The concept of the logistic system
Logistic system raises and solves the problem of cross-cutting management of material streams.
We characterize the properties of logistic systems in the context of each of the four properties inherent in any system, and discussed in the previous section.
The first property (integrity and division) - the system is integrated set of elements that interact with each other. Decomposition of logistic systems on the elements can be carried out in different ways. At macro level when material streampasses from one company to another as elements can be considered these companies themselves, as well as linking them transport.
At micro level logistic system can be represented by the following major subsystems *:
Receiving goods (purchase) - subsystem, which provides the supply of material streams into the logistic system.
Types of logistic systems
The boundaries of logistic system are determined by the cycle of means of production of transported goods. Initially means of production are purchased. They are in the form of material stream enter to the logistic system, stored, processed, stored again and then leave the logistic system to consumption in exchange for financial resources entering into the logistic system.
The main factors influencing the types and boundaries of the logistic system are a transport and economic links (TEL). TELare classified as:
- Within the republic, consisting of import (import), and internal (local) transportation;
- Transit, consisting of export (export) and transit traffic.
Boundaries are formed from transportation of several types of goods, as well as from transportation of individual bulk commodities (coal, ore, grain, construction materials, etc.).
In the slide, 5, 6, 7,are shown the main transport economic links (TEL) of Southeast Asia, China, CIS, EU, Iran, Turkey, passing through Kazakhstan.
The routes of container trains are of particular interest (Slides ...)
On these slides can be seen that the boundary of logistic system can range from 1 - 2 to 15 - 20 thousand miles. They pass through the territory of several countries. This increases the responsibility of officers of the system. Besides the knowledge of transportation technology and international conditions of transportation, it is required to know languages etc.
Экзаменационный билет № 3
- Основные элементы логистической системы
- Критерии выбора поставщиков материальных ресурсов и готовой продукции
- Понятие, цель и задачи информационной логистики
1.Основные элементы логистической системы
The Logistic system is a set of elements being in relations and certain functional connections with each other, which forms defined complete unity.
The logistic system is organizationally completed economic system consisting of interconnected material and accompanying it streams of elements, the set of which are incorporated by enterprise purposes.
The Element of logistic systemis an economic and (or) the functional isolated object which is carrying out the local criterion function connected with defined logistic activity.
The Logistic activity is the procedures (operation) concerning a material stream or accompanying streams - financial and information
The system analysis is a set of methods and means of development, acceptance and justification of decisions at research, creation and management of logistic systems.
2. Критерии выбора поставщиков материальных ресурсов и готовой продукции
The consumer at a choice of the supplier takes into consideration possibilities of the last in the field of logistic service, i.e. assortment and quality of offered services influences on the competitiveness of the supplier. On the other hand, expansion of a services sector is interfaced by additional expenses.
The wide nomenclature of logistic services, considerable range, influence of services on competitiveness of firm and size of expenses, and some other factors emphasize need for firm to have precisely certain strategy in the field of logistic service of consumers.
3.Понятие, цель и задачи информоционной логистики
The concept, purpose and problems of information logistics.
Information logistics is a complex of actions, directed on management of information production, its movement and sale with material costs.
It is possible to allocate two information streams:
- Planning and coordination of industrial, transport activity and placing of stocks;
- The operative activity connected with management, transportation and handling.
There are distinguished three variants of interaction of transport and information streams:
Advancing of material stream by information - elimination of bottlenecks in logistical process. (Order - the message on forthcoming arrival of cargo).
Support - the information on quantitative and qualitative parameters of a transport stream.
The explanation of a transport stream and estimation. (About cargo acceptance, claims and mutual accounts).
Competitiveness of a transport-logistical stream provides such information system which supports:
- Basic logistical operations;
- Administrative control;
- The analysis operative and strategic decisions.
Экзаменационный билет № 4
- История возникновения и развития логистики
- Логистическая цепь и схема взаимодействия логистических звеньев
- Информационные потоки в логистике
1. История возникновения и развития логистики
History of emergence of logistics, main concepts and definitions
1. Logistics evolution.
2. Principles of development of logistics.
3. Logistics functions. Problems of logistics.
The concept of logistics has its own history. Semantics of (word meaning) words goes back to Ancient Greece where «logistike» designated as «calculating art» or «art of a reasoning, calculation».
