Ex 23 Study the following chart.

necessity duty obligation absence of necessity

He has Do you often have You don't have I shall have He had Did she have

to get up early. to go to town? to come on Sundays to go to the doctor to wait for you nearly an hour. to help her younger, brother?

Ex 24 Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

1. He has to watch his diet. (why) 2. After the operation he had to stay in hospital for a long time. (how long) 3. You will have to show him the way to the station. (whom) 4. We had to change trains in Kiev. (where) 5. They do not have to pay for the books at school. (why) 6. All traffic has to make way for a fire brigade. (for whom) 7. She has to drink this medicine without sugar. (how) 8. We didn't have to take food with us, there was a good restaurant there. (why)

Ex 25 Use 'not have to' for 'needn’t'. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. You needn't follow me in everything. 2. He needn't argue about it. The question is clear. 3. She needn't agree with everything he says. 4. I needn't hand in my report this week. 5. They needn't return home so early. 6. We needn't hand in our compositions today.

Ex 26 Practise the following according to the models.

Model 1: She used to help him a lot with his English.

Now shedoesn't have to. He knows the language quite well.

1. I used to lose a lot of time to get to the office. — 2. When he was a student he used to work mostly in the library. — 3. She used to argue a lot on the subject. — 4. He used to copy a lot of documents by hand. — 5. When she came to live in this country she used to ask a lot of questions. —

Model 2: Now I must think of such things but last year Ididn't have to.

1. With this new job I must keep a lot of things in my mind, but a few months ago — . 2. Now we must get up very early but during our vacation — . 3. Now she must take a bus to get to the Institute but when she lived in the centre — . 4. Now he must help his parents but a few years ago — . 5. Now I must go to my dentist rather often but when I was your age — .

Model 3: "Do you want to speak at the meeting?"

"I'll have to".

1. Is she going to explain why she has been absent a whole week? 2. Will he agree to the operation? 3. Are they going to return by the 1st of September? 4. Will she answer the telegram? 5. Are you going to follow his advice? 6. Are you going to wait for the next train?

Ex 27 Translate the following sentences on the pattern: 'All you have to do is (to) phone her':

1. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это принять решение. 2. Единственное, что ему надо было сделать, это последовать нашему совету. 3. Все, что ему приходилось делать, это доставлять почту из города. 4. Единственное, что вам придется сделать, это вручить письмо секретарю. 5. Единственное, что вам придется сделать, это написать адрес.

Ех 28 Complete the following sentences with 'have to' or 'must' according to the sense.

1. You (be) kind to the child. 2. "Have you got The Moon and Sixpence by S.Maugham?" "Yes, but it's not mine. I (give) it back next week." 3. He (not forget) that his younger brother follows him in everything. 4. She has just returned from hospital, she (stay) in bed another week. 5. He (not go) far to fetch her. She was always in the garden working. 6. He felt that he (speak) to her. 7. He said that if you wanted to see him, you (come) to him yourself. 8. I (come) myself to talk matters over? 9. You (come) at once, I need your advice. 10. We could work no longer. We (have) a rest.

Ex 29 Translate the following sentences using 'have to' or 'must' according to the sense.

1. Нам нужно было возвращаться в тот же день. 2. Ей придется последовать совету врача и переменить климат. 3. Ему не пришлось выбирать. Он пришел слишком поздно. 4. Мы не должны забывать этого. 5. Вам придется согласиться с нашим решением, нравится оно вам или нет. 6. Ему пришлось прекратить спорить с ним. 7. Единственное, что тебе надо сделать, это дать знать о дне твоего приезда. 8. Вы всегда должны помнить об этом. 9. Единственное, что вам нужно сделать, это отказаться от их помощи. 10. Вам нужно все хорошо продумать, прежде чем согласиться на поездку. 11. Вы можете не спешить. Поезд опаздывает.

Be Able*

Ex 30 Complete the following sentences according to the model.

Model: If she helps us, we (finish the work much earlier).

If she helps us, we shall be able to finish the work much earlier.

1. If you refuse to follow my instructions (not do this in the right way). 2. If he chooses the right book, (make a good report). 3. If they continue to argue, (not discuss all the questions). 4. If she gets well by the end of the week, (join us for the excursion to Pskov). 5. If you phone for a taxi, I (leave later). 6. If she follows the doctor's advice now, (skate again very soon). 7. If he finishes his term paper on Friday, he (hand it in on Monday).

Ex 31 Practise the following according to the model.

Model: "Can you speak English?" (by the end of the year).

"Not yet, but I'll be able to by the end of the year."

1. Can you hand in your term paper? (by the 15th of March). 2. Can they translate articles from the newspaper? (In the third course). 3. Can you look through my composition now? (in the evening). 4. Can she skate (ski, play tennis, chess) well? (with time). 5. Can we join your sports club now? (in January). 6. Can you follow the speaker? (when I have a little more practice in spoken English).

Ex 32 Translate the following sentences, using 'can' ('could'), 'be able'.

1. Я смогу вернуть вам ваш доклад после того, как я просмотрю его. 2. Остальная часть группы сможет пойти в музей в субботу. 3. Он как раз тот человек, который может объяснить вам, что вам нужно делать. 4. Он не мог понять, почему все были так удивлены и расстроены, когда он отказался от этой работы. 5. Мы сумели закончить работу, хотя у нас было очень мало времени. 6. Где можно достать этот словарь? 7. Он сказал, что не сможет дать ответ, пока не обдумает все как следует. 8. Они не сразу поняли, почему мы не сумели выехать вовремя. 9. Мы сделаем все возможное, чтобы выполнить обещание. 10. Вы можете поверить мне, я вас не обманываю.

Be to