Количественные местоимения
few/ a few/ many/ a lot of используются с исчисляемыми существительными
few (мало) We have few subjects this term.
a few (несколько, немного) I have a few friends and we meet quite often.
many (много) Have you got many relatives in Italy? No, I haven’t got many relatives in Italy.
a lot of (много) A lot of people drive too fast.
little/ a little/ much/ a lot of используются с неисчисляемыми существительными
little (мало) We must be quick. We have little time.
a little (немного) We have got a little time. We can wait.
much (много) Did you spend much money? No, we didn’t spend much money.
a lot of (много) She drinks a lot of coffee.
Вопросительные слова
who кто
who(m) кого, кому, др.
whose чей
whatчто
what + существительное какой
whereгде, куда, откуда
when когда
whyпочему
how как, каким образом
how much + неисчисл. сущ
how many +исчисл. cущ
ADJECTIVE (Имя прилагательное)
Степени сравнения прилагательных
Сравнительная степень прилагательных употребляется для сравнения двух предметов.
Для образования сравнительной степени к односложным и некоторым двусложным (заканчивающимся на –y) прибавляется - er
loud – louder
short-shorter
soft – softer
quiet – quieter
Spelling
1) удвоение конечной согласной slim – slimmer, big – bigger,
2) y – i friendly – friendlier, happy – happier
Для образования сравнительной степени перед двусложными или многосложными прилагательными ставится more
beautiful – more beautiful
easy-going – more easy-going
expensive – more expensive
Превосходная степень прилагательных употребляется для описания самых больших, красивых и др. предметов.
Превосходная степень односложных и двусложных (заканчивающихся на – y) прилагательных образуется путем добавлением окончания – est
loud – the loudest
short – the shortest
soft – the softest
quiet – the quietest
Spelling
1) удвоение конечной согласной slim – the slimmest, big – the biggest,
2) y – i friendly – the friendliest, happy – the happiest
Для образования превосходной степени перед двусложными или многосложными прилагательными ставится the most
beautiful – the most beautiful
easy-going – the most easy-going
expensive – the most expensive
| прилагательное в сравнительной степени+ than (чем) |
She is prettier than her sister.
He is more intelligent than his brother.
| as + прилагательное + as (такой же …. как) not as (so) +прилагательное + as (не такой …. как) |
This bag is as big as that one.
The train is not as fast as the plane.
Исключения:
GOOD – BETTER – THE BEST OLD – OLDER – THE OLDEST
BAD - WORSE- THE WORST - ELDER – THE ELDEST LITTLE – LESS- THE LEAST FAR – FARTHER – THE FARTHEST
MUCH – MORE- THE MOST - FURTHER – THE FURTHEST
ADVERB (Наречие)
Наречия обозначают признаки действия и указывают на различные обстоятельства, при которых оно происходит.
She sang qиietly.
They ran quickly.
Обратите внимание на различие функций, выполняемых в предложении наречиями и прилагательными.
Alan had а quick meal.(Прилагательное quick служит определением
к существительному теal)
Alan ate qиickly. (Наречие quick/y определяет глагол, действие,
т. е. характеризует, как ест Алан)
Многие наречия образуются от прилагательных с помощью суффикса –ly
bad - badly slow - slowly
loud - loudly awful - awfully
quiet - quietly brave - bravely
sudden – suddenly beautiful - beautifully
Spelling
У прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -у с предшествующей согласной, при преобразовании в наречие -у меняется на -i перед -Iy.
angry – angrily
hungry - hungrily
Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -е, при преобразовании в наречие теряют –e.
sensible -sensibIy
terrible - terribly
Некоторые наречия по форме не отличаются от соответствующих прилагательных:
early
fast
late
hard
Существуют наречия, которые образуются не по общим правилам:
good - well
PREPOSITIONS (Предлоги)
TIME
AT (time)
at 5 o’clock at 11.45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset
ON (days and dates)
on Friday on 12 March on Christmas day on my birthday
on Sunday night on Monday evening on Christmas day
IN(longer periods)
in October in winter in 1975 in the 1920s in the 18th century
in the past in the future
in the morning in the afternoon in the evening at night
at the weekend at weekends
at Easter at New Year at Christmas
at the moment
at the same time
in a few minutes in ah hour in two days
this/next/last/every weekend, month, year
on time
in time
in advance
at the end of
at the beginning of
in the end
PLACE
ON
on the beach on the door (a notice) on the bottle (a lable) on the floor on the ground
IN
in the box in the bag in the city in the mouth in the country in the shop in Italy
AT
at the door at the bus stop at reception at the party at the conference at the airport at the station
DIRECTION
TO
to the city to the country to Italy to the party to the beach
EXPRESSIONS
in the street
in the sky
in the world
in the picture in the photo
on the left/ on the right
on a map
on the menu
at the front/at the back
in bed
in hospital
in prison
at work at school at university
in the south in the north in the west in the east
on a bus on a train on a plane
on a bike on a horse
in the taxi in the car
on holiday on a business trip
on TV on the radio
on the phone
in the rain in the sun in the dark in the shade in cold weather
in cash by credit card by cheque
in love
at the age of
by car by plane by train by bus on foot
NOUN + preposition
a need for
a reason for
a cause of
a rise in/ a fall in
an invitation to
an answer to
a reaction to
an attitude to
a relationship with/between
ADJECTIVE + preposition
nice/ kind/ polite/ friendly to
angry/ annoyed with smb for smth
excited/ upset/ happy about
satisfied/ disappointed with
surprised/ shocked at/by
impressed with/by
sorry for
fed up/ bored with
afraid/ scared of
fond/ jealous/ ashamed/ envious of
tired of
sure of
good/ bad/ hopeless at
similar to
different from
interested in
famous for
responsible for
VERB + preposition
to look at
to laugh/ smile at
to talk/ speak to
to listen to
to apologize to smb for smth
to talk/ tell about
to care about to care for
to wait for
to look for
to look after
to dream about to dream of
to think about to think of
to consist of
to pay for
to forgive for
to depend on
to suffer from
to congratulate on
to compliment on
to believe in
to happen to
to concentrate on
to insist on
to spend on