In the Roman Empire there were attendants who were called "logisticians" they were engaged in distribution of food. In the first millennium, at the time of the Byzantian emperor Lev VI (866–912) the logistics was defined as an art of army supply and management of its stocks, including preparation of each military campaign.
The logistics grew into a science thanks to military art. The founder of the first scientific works on logistics is French military expert of the beginning of the XIX century, baron A. A.Zhomini (1779-1869gg.). He defined logistics as a science about management at planning of stocks, transportations and supply of armies [6].
Some principles of logistics were used by Napoleon's army, however as the military science logistics was created only to the middle of the XIX century.
The theory of military logistics develops in parallel with practical application in many countries, first of all in the USA and the USSR. It defines the logistics as a science about planning and management of moving and material-technical support of armies.
The treatment of the term "logistics" in value of mathematical logic was used in works of G. Leibniz's (1646-1716gg.).
Concepts and methods of logistics are gradually transferred from military area into civil, at first as a new scientific direction about rational traffic control of material streams in the address sphere, and then in production.
Logistics as a science and as the instrument of business began to be formed in the early fifties, first of all in the USA.
Evolution of logistics is closely connected with history and evolution of the market relations in industrial developed countries, and the term "logistics" took roots in business and began to be applied everywhere in the world only since the end of the 1970th years.
In 1884 the American institute of navy entered the concept "logistics" for needs of navigation.
The definition of logistics as mathematical logic was approved in 1904 on the philosophical congress in Geneva.
Principles of logistics received wide development in days of the Second World War in the field of material support of the American army. Accurate interaction of war industry, rear and front supplying bases, transport allowed in due time and in necessary quantities to provide army with the weapon, combustive-lubricating materials and the food.
2. Информоционные потоки в логистике
Information streams in logistics.
The infrastructure of streams of the logistical information includes elements:
- Modules, files of the data, data input, logistical reports, communication channels.
Besides application of progressive technologies of transport logistics it is necessary to carry out a complex of organizational-technical actions:
- To develop the system of coding of cargoes unified for all types of transport, consignors and addressees, cars and other HARDWARE;
- All types of information to put on units of transported cargo in the way convenient for automatic reading by modern devices of recognition of samples;
- To construct a database from standard-help and operative information which is necessary for problem solving of automation of cargo and commercial operations of tracking and search of cargoes.
By cargo transfer on a station of destination is formed the information model of its processing in VTS stations on elements of technological process. In Control center of transportations is constructed the dynamic information model on elements of a transport network for roads, sorting and cargo stations and terminals.
Экзаменационный билет № 5
- Принципы построения и функционирования логистических систем
- Ранжирование видов транспорта
- Виды и принципы информационных систем в логистике
1. Виды и принципы информационных систем в логистике
Kinds and principles of information systems in logistics
Information resources of an integrated transport logistics include the following elements:
- Information logistical systems;
- Logistical information;
- Information processing technology;
- The appointment of the LIS;
- The structure of the LIS;
- Principles of the LIS;
- Functions of the system;
- Stream control of logistical information;
- The electronic exchange of data and standards;
- Personal computers;
- Communication means and telecommunications;
- Bar coding.
Material technical base of IOTL are hardware and software which are necessary for the operational management of transport and logistical operations, monitoring and evaluation.
MTB provides:
- A coordinated and integrated work, i.e. a minimum standard of quality of the system functioning;
- Rapid and uninterrupted flow of information about income and expenses, monitoringof the implementation of budget items;
- The integration of information in order to reduce the number of errors and time delays in the logistics operations.
2.Transport is the branch of production of goods transporting people and freights. In structure of a social production transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services.
It is noted that the considerable part of logistic operations on a way of movement of a material stream from primary source of raw materials before final consumption is carried out with use of various vehicles. Costs of performance of these operations make to 50% from the sum of the general expenses for logistics.
To destination allocate two main groups of transport:
Public transport - branch of a national economy which satisfies requirements of all branches of a national economy and the population for transportation of goods and passengers. Public transport serves the sphere of the address and the population. It often call main (the highway - the main, main line in any system, in this case, in system of means of communication). The concept of public transport covers railway transport, a water transport (sea and river), motor, air transport and transport pipeline).
