Complete the sentences below using one of the verbs in the box in the correct form. You may use each verb once only.
| enjoy, prefer, play, produce, work, seem, know, interview, wait, talk, finish |
1. I always ________ tennis on Fridays.
2. He ________ his report. He will bring it into the office when it is complete.
3. "My parents phoned me this morning. They _________ themselves in the Seychelles. Champagne every night! In fact, they don't want to leave."
4. We ________ to entertain our guests in a local restaurant rather than the canteen. Although it is expensive, we can talk freely there.
5. I ___________ the answer to your problem. Get a new computer.
6. "Where is John?" "In his office ____________ for an important telephone call."
7. I can't make the meeting tomorrow. I _____________ the applicants for the sales manager's job.
8. My brother _____________ for Shink Inc. which makes bathroom fittings.
9. Who ___________ to Bill? Is it the new secretary?
10. The new contract ________________ fine to me. However, could you just check it through once more?
Present Simple or Continuous? Choose the correct alternative(s) in the sentences 1-8 below.
1 Today she ’s spending/spends time with her grandmother.
2 They usually are going/go to the gym on Sundays.
3 We ’re having/have a barbecue later on. Do you want to come?
4 No, she can’t answer the phone, she has/is having a shower.
5 I always have/am having a coffee before I ’m leaving/leave for work in the morning.
6 They sometimes fly/are flying to Sweden, but usually they are going/go by boat.
7 Where are you? I ’m sitting/sit outside in the sunshine!
8 He always brings/is bringing a monolingual dictionary to his English class.
WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
| approval (n) | ||
| cough syrup | ||
| efficacy (n) | ||
| FDA (Food and Drug Administration) | Управление по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами (США) | |
| inhaler (n) | ||
| insure (v) | ||
| measurement (n) | ||
| mist (n) | аэрозоль | |
| mold (n) | ||
| pill (n) | ||
| placebo (n) | плацебо, индифферентное вещество (применяемое для психотерапии или в качестве контроля в эксперименте) | |
| purchase (n) | ||
| regulations (n) | ||
| relieve (v) | ||
| safety (n) | ||
| shot (n) | инъекция | |
| sinus (n) | ||
| synthetic (adj) | ||
| to be handed out (v) | ||
| trial (n) | ||
| warning (n) |
UNIT 32 . HOW DRUGS WORK
In this unit:
· learning the concept of ADME
· discussing the ADME stages
· Past Simple vs Past Continuous
READING
Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What do we call pharmacology?
2. What branch of pharmacology deals with understanding the entire cycle of a medicine's life inside the body?
3. What do we call ADME?
A MEDICINE'S LIFE INSIDE THE BODY
Pharmacology is the scientific field that studies how the body reacts to medicines and how medicines affect the body. Scientists are interested in many aspects of pharmacology, including one called pharmacokinetics, which deals with understanding the entire cycle of a medicine's life inside the body. Knowing more about each of the four main stages of pharmacokinetics, collectively referred to as ADME, aids the design of medicines that are more effective and that produce fewer side effects.
The first stage of ADME is A, for absorption. Medicines are absorbed when they travel from the site of administration into the body's circulation. A few of the most common ways to administer drugs are oral (such as swallowing an aspirin tablet), intramuscular (getting a flu shot in an arm muscle), subcutaneous (injecting insulin just under the skin), intravenous (receiving chemotherapy through a vein), or transdermal (wearing a skin patch). Medicines taken by mouth are moved via a special blood vessel leading from the digestive tract to the liver, where a large amount of the medicine is broken down. Other routes of drug administration bypass the liver, entering the bloodstream directly or via the skin or lungs.
Once a drug gets absorbed, the next stage of ADME is D, for distribution. Most often, the bloodstream is the vehicle for carrying medicines throughout the body. During this step, side effects can occur when a drug has an effect at a site other than its target. For a pain reliever, the target organ might be a sore muscle in the leg; irritation of the stomach could be a side effect. Drugs for the central nervous system face a nearly impassable obstacle called the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from potentially dangerous substances such as poisons or viruses. Fortunately, pharmacologists have devised various ways to deliver some drugs past the blood-brain barrier.
After a medicine has been distributed throughout the body and has done its job, the drug is broken down, or metabolized, the M in ADME. Everything that enters the bloodstream - whether swallowed, injected, inhaled or absorbed through the skin - is carried to the body's chemical processing plant, the liver. There, substances are chemically transformed by proteins called enzymes. Many of the products of enzymatic breakdown, or metabolites, are less chemically active than the original molecule. Genetic differences can alter how certain enzymes work, also affecting their ability to metabolize drugs. Herbal products and foods, which contain many active components, can interfere with the body's ability to metabolize drugs.
The now inactive drug undergoes the final stage of its time in the body, excretion, the E in ADME. This removalhappens via the urine or feces. By measuring the amounts of a drug in urine (as well as in blood) over time, clinical pharmacologists can calculate how a person is processing a drug, perhaps resulting in a change to the prescribed dose or even the medicine. For example, if the drug is being eliminated relatively quickly, a higher dose may be needed.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE