Grammar. Conditionals. Mixed Type.
Exercise 57. Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences.
1. He doesn’t love Mary, so he divorced her. If he loved Mary, he wouldn’t have divorced her.
2. Mrs Smith is ill today because she cleaned the rooms yesterday. 3. He missed the bus, so he is half an hour late for school. 4. John is angry because someone hit his car. 5. I feel better now because I took an aspirin an hour ago. 6. Jim lost her phone number, so he can’t phone her now. 7. I don’t remember his name, so I didn’t call him. 8. My secretary is very careless. She made so many mistakes in typing. 9. She didn’t take her umbrella, so she is wet now. 10. Fred left his book at university, so he can’t do his homework now. 11. I’m very tired today because I went to bed late last night. 12. Peter hurt his foot yesterday, so he can’t play football now. 13. You didn’t wake me up. Now I’m late for my appointment. 14. She isn’t well-qualified. She didn’t get a job.
Exercise 58. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. A: If you … (pass) a bakery, … (you/ buy) some bread, please?
B: Yes, of course. How much do you need?
2. A: Did you invite Tim to the party?
B: No, but when I … (speak) to him, I … (invite) him.
3. A: May I go out, please? B: Yes, if you … (do) your homework.
4. A: Mum seems very busy at the moment.
B: If I were I you, I … (offer) to help her.
5. A: I forgot to ask Simon for his phone number.
B: If I … (see) him today, I … (ask) him for you.
Unit 5. Presentations.
Active vocabulary
1. Audience ['ɔːdɪən(t)s] аудиторія, слухачі, публіка
2. Conclusion [kən'kluːʒn] висновок
3. Content [kɒn'tent] (звич. pl - contents) зміст
4. Delivery [dɪ'lɪv(ə)rɪ] подача матеріалу
5. Introduction [ˌɪntrə'dʌkʃ(ə)n] вступ
6. Rapport [ræ'pɔː] взаєморозуміння
7. Rehearsal [rɪ'hɜːs(ə)l] репетиція, повторення
8. Visual aids ['vɪʒuəl eɪdz] наочні засоби, наочність
Pre-reading task
Exercise 59. Discuss the following questions.
1. What is a ‘presentation’? What makes a presentation effective?
2. What is the best / worst presentation you have ever experienced?
Reading
Exercise 60.Read some hints for a successful presentation.
PRESENTATION
Planning.Plan your presentation carefully. Thorough preparation will make you more confident and help to overcome your nervousness.
Objectives.Think about what you want to achieve. Are you aiming to inform, persuade, train or entertain your audience?
Audience.Whom exactly will you be addressing? How many people will be attending? What do they need to know? What do they already know? What will they expect in terms of content and approach?
Content.Brainstorm your ideas first. Then decide which are most relevant and appropriate to you audience and to you objectives and carry out any research that is necessary. Be selective! Don’t try to cram too much into your presentation.
Organization.Think about how you will organize your content. Your presentation should have a clear structure and cover the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentationsstart with a brief introduction, followed by the body (main part) and end with a conclusion. Use the introduction to welcome your audience, introduce your topic, outline the structure of your talk, and provide guidelines on questions. Use the conclusion to summarize the main points of your presentation, thanks the audience for attention, and invite questions.
Rehearsal.Allow time to practice your presentation – this will give you a chance to identify any weak points or gaps. You will also be able to check the timing, and make sure you can pronounce any proper names or figures correctly and confidently.
Nerves. You will probably be nervous at the beginning of your presentation. Don't worry, most people are nervous in this situation. Try not to speak too fast during the first couple of minutes ─ this is the time you establish your rapport with the audience and first impressions are very important. You may find it helpful to memorize your introduction.
Audience rapport.Try to be enthusiastic – your interest in the subject matter will carry your audience along. Eye contact is essential for maintaining a good rapport. You will also be able to pick up signals of boredom or disinterest, in which case you can cut your presentation short.
Language.Use short words and sentences that you are comfortable with. There is no benefit in using difficult language. Active verbs and concrete words are much clearer and easier to understand than passive verbs and abstract concepts. Avoid jargon unless you are sure all your audience will understand it. Indicate when you’ve completed one point or section in your presentation and are moving on to the next. Give your audience clear signals as to the direction your presentation is taken.
Body language. Stand rather than sit when you are delivering your presentation and try to be aware of any repetitive hand gestures or awkward mannerisms that might irritate your audience. Always try to maintain the eye contact with your audience, smile and look at your audience rather than reading from your slides or notes. Try to avoid moving around too much, folding your arms in front of you or putting your hands in your pockets, clicking a pen or ‘playing’ with any object, clothes and accessories that may distract the audience or interfere with your microphone, hiding behind a table or a lectern all the time.
Voice quality.You must be clearly audible at all times – don’t let your voice drop at the end of sentences. If you vary your intonation, your voice will be more interesting to listen to and you will be able to make your points more effectively.
Visual aids.If you have a lot of information to explain, think about using some posters, photos, pictures, charts, diagrams, handouts, slide projector, etc. visual aids can make a presentation more interesting and easier to understand, but make sure they are appropriate and clear.
Signalling. Indicate when you've completed one point or section in your presentation and are moving on to the next. Give your audience clear signals as to the direction your presentation is taking.
http://www.bolton.ac.uk/Careers/Docs/Presentation-skills-August-2014.pdf
Exercise 61. Answer the questions.
1. Why should you plan your presentation carefully?
2. What information about audience should you try to find out?
3. What structure does a presentation have? What is the function of each part?
4. What is the purpose of rehearsal?
5. What is audience rapport?
6. What are the main requirements to your language? Your voice?
7. What can you tell about body language when you are delivering your presentation?
8. What are visual aids? What do they include? What is their purpose?
Exercise 62. Study these examples of ‘signaling devices’.