МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ РАБОТЫ В АУДИТОРИИ. Проверьте домашнее задание.

(ЗАНЯТИЕ ВТОРОЕ)

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5.16. Ответьте развернуто на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the function of the microprocessor? 2. What are the advantages of microcomputers in comparison with random-logic design? 3. What technology made the smaller size and lower cost of electronic devices possible? 4. What are the main factors re­sulting in greater cost savings of electronic devices? 5. What limits the numeric range of data the processor can handle? 6. What fea­tures of microprocessors are to be considered when dealing with their applications?

Определите контекстуальное значение выделенных слов.

5.17. Переведите, обращая внимание на контекстуаль­ное значение слов set, time, times:

1) 1. The relationship must be set properly. 2. Industrial re­search in materials faces a different set of problems. 3. The mi­croprocessor has a sophisticated instrument set. 4. This interface sets board dimensions.

2) 1. Computing time was a little more than five times longer than that required for a single iteration of the gradient procedure. 3. The problem of timing is very important as information is being read into and put of the flip-flops at the same time. 4. The com­plete photoresist process must be repeated each time the silicon oxide is selectively removed. 5. Although improvements will re­duce the required computation times, emulation will nevertheless be restricted to real time systems having slow response times.

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Текст 5.4. Прочитайте текст. Назовите рассматривае­мые в тексте темы. Озаглавьте текст.

A microprocessor is a tool that deals with memories by read­ing and writing process. At first sight it is all it can actually do.

One can consider that it is surprising how a computer can an­swer a question only by dealing with 0 and 1 but the fact is that it works.

Only human brain can teach a computer how to " listen" to a question and "elaborate" an answer only by dealing with 0 and 1. A microprocessor is the next step, dealing with memories in com­plete "traditional" 8 bit bytes.

So the microprocessor is addressing a memory, a location in­side the selected memory, and then achieves a read or write oper­ation.

Additional tools have been designed to allow exchanges with external memories or devices.

First of all an address bus, for instance 16 bits allowing a se­lection of 1 word among 65.000. Then comes the data bus, gener­ally 8 bits allowing read or write operation in the selected location of the memory. At last comes the control bus, for instance includ­ing memory read or write and I/O read or write, giving 4 wires the indication of the type exchange and the position of the receiver, in­side or outside the system.

Текст 5.5. Бегло прочитайте текст и найдите информа­цию о секционных микропроцессорах. Переведите текст письменно.

Present microprocessors vary in their detailed architecture depending on their manufacture and in some cases on the partic­ular semiconductor technology adopted. One of the major distinc­tions is whether all the elements of the microprocessor are divided among several identical modular chips that can be linked in par­allel, the total number of chips depending on the length of the "word" the user wants to process: four bits (binary digits), eight bits, 16 bits or more. Such a multichip arrangement is known as a bit-sliced organization. A feature of bit-sliced chips made by the bipolar technology is that they are "microprogrammable": they allow the user to create specific sets of instructions, a definite ad­vantage for many applications.

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5.18. Обсудите следующие темы:

1. The microprocessor has altered the architecture of modern computer systems. 2. The organization of a distributed-processing system.

5.19. Прочитайте текст и составьте схему, показываю­щую основные направления исследований по разработке электронных микропроцессорных схем обработки данных и управления. Используйте выделенные слова в качестве ориентиров.

The architectural research and development efforts are directed at integrated circuits, computer architecture, operating systems, and programming languages.

Integrated circuit researchers are examining complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) design styles, the effects of scaling very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits and control and clocking issues. Computer architecture researchers are studying multiprocessor address trace analysis, cache consistency, virtually-tagged caches, in-cache address translation, multi-level cache de­sign, coprocessor interfaces, instruction delivery, hardware sup­port, and floating-point implementations. Operating system re­searchers are investigating network file systems, network page servers, the effects of large physical memories on virtual memory implementations, and workload distribution. Programming lan­guage researchers are examining parallel garbage collection algo­rithms, techniques for specifying parallel programs, and methods of compiling parallel Lisp programs.