Transport not general use - intra production transport, and also the vehicles of all types belonging not to the transport organizations.
The organization of movement of freights transport not general use is a subject of studying of production logistics. The problem of a choice of channels of merchandising is solved in the field of distributive logistics.
So, there are following main types of transport:
· the railway
· the sea
· internal water (river)
· the automobile
· the air
· the pipeline
Each of means of transport has concrete features from the point of view of logistic management, merits and demerits defining possibilities of its use in logistic system. Different types тран sports make a transport complex. Transport complex of Russia the legal entities and individuals registered in its territory - the businessmen who are carrying out on all means of transport transportation and forwarding activity, design, construction, repair and the maintenance of tracks, highways and constructions on them, pipelines form, the works connected with service ofnavigablehydraulicengineering constructions, water and air ways of messages, carrying out scientific researches and the training, entering into system of transport the enterprises making vehicles, and also the organizations performing other work connected with transport process.
Shopping malls of Russia are over 160 thousand km of the main railway and access roads, 750 thousand km automobile 1.0 million km of sea navigable lines, 101 thousand km of internal waterways, 800 thousand km of airlines are expensive with a firm covering. On these communications only every day to be transported by public transport about 4,7 million tons of freight (by data for 2000) in shopping mall works свыше4 with one million.
3. But, as it was already noted, distinctions are available and in providing subsystems. Let's consider in more detail on characteristics of the software of plans, dispozitivny and executive information systems. Creation of multilevel automated control systems by material streams is connected with considerable expenses, generally in the field of development program providing which, on the one hand, has to provide multifunctionality of system, and with another – high extent of its integration. In this regard at creation of automated control systems in the sphere of logistics possibility of use of rather inexpensive standard software with its adaptation to local conditions has to be investigated. Now rather sovrshenny software packages are created. However they are applicable not in all types of information systems. It depends on level of standardization solved at management of material streams of tasks. Standardization level is highest at the solution of tasks in planned information systems that allows to adapt with the smallest difficulties here the standard software. In dispozitivny information systems opportunity to adapt the standard software package below, it is caused by a variety of reasons, on an example: - production at the enterprises develops historically and difficult gives in to essential changes for standardization; - the structure of processed data significantly differs at different users. In executive information systems at operational level of management the individual software accept most often. 1.4 The principles of creation of logistic information systems According to the principles of system approach any system at first has to be investigated in relationship with environment, and then in the structure. This principle, the principle of consecutive advance on stages of creation of system, has to be observed and at design of logistic information systems. From positions of system approach in processes of logistics allocate three levels. (fig. 3) of Fig. 3. Levels in logistics processes from positions of system approach. The first level – a workplace on which logistic operation with a material stream is carried out, i.e. moves, unloads, packed, etc. cargo unit, a detail or any other element of a material stream. The second level – the site, shop, a warehouse where there are processes of transportation of freights, take place workplaces. The third level – transportation and movement system as a whole, a covering chain of events for which beginning it is possible to take the moment of shipment of raw materials the supplier. This chain terminates at receipt of finished products in final consumption. In planned information systems the problems connecting logistic system with a cumulative material stream are solved. Through planning in a chain "sale – production – supply" is thus carried out that allows to create effective system about
Экзаменационный билет № 6
- Принципы развития логистики
- Критерии сравнительной экономической оценки вариантов доставки грузов
- Финансовые потоки в логистике
1. Принципы развития логистики
2. Principles of development of logistics
The concept (principle) of logistic system is connected with management of materials and management of distribution. The American scientists consider logistics as a planning structure, instead of business function. In other words, the problem of management in the field of logistics deals not only with management of a material stream, but also with providing mechanism of development of tasks and strategy.
One of features of logistics principle consists that it pays attention not only to integration of kinds of activity which traditionally belong to various functions of business, but unites them at decision-making. For example, in many companies where there is no logistic system, responsibility for stocks and transportation can be respectively the function of production and distribution, and decisions on the first can be accepted without the last. In logistic system all kinds of activity are interconnected; negative and positive sides of various functional areas should be considered at decision-making
2. The modern logistic concept of management of transportation of goods led to that not extraction of the maximum profit for each participant separately becomes the interaction purpose between sellers and forwarding agents, and its cumulative maximizing and equitable distribution (either direct, or indirect – through tariffs). And the main thing for heads of the enterprises is the understanding of economic advantage of replacement of traditional practice of transportations on system of through transportations "from a place of an origin of freight to a place of its final appointment".
