Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns	Relative Pronouns
Who played football?	The boys who played football ... .
Whose article is this?	The writer whose article we are discussing ... .
What is he reading?	I don't know what he is reading.
When did it happen?	Nobody knows when it hap- pened.
How did you do it?	She couldn't explain how she had done it.
How much time does it last?	They couldn't tell us how much time it lasted.
Which of these girls is her sister?	The girl who works at the cafe is her sister.
Which do you play best, the piano or the accordion?	Is this the shop which stays open till eleven?
Which asks about things and people. We use which when there is a limited (and often very small) number of possible answers to from.	Here's the bag that I found in the room.

The girl that you saw is our student.

We can use that instead of who or which but mostly we use that to talk about things. Sometimes we use that to talk about people,but we use who much more often.

Relative Pronouns

We use who/that, which/that, and where to join sentences.

/ saw the girl. She works in the travel agency.

I saw the girl who/thatworks in the travel agency.

Who/that= person/people

This is the book. It has the information.

This is the book which/that has the information.

Which/that= thing/things

There is the house. John and Mary live in it.

There's the house whereJohn and Mary live.

Where - place/places

Practice

1. Join the sentences with who, which, thator where.

1. Jack wrote the letter. It arrived this morning ....

2. There is the park. We play football in it ....

3. Tom's a young man. He loves Ann ....

4. This is the hotel. I always stay here ....

5. Barbara's got a car. It's faster than yours ....

6. I've got a niece. She lives in America ....

7. Look at the pictures. They are on page 6 ....

2. Read about London and underline the relative pronouns. Check the meaning of new words in your dictionary.

London

London has a population of about 6,770,000. It lies on the river Thames, where the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years ago. From about 1800 until World War II, London was the biggest city in world, but now there are many cities which are much bigger. London is famous for many things. Tourists come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, which has a huge dome, and the Houses of Parliament, where you can see and hear the famous clock, Big Ben. They also come to visit it's theatres, its museums and its many shops, such as Harrods, where you can buy anything.

Like many big cities London has problems with traffic and Pollution. Over 1,000,000 people a day use the London Underground but there are still too many cars on the streets. The air

isn't clean but it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. Until the Clean Air act in 1956, London was famous for its fog or "smog" which is the mixture of smoke and fog.

The best thing about London is the parks. There are five in the city center. But my children's favorite place is Hamleys, which is the biggest toyshop in the world. It is 200 years old.

3. Link the following sentences with the correct relative pronoun who, that, which, where.

1. There is the boy. He broke the window.

2. That's the palace. The Sultan lives in it.

3. There are the policemen. They caught the thief.

4. He gave her a watch. It stopped after two days.

5. Here are the letters. They arrived this morning.

6. That's the house. I was born in it.

7. Where is the lady? She ordered the fish.

8. The Red Lion is the pub. We met in it for a drink.

9. Do you know the children? They live in that house.

10. The clothes comes from Marks & Spencer. They are good quality.

2. Read the following description of a town. Put who, which,or whereinto the gaps.

My Home Town

I was born in Newcastle, a city in the north-east of England. Newcastle is on the bank of the River Tyne, It is quite big, with a population of about 200,000 people. There is a cathedral and a university. There are five bridges over the River Tyne, ... link Newcastle to the next town, Gateshead, ... there is one of the biggest shopping centres in the world, the Metro Centre.

A few years ago, the main industries were shipbuilding and coalmining, but now the chemical and soap industries are more important.

I moved from Newcastle ten years ago but I often return. I miss the people, ... are so warm and friendly, and I miss the wild, beautiful countryside near the city, ... there are so many hills'and streams.

People ... are born near the River Tyne have a special name. They are called "Geordies". I am very pleased to be a "Geordie"!

4. Putwho, which,or thatinto the gaps. If it is possible to leave it out, put brackets around it.

Model: He's the man who loves Anna. He'sthe man (who)Anna loves.

1. The film star gave a party ... cost £ 10,000.

2. The man ... you met at the party was a famous film star.

3. What's the name of the lady wearing the gold dress?

4. You're reading the book ... I wanted to read.

5. There's someone at the door ... wants to speak to George.

6. I don't like food ... is very spicy.

7. That's the dictionary ... Bill gave me for my birthday.

8. Those are the cars ... only take unleaded petrol.

9. Do you like the people ... Sarah invited to her party.

6. Read the following text.

A Farewell to Diana

The tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in a car crash last August, sent the world into mourning[2].

It was only in death that the world realized how famous Diana, Princess of Wales, really was. All the years of fame while she was still alive, were as nothing compared to the media attention she received after her tragic death in a car accident in Paris, at the end

sent the world into mourning - повергла мир в траур

of August. Various epithets, like "Queen of Hearts" and 'The People's Princess" have been applied to Diana.

The Diana "phenomenon" began 17 years ago, in 1980, when rumours began to circulate that she and the Prince of Wales were to marry. At that time, she was an unremarkable teacher in a London kindergarten, but she had many of the qualities essential for the wife of the heir to the throne. She was an aristocrat - her father was an earl, her mother was the daughter of a baron - and her family's close ties with the Royal family went back centuries[3]. And she was young and attractive.

