Учитесь читать и переводить. Текст 6.8. Просмотрите текст

Текст 6.8. Просмотрите текст. Озаглавьте его. Аргу­ментируйте свой выбор заголовка. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Подготовьте сообщение о разных типах памяти.

The electron beam is an addressing pointer of high definition and energy density that can easily be deflected. In storage tubes of the 1940's there were severe limitations to such addressing be­cause of the use of surface charge storage and inadequacies in fo­cusing and deflecting the beam. Two recent innovations, storage within a semiconductor and compounded deflection, may bring us closer to realizing the inherent potential of beam addressing.

The addressing is in two parts. First, the beam is deflected by a short conical structure of low aberration and strikes normally one of the appertures of a matrix of lenslets.

The matrix is made up of two metal plates that have an array of holes (an 18 by 18 array on 1.5-mm centres) and are maintained at different potentials. Second, the beam is deflected by bars run­ning along rows and columns between the holes of the matrix. No matter which lenslet is reached, the reduced beam will be sub­jected to the second deflection. In this compounded deflection the accuracy and stability at each step need only be a small fraction of what would be required with a single step.

Текст 6.9. Прочитайте текст и сделайте обобщение ин­формации об особенностях кэш-памяти.

Cache Memory

A cache memory is a small, high-speed system memory that fits between the CPU and the main memory. It accesses copies of the most frequently used main-memory data. When the CPU tries to read data from the main memory, the cache memory will re­spond first if it has a copy of the requested data. If it doesn't, a normal main-memory cycle will occur.

Cache memories are effective because computer programs spend most of their memory cycles accessing a very small part of the memory.

A cache memory cell has three components: an address mem­ory cell, an address comparator and a data memory cell. The data and address memory cells together record one word of cached data and its corresponding address in main memory. The address comparator checks the address cell contents against the address on the memory address bus. If they match, the contents of the data are placed on the data bus.

An ideal cache memory would have many cache memory cells, each holding a copy of the most frequently used main-mem­ory data. This type of cache memory is called fully associative be­cause access to the data in each memory cell in through the data's associated, stored address.

Not all locations in the memory address space should be cached. Hardware I/O address shouldn't be cached because bits in an I/O register can and must change at any time, and a cache copy of an earlier I/O state may not be valid.

6.19.Изучите таблицу "Memory Technology". Дополните ее известными вам данными о типах памяти.

Memory Technology

Type	Predominant Technologу	Cycle or access time
Registers and discrete bit storage	Monolithic integrated circuits	50 to 500 nano­seconds
High speed control and scratch-pads	Planar thin films	100 to 500 nano­seconds
High speed in­ternal main memories	Magnetic core	0.3 to 5 micro­seconds
Random-access auxiliary storage	Magnetic core	2 to 10 micro­seconds
On-line auxil­iary storage	Electromechanical disc files	15 to 150 milli­seconds
Off-line auxil­iary storage	Magnetic tape serial access	Serial
…	…	…

6.20. Подготовьте сообщение для обсуждения тем 'The State-of-art and Future Developments of Memory Technologies".

ИТОГОВЫЕ ЗАНЯТИЯ

I. а) Составьте схему, показывающую основные направления применения микроэлектроники в обществе.

б) Используя вашу схему, подготовьте сообщение "Application Fields of Microelectronics: Material Production, Non-productive Sphere, Personal Uses".

II. Проведите групповую научно-техническую конфе­ренцию по проблемам микроэлектроники и перспективам ее развития.

Темы, предлагаемые для обсуждения:

1. In the world of microelectronics.

2. From the history of microelectronics.

3. The top priorities in the field of microelectronics for the next decade.

4. Prospects of the IC's design.

5. Microprocessors: the state-of-art.

6. The mairi problems the designer of a microelectronic device is faced with nowadays.

7. From the history of Computer Science.

8. Fantastic possibilities of computer and information systems.

9. Progress in the computer revolution.

10. Man-machine systems.

11. Automatic control systems.

12. Systems for computer translation.

13. The advent of minicomputers brings a higher level of in­formation culture.