Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms. Pronounce them.

[ai] mining, incline, either, drives

[e] tremendous, tendency dimensions, metal

[i] mineral, distance, driven, dimension, drift

[ǽ] tabular, capacity, extraction

[θ] earth, depth, length, method

Pay attention to the stress in the following words.

´mining	im´proving
´substance	ext´raction
di´mension	exploi´tation
´bearing	de´velopment

Read the text and fulfil the exercises.

MINING

Mining refers to ore extraction. Mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth’s crust. The term “mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells; metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and other hydrocarbons from the earth.

Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries, opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode of occurrenceof the sought-for metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practiced. The problem of depth also affects the mining method. If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a shallow site and is massive, it may be economically excavatedby a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. If the metal-bearing mass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneath the surface, then it will be worked by some method of underground mining. Working or exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral. Mine workings vary in shape, dimensions, location and function.

Depending on their function, mine workings are described as exploratoryto find or prove mineral, and productive when used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral. Productive mining can be divided into capital investment work, development work, and face or production work. Investment work aims atensuring access to the deposit from the surface. Development work prepares for the face work, and mineral is extracted (or produced) in bulk.

Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, correct them according to the text.

Statement	True	False
1) The term “mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells as coal, iron ores and other useful minerals from the earth.
2) There are only two mining methods.
3) The problem of depth also affects the mining method.
4) If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a deep site, it is massive.
5) Mine workings vary only in shape.
6) Depending on their function mine workings are described as exploratory or productive.
7) Productive mining can be divided into three workings.

Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases.

Direct access to the surface

Open-cast mining

Tabular deposits

Oil well

Underground workings

Production face

Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) Mining refers to ore extraction.

2) Mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth’s crust.

3) The term “mining” includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells.

4) The mode of occurrence of the sought-for-metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practiced.

5) Depending on their function, mine workings are described as exploratory, if they are driven with a view to finding or proving mineral, and as productive, if they are used for the immediate extraction of useful mineral.

7. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Горные выработки могут быть разведочными и эксплуатационными.

2) Для разработки более глубоких частей пласта необходимо проводить ряд подземных выработок.

3) Механизация горной породы способствует увеличению добычи полезного ископаемого.

Complete the given sentences. Use the information from the text.

1) Mining is a branch of industry, which deals with __________________

2) Many factors affect the choice of the mining method. In case the deposit _____

3) Mine workings may have different functions, for example, productive workings which ______________

4) If we describe underground workings, we should divide them into __________

Make your own sentences using the following expressions.

Example: 0) surface method – This surface method is not productive.

1) to refer to