To the press and the public, this young woman was a welcome change from the celebrities and politicians that they were used to. When the wedding took place in July 1981, it was watched by one billion people - a fifth of world's population.

By 1987, rumours that the marriage was in trouble had begun to circulate. They formally separated at the end of 1992.

In the months before her death, the media attention intensified. Coverage[4] of her relationship with Dodi al-Fyaed, the son of a wealthy Egyptian business-man, was splashed across Britain's newspapers every day.

The accident that resulted in their deaths is one of the most widely reported events of the century.

Put questions to the text using interrogative pronouns.

7. In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who.Use a dictionary if necessary.

he/ she	steals from a shop	he/ she	buys something from a shop
designs building	pays rent to live in a house
doesn't believe in God	or flat
is not brave	breaks into a house to steal
	things
	no longer works and gets
	money from the state

1. (an architect) .....An architect is someone who designs

buildings.......................................................................................

2. (a burglar).........A burglar is someone.............................

3. (a customer).......................................................................

4. (a shoplifter).......................................................................

5. (a coward)..........................................................................

6. (an atheist)..........................................................................

7. (a pensioner)......................................................................

8. (a tenant)............................................................................

8. Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now inhospital.

The girl, who was injured in the accident, is now in hospital.

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.

The man..............................................................................

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

The.......................................................................................

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

The.......................................................................................

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

The.......................................................................................

6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

The......................................................................................

9. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause.

he invented the telephone she runs away from home they are never on time they stole my car they were on the wall

it makes washing machines it gives you the meaning of words it won the race it can support life it cannot be explained

1. Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.

2. The book is about a girl....................................................

3. What was the name of the horse......................................?

4. The police have caught the men........................................

5. Alexander Bell was the man..............................................

6. What's happened to the pictures.........

7. A mystery is something.......................

8. A dictionary is a book.........................

9.1 don't like people...............................

10. It seems that Earth is the only planet

10. Complete the sentences. Use the sentences in the box to make relative clauses with where.

I want to buy some postcards. Ann bought a dress in a shop. John is staying at a hotel.

I was born in a town. We want to have a really good meal We had the car repaired at a garage

1.I recently went back to the town where I was born.

2. Do you know a restaurant.............................................

3. Is there a shop near here................................................

4.1 can't remember the name of the garage...........................

5. Do you know the name of the hotel...................................

6. Ann bought a dress which didn't fit her, so she took it back to the shop..........................................................................

11. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1. What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place ... people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person ... believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child ... parents are dead.

5. The place ... we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children ... first language is not English.

7.1 don't know the name of the woman ... I spoke on the phone.

The Adjective

Adjectives are words expressing a quality of a substance.

According to their meaning and grammatical characteristics adjectives are divided into qualitative: high, good, red, beautiful, important, strong; and relative: woollen, wooden, silken, daily, weekly, American.

According to their morphological structure adjectives are divided into:

1) simple: bad, large, green, dry, good, heavy, fat, square, many, much;

2) derivatives (have suffixes, prefixes or both): beautiful, unimportant, unchangeable, boring, interesting, uninteresting, interested, helpless;

3) compound: snow-white, old-fashioned, hardworking, light-green, green-eyed, duty-free.

Degrees of Comparison

Most qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.

The comparative and superlative degrees are formed in two

ways:

by the suffixes -er, -est	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
one syllable and two syllable ending in -y, -er, -ow, -le and with the stress on the last syllable	big happy clever simple narrow	bigger happier cleverer simpler narrower	(the) biggest (the) happiest (the) cleverest (the) simplest (the) narrowest
by adding more/the most/ before the adjectives of two, three or more syllables	famous successful interesting	more famous more successful more interesting	(the) most famous (the) most successful (the) most interesting

NOTES:

1. The superlative form is usually preceded by the and often followed by the prepositions in or of.

London is one of the most beautiful cities in England.

I am the youngest of the three children in our family.

2. The superlative form can be used without a noun following it.

This house is the most attractive in our street.

3. a + the superlative degree of an adjective means весьма, крайне.

This is a most boring novel. — Это весьма скучный роман.

4. Sometimes we use most + adjective to mean "very".

The book you lent me was most interesting. (= very interesting)

5. You can use -er or more ... with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: quiet, clever, narrow, shallow, simple, common, stupid.

6. We use the Present Perfect after the superlative degree.

This is the most reliable car that we have ever had.

7. Gradual increase or decrease is expressed by two comparatives joined by and:

The weather is getting colder and colder.

8. Less and least are opposites of more and most. We use less and least with both long and short words.

A bus is less expensive than a taxi. (= A bus is cheaper than a taxi. /A bus isn 't as expensive as a taxi.) I feel better today, less tired.

9. When than is followed by he/she/it + verb, we normally keep the verb, but when the second clause consists of than + I/we/you + verb, it is usually possible to omit the verb.

You are stronger than he is.

You have more free time than I/we (have).

10. many and few/a few are used before countable nouns.

many/few/a few mistakes

Many/few towns have such splendid parks.

quite + a few - increases the number considerably.

/ have quite a few books on art. (quite a lot of)

Much/ little/a little are used with uncountable nouns.

much/little/a little coffee/salt/information

There is little time for consultations.

Many in affirmative sentences has a restrict use. Many is possible when preceded by a good/a great.

I've made a good many friends here.