Vocabulary Notes on the Text
1 legal entities and individuals - юридические и физические лица.
2 to put something into practice - применять что-л. на практике.
3 import duties - ввозная таможенная пошлина.
4 the imposition by import rates - налогообложение на импорт.
5 completing articles - комплектующие,
6 consumer electronics - бытовая электроника.
7 to collect an interest - взимать проценты.
8 domestic consumption - потребление внутри страны.
9 long-term export deals - долгосрочные экспортные сделки.
Exercises on the Text
Read and translate the text.
2. Translate the following words and learn their pronunciation:
inflation; intervention; imposition; consumption; resourses; entities; tariffs; vehicles; materials; status; electronics; energy; shortage; percentage; engine; foodstuff; insufficient; subsequent; industrial; levied
3. Match the verbs in the list close in meaning:
to fulfil; to effect; to protect; to levy; to limit; to grant; to develop; to restrict; to compete; to influence; to expand; to defend; to purchase; to contest; to perform; to buy; to introduce; to relate; to impose; to allow; to present; to connect
4. Answer the following questions:
1) When did the Russian government change import duties rates?
2) What did this change mostly effect?
3) What was the result of inflation?
4) How does food intervention influence the home agriculture?
5) On what are customs duties levied?
6) On what do the duty sums for cars depend?
5. Give English equivalents of:
внутренний рынок (4 варианта); местные потребители; местные производители товара; юридические и физические лица; дополнительные финансовые ресурсы; ставки импортной пошлины; продовольственные/промышленные товары; оборудование; хранение, переработка и упаковка товаров; таможенные тарифы; ввозная таможенная пошлина; уровень налогообложения; стоимость единицы товара; сезонные пошлины; комплектующие; уровень внутреннего потребления; в среднем
8. Retell the text according to the following plan:
1) The functions of import-export rates.
2) Customs tariffs as an objective necessity to protect a local market.
3) The increase of import rates.
4) The problem of export duties.
Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
9. Give the English equivalents of:
налоговая ставка; таможенные сборы; взимать налог (3 варианта); дополнительное налогообложение (2 варианта); внутренний (федеральный) налог; налог на продажу; акцизный сбор; налог с оборота; налог на добавленную стоимость; взимать определенный процент от стоимости товара за хранение
11. What do we call?
1) duty charged on certain goods and services produced and sold within the country (i.e. tobacco, beer, wines and spirits);
2) a tax charged as a percentage of the retail price of goods;
3) an extra tax on imports, in addition to ordinary customs duties;
4) a continuing rise in prices;
5) a tax charged not only on retail prices but also on the prices charged by manufacturers and wholesalers;
6) an indirect tax, charged as a percentage of the selling price of an article or commodity
12. Read and translate the following text using a dictionary if necessary:
Tariff Systems
All over the world tariff systems can be classified into four main types. The first type is represented by a single column tariff which consists of one list of duties with a single duty rate for each article, applicable equally to imports from all countries. Duty reductions arranged by countries exercising such a system are usually universal for all the other countries. Germany, Japan, the Scandinavian countries are amidst those practising the single column tariff.
The second type used in customs practice is a maximum-minimum tariff. This involves the setting-up of two columns of duties in the tariff. The lower rate is applicable to countries enjoying most-favoured-nation treatment whereas the higher to other countries. Sometimes maximum-minimum tariffs include only one column (usually called the minimum tariff) and the rates of the maximum tariff are calculated by applying a percentage increase or multiplier to the minimum rates. France and Spain are among the countries using such a system.
The countries where a general-conventional tariff is used start with a single column of duties and proceed to establish a second column of conventional duties in negotiations with other countries. This second column contains only the items on which conventional rates have been settled and does not, therefore, cover all tariff items, to which the general tariff is applied. The conventional rates are correspondingly common mostly with the countries of the most-favoured-nation treatment.
And the fourth type of customs tariff is a preferential tariff. This one represents an import duty at a specially low rate on goods from a country that is being favoured. Usually preferential tariff is applied to the countries of the same group. Thus, within the European Economic Community preferential rates are exchanged exclusively between the countries developing the respective spheres and are not extended to outside countries.
13. Choose corresponding Russian terms for:
1) a single duty rate таможенный режим
2) duty reductions конвенциональная пошлина
3) most-favoured-nation treatment коэффициент
4) conventional duty режим наибольшего благоприятствования
5) preferential treatment преференциальные ставки
6) minimum rates единая тарифная (налоговая) ставка
7) multiplier минимальные ставки
8) tariff treatment скидки таможенных пошлин
9) preferential rates преференциальный режим налогообложения
14. Answer the following questions:
1) What is the simplest form of tariff?
2) Who usually pays taxes, customs duties and other charges for commodities on the territory of the Seller?
3) What is the most common form of an extra charge regarding import duties?
4) In what way are the internal taxes on imports collected?
5) What internal taxes do you know?
6) What is the difference between a sales tax and a turnover tax?
7) What countries exercise preferential tariffs?
8) What is the difference between a single column tariff and a maximum-minimum tariff?
9) What do conventional rates mean?
Free Econimic Zones (FEZ)
A: I say, did you hear anything about free economic zones?
В: What actually interests you about them?
A: Well, I have a lot of questions. What are they? Who organized them? What is...
В: Not so many questions at once, please. Free economic zones were formed on the initiative of local authorities with the permission of the central government of Russia. They are considered to be independent territory economic structural formations1 with a special currency-financial, legal, customs and organizational-social system.
A: What are they meant for?
В: Their main objective is to provide more favourable conditions for the development of foreign economic links.
A: Does that mean that they are created to protect the interests of foreign capital?
В: Exactly. They are supposed to attract foreign investments, technologies2 and products into the Russian economy. And not only this. In addition, these zones should help in the development of domestic production on the basis of modern achievements in science and technology.
A: Are all these zones alike?
В: No, they are not. As a matter of fact, they are divided into three groups.
A: What kind of groups are they? Could you describe them in detail, please?
В: Certainly. The first group includes customs which are frontier zones. They are usually created at sea or river ports, at large frontier railway junctions and at airports. The second group are scientific engineering zones3.
A: What are they intended for?
В: Foreign potential is attracted here to develop some of the directions in science and engineering, and to achieve advanced gains4 in modern technology. But the largest and the most important is the third group, that is general economic zones. Usually they represent a part or the whole of the territory of the administrative region or area and also large port cities.
A: Are free economic zones given any special rights?
В: Of course they are. Being an integral part of the territory of the country, a free economic zone enjoys the main right to define its social and economic policy independently if this does not contradict the rules and laws of Russia. It means that authorities of the zone can regulate export-import transactions, set the order of entry, exit and stay for foreign citizens on its territory, establish direct foreign economic and cultural links.
A: What are tax privileges in a free economic zone?
В: Authorities of the zone have the right to carry out budget and taxation politics of their own within its territory. They independently develop the system of taxation, set financial and other privileges starting with world tax rates and preferences.