.
2. The ruling power has lost control of the situation.
3. Our team was defeated in the match.
4. I spent a lot of money last month.
5. Our company made a loss last year.
4. Write the opposite of these expressions.
sweet wine dry weather
a soft drink light rain
a strong accent a light smoker
strong coffee tell the truth
a soft voice catch the bus
get on the bus get in the car
5. Add the correct prefixes to form the opposites.
1. It was very .......kind of you to laugh at Emily's haircut
2. Many people .......approve of violent films and television programs.
3. We became .......patient with the slow service.
4. It is .......legal to leave school before the age of 16 in many countries.
5. He was sacked due to his .......professional behaviour.
6. The nurse who treated me was gentle but .......personal.
7. Some frozen food does not have to be ........frosted before cooking.
8. My homework was wrong because I .......understood the instructions.
9. Dave was ........successful in his attempt to climb Mount Houghton.
10. You can't trust him to do anything. He is very .......responsible.
Task 6.
1. Write numbers next to these suffixes according to which part of speech they usually indicate. A few belong in more than one category. Give examples.