Unit 2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

Кафедра иностранных языков и перевода

Г.Р. Чумарина

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ В СФЕРЕ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

Углубленный уровень

ДЛЯ МАГИСТРОВ

Казань – 2014

УДК

ББК

Печатается по решению секции языковых дисциплин

учебно-методического совета

Института экономики, управления и права (г. Казань)

Чумарина Г.Р.

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ В СФЕРЕ РИСПРУДЕНЦИИ. Углубленный уровень ДЛЯ МАГИСТРОВ

/ Г.Р. Чумарина – Казань: Изд-во «Познание» Института экономики, управления и права (г. Казань), 2014. – с.

Обсуждено и одобрено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков и перевода.

Представленное учебное пособие предлагается для дисциплин «Иностранный язык» и «Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере» и является сборником разнообразных учебных текстов на английском языке по основам специальности. В нем также представлен обширный теоретический и практический материал по грамматике английского языка, тестовые задания для проверки и закрепления профессиональной лексики. Учебное пособие также дополнено материалами по страноведению и культурологии. Учебное пособие может быть использовано для самостоятельной внеаудиторной работы студентов, а также в образовательных системах открытого образования и дистанционного обучения.

Рекомендовано для подготовки магистров направления

«Юриспруденция».

 Институт экономики,

управления и права (г. Казань), 2014

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. UNIT 1. Introduction to Law
2. UNIT 2 Why do we need law?
3. UNIT 3 Law and Society
4. UNIT 4 Legal professions
5. UNIT 5 Legal skills
6. UNIT 6 Applying for a job
7. GLOSSARY

PART 2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

UNIT 1. Legislation in Russia

UNIT 2. Law-making procedure in the USA

UNIT 3. The United Kingdom legislation

UNIT 4. The Constitution of the Russian Federation

UNIT 5. Constitutions of the USA and the UK

UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

GLOSSARY

Краткий грамматический справочник

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

Unit 1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW

1. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного из выражений, данных в рамке.

In my opinion - по моему мнению; I cant make up my mind, but - не могу принять решение, но; I am keeping an open mind for the moment - пока у меня нет никакого мнения на этот счет; Im (not) sure that - я (не) уверен, что; Firstly, (secondly) - во-первых, (во-вторых) Finally - наконец

1. Can we live without laws?
2. Why do we need the law?
3. What spheres of life are regulated by law?
4. Must people obey laws?
5. What rules of behavior are accepted in the society?
6. Do you share the idea that people should look only after themselves and take no care about others?
7. What rules do you obey willingly?
8. What rules would you abolish if you could?
9. Do laws limit your personal freedom?
10. Must all people study law at school?
11. Do you feel that laws protect you?
12. What law would you suggest if you were a Member of Parliament?

2. Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения со словом «law». Составьте предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы - это устойчивые по составу и структуре лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения, выполняющие функцию словарной единицы).

1. law and order - правопорядок
2. the law of the jungle - закон джунглей
3. to lay down the law- a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений
4. Necessity knows no law - нужда не знает закона.
5. to make laws - издавать, принимать законы
6. to repeal laws - отменять законы
7. to break laws - нарушать законы
8. to obey laws - соблюдать законы
9. to enforce laws - обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона
10. to apply laws - применять законы
11. to be against the law - быть противозаконным
12. to study law - изучать право
13. to amend the law - вносить поправки в закон

3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу глаголами из упражнения 2

1. The State Duma of the Russian Federation ____ laws.
2. The government ___ laws and ___ them if they are bad.
3. The police ___ laws.
4. Courts and judges ___ laws.
5. Law-abiding people ___ laws.
6. Criminals ___ laws.
7. The students of universities ___ law.

Unit 2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге

1. Прочитайте

а) 1-ю форму глагола

б) 2-ю форму глагола

в) 3-ю форму глагола.

made, make, begun, begin, began, was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen, arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken, take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought, choose, chosen, chose.

2. Прочитайте формы сказуемого, которые переводятся на русский язык а) настоящим временем б) прошедшим временем в) будущим временем.

will begin, have protected, is speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, shall have, are driving, has felt, were keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing, flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do, will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, shall respect, imposed.

3. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. Students (are studying, study) law at the University. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didnt find, havent found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? - I (think, am thinking) about retirement. - But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. - I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.

4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова, которые выступают в разных функциях в предложении.

Тысячи английских слов свободно используются в функциях нескольких частей речи. Наиболее широко распространена способность выступать в двух функциях у существительного и глагола, например: state - государство, состояние и заявлять, излагать, judge - судья и судить, claim - требование, судебный иск и претендовать, заявлять, force- сила и заставлять,rule - правило, норма и управлять, постановлять. Правильный первый шаг к пониманию смысла английского высказывания - не поиск в словаре русских соответствий английским словам, а определение грамматической роли слова в предложении. К пониманию смысла английского высказывания можно прийти лишь после того, как выявлена его грамматическая структура, при этом необходимо руководствоваться формальными показателями слова и твердым порядком слов в английском предложении.

1. A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge us? ”justify". Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. There are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? We did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives In a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected. Need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law. Our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals., despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

5. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты

1. (the purpose of law) уважать права отдельного человека2. to live in society b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества3. to choose at randomc) иметь разногласия и конфликты4. to safeguard our personal property and our lives.d) верить в верховенство закона5. to have disagreements and conflictse) защищать основные права и свободы6. to resolve disputes peacefullyf) назначение (цель) права7. to turn to the lawg) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение8. to respect individual rightsh) жить в обществе9. to arrest and punish people without triali) выбирать что-либо наугад10. to believe in the Rule of Lawj) стремиться изменить закон мирными средствами11. in accordance with the lawk) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия12. to protect basic individual rights and freedomsl) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь13. to reflect the changing needs of societym) в соответствии с законом14. to have the right to speak out publiclyn) обращаться к закону15. to seek to change the law by lawful meanso) разрешать споры мирными средствами

6. Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by) rules imposed by morality) the courts) some set of rules

2. If we didnt live in a structured society with other people ) we would simply do as we please) we would simply do with little regard for others) laws would not be necessary

3. Laws against criminal conduct help) to protect our property) to take advantage of other individuals) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

4. We turn to the law) to resolve the dispute peacefully) to decide who is the real owner) to force people keep their promises

5. Another goal of the law is) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms) fairness) to provide for benefits.

7. Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из текста

The aim of (права) is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of (правовой) theory is (рассмотреть) the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect (юридических норм) for human conduct and (законы) devised by men must be induced by these rules. (Закон) is a term which is used in many different senses. To (юриста) law has far narrower meaning - the principle recognized and applied by the state in (суде). The English (правовая система) has still been copied by many nations. (Судебный процесс) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges the winner. By the time of (судебного разбирательства) each (сторона дела) should gain as much information as possible.

8. Соотнесите английские предложения в правой колонке с соответствующими русскими предложениями из левой колонки. Закрывая попеременно колонки, проверьте друг у друга перевод предложений.

1. Не каждый может работать для общего блага. 2. Юрист - это лицо, чья профессия заключается в том, чтобы подавать судебные иски или консультировать клиентов и действовать от их имени по различным юридическим вопросам. 3. Право - это нормы поведения, установленные государством и применяемые в обществе в форме закона или обычая. 4. Закон - это любая норма или предписание, которым надо следовать. 5. Мы следуем определённым нормам поведения, если принадлежим определённым социальным институтам. 6. Я посоветуюсь с юристом. 7. Она обратилась в суд. 8. Судья отправляет правосудие. 9. Какие факторы повлияли на Ваше решение?

1. The law is the rule of conduct established by a government and applicable to people, whether in the form of legislation or custom. 2. Law is any rule or injunction that must be obeyed. 3. Not everybody can work for the goods of society. 4. A lawyer is a person whose profession is to conduct lawsuit for clients or to advise or act for them in other legal matters. 5. We accept some rules if we belong to particular social institutions. 6. Ill take legal advice. 7. She brought a case to court. 8. What factors influenced your decision? 9. A judge administers justice.

9. Ответьте на вопросы

1.What kind of society do we live in?

2.What is the society governed by?

3.What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?

4.Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?

5.Why are laws designed to control our behavior?

6.What are the goals of law?

7.When do people turn to law?

8.Why do we need the law?