Choose the alternative that best suits the context. 1. It turned out I ______ them about my departure

1. It turned out I ______ them about my departure. They were not surprised at all at heating the news. They knew about it.

a) didn’t have to tell b) needn’t have told

2. Hugo _______ a taxi. Why has he done it? I could give you a lift to the airport.

a) didn’t have to call b) needn’t have called

3. We ______ a taxi. Alex gave us a lift to the airport. We arrived on time.

a) didn’t have to call b) needn’t have called

4. You ______ for a doctor. There is nothing serious at all. She fainted because it was stuffy in here. She’ll be all right in a minute.

a) didn’t have to send b) needn’t have sent

5. Yesterday I _______ early. I had a day off. I stayed in bed till midday.

a) didn’t have to get up b) needn’t have got up

6. I ________ early yesterday. I had a day off. But I woke up at 7 o’clock as usual and couldn’t sleep any more. I got use to getting up early.

a) didn’t have to get up b) needn’t have got up

7. Sandra _______ the children. They were not hungry because they had just had dinner at her cousin’s.

a) didn’t have to feed b) needn’t have fed

8) You fed the cat, didn’t you? Oh, you _______ that nasty animal! He’s just stolen and eaten all the sausage which I brought form the shop. Could he still be hungry?

a) didn’t have to feed b) needn’t have fed

9. The police _______ the bell. The door turned out to be open.

a) didn’t have to ring b) needn’t have rung

10. You’ve just sent them a fax about the date of the conference, haven’t you? But you ______ this. They were informed already by the Manager’s assistant.

a) didn’t have to do b) needn’t have done

11. I _______ anything today. When I came back home my husband had already cooked dinner. It was delicious!

a) didn’t have to cook b) needn’t have to cook

12. You ______ the flowers. It was not necessary at all. Look, it’s beginning to rain.

a) didn’t have to water b) needn’t have watered

13. We ______ a lot of warm clothes when we went hiking. The weather was fine. The weather forecast said it was going to be fine for the next few days. So we just took sweaters with us to wear at night.

a) didn’t have to take b) needn’t have taken

14. Why did all of you take umbrella? You _______ them. We are going by car.

a) didn’t have to take b) needn’t have taken

15. Nick ______ money to buy a car. His grandfather gave it to him for his birthday.

a)didn’t have to save b) needn’t have saved

16. We _______ . The bus was to arrive at 5 p.m. We had enough time for a cup of coffee and a sandwich. So we went to a bar.

a) didn’t have to hurry b) needn’t have hurried

17. Alice reserved a room long in advance. But when she arrived at the hotel she found out there were a lot of vacant rooms there. So she ______ a reservation.

a) didn’t have to make b) needn’t have made

18. You _____ bread. I bought some on my way home from work.

a) didn’t have to b) needn’t have bought

19. On Saturday Tom _______ his dog Terry. His father had a long walk with her in the park.

a) didn’t have to take out b) needn’t have taken out.

SHOULD – OUGHT TO

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability.	should shouldn’t Should I …? ought to oughtn’t to Ought I to…?	нужно следует следовало	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out).	affirmative negative   interrogative	I advise you to do… I advise you not to do… I recommend you to do… I urge you to do… It’s advisable for you to do… I would advise you to do…	You ought to/should help your friend. He is in trouble. You should/ought to be getting ready for your report. You ought to/should have changed for the Underground. Gorky Street is far away from here. He oughtn’t to/ shouldn’t have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2.Instructions, corrections	should shouldn’t Should I…?	нужно следует	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative interrogative	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	This preposition should be pronouncedwith a neutral sound in an unstressed position. You should takethis medicine three times a day before your meals.
3.Disapprova, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation.	should shouldn’t ought oughtn’t	следует следовало бы нужно нужно бы	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out.	affirmative negative		You ought to/should be speakingmore clearly. You oughtn’t to/ shouldn’t have allowedhim to go out so early after his illness.
4.Supposition implying probability.	should shouldn’t ought to oughtn’t to	должно быть очевидно вероятно	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	affirmative negative	Very likely he … It’d likely he … Most likely he … Very probably he … I think it probable that … I expect he … Probably not … It’s unlikely that … I don’t think he …	This dish ought to/should bevery delicious as it has been prepared by Mother. This dish is very delicious. It ought to/should have been preparedby Mother.
5. Emotional colouring.	Should I?		Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative		Why should I? Why shouldyou helphim? How should I know?

SHOULD

1. State the meaning of the verb “should” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. It was a mistake to have come; she knew it was a mistake. Should she go back even now?

2. From what you tell me you’re going to have a busy day tomorrow. You should get all the sleep you can.

3. Such a door should open and close by mechanical means.

4. I’ve been guilty. Shouted when I should have shut up, shut up when I should have shouted.

5. You’re mad at me. I shouldn’t have come.

6. Didn’t he say anything to you about it? You should have asked him.

7. “I thought you’d be pleased?”

8. He could see no reason why she should have lied.

9. You shouldn’t have come here, Henry, I’m busy.

10. If papers are private and not meat to be looked at, they shouldn’t be laid out on a table.

11. She told me exactly what I should say.

2. Give a piece of advice using the modal verb “should” and the words in brackets.