Experience of functioning of shipping companies showed that from the economical and organizational point of view it is more favorable to cargo owner to deal with the forwarding agent who is engaged in collecting and delivery of freights to different destinations. The forwarding agent, as a rule, offers uniform, lower, than at carriers a tariff for all transportation as a whole. He is responsible for transported freights during all process of transportation, unlike several companies carriers relating to different types of transport and providing services on limited routes, these companies entering into a field of activity. Respectively shipping company, using logistic approach, increases economic efficiency of transportation of freight, is the customer and the operator of transportation of goods.
Thus, the future behind those companies which will be able to organize a full complex of forwarding services. In a prize from it appear not only forwarding agents and wholesale sellers, but also end users of goods as decreases not only term of hit of goods from the producer to a counter, as well as the final price, at the expense of decrease in transport expenses.
At a choice of a way of transportation and a carrier cargo owners will be guided by the principles of mutually agreed cooperation between production, distribution and the transport, allowing to gain additional aggregate economic effect. So, advantages of the transport-forwarding companies are:
existence of the big range of a rolling stock, in necessary quantity;
flexibility in negotiations with the client, including the price;
complex transport service of the customer, the forwarding agent can assume all volume of transportations of the client, as international, and within the country;
possibility of the mixed transportations, when transporting by several means of transport is required accurate interaction between everyone since failure on one, conducts to failure in all chain;
additional services, belong to them services in customs registration, insurance, information and consulting services;
consolidation of small consignments;
claim work, at emergence of conflict cases with cargo carriers;
crediting of clients for whom it is unprofitable to contain specialized division; expansion of a market share of carriers in the market of transport services;effect of economy of expenses of the cargo owner on full transportation of freight "from a dver
3. Финансовые потоки в логистике
The financial stream is the directed movement of the financial means circulating in logistic system, and also between logistic system and the environment, which are necessary for ensuring of effective movement of a certain material stream.
Экзаменационный билет № 7
- Экономические предпосылки возникновения и развития логистики
- Понятие и система логистического сервиса
- Функциональные области логистики и их характеристика
1. Экономические предпосылки возникновения и развития логистики
Economic preconditions of emergence and logistics development
Economic effect of logistics use
Material stream, which moves from primary source of raw materials through a chain of production, transport and intermediary links to the end user, constantly increases in cost. The researches carried out in Great Britain showed that in cost more than 70 % of the product which got to the end user were expenses. These expenses connected with storage, transportation, packing and other operations providing advance of a material stream. The high share of expenses on logistics in the final price of the goods shows what reserves of improvement of economic indicators of subjects of managing contains optimization of management by material streams.
Logistics application in spheres of production and treatment allows:
- to lower stocks on all ways of movement of a material stream;
- to reduce the time of passing of the goods through a logistic chain;
- to cut transportation costs;
- to cut expenses on storage or to abolish them;
- to cut down expenses of manual skills and the corresponding expenses on operations with cargo.
The considerable share of economic effect is reached at the expense of stock reduction on all ways of movement of a material stream. According to the European industrial association monitoring of a material stream provides reduction of material stocks for 30-70 % (according to industrial association of the USA the decrease in stocks occurs within 30-50 %). The high importance of optimization of stocks are explained by the following:
In general structure costs for logistics and stocks make more than 50 %, including expenses on administrative personnel, and also losses from damage or theft of the goods. The most part of working capital of the enterprises as a rule directed into stocks (from 10 to 50 % of all assets of the enterprises). In production expenses according to the maintenance of stocks make to 25-30 % from total amount of expenses. Reduction of stocks when using logistics is provided at the expense of high degree of coherence of actions between participants of logistic processes, at the expense of increase of reliability of deliveries, at the expense of rationality of distribution of stocks, and on some other reasons. The following component of economic effect of logistics application is formed at the expense of time reduction of goods passing through the logistic chain. Today time costs on manufacturing of a product vary in average from 2 to 5 % in the general expenses of time which are taken away on warehousing, production operations and delivery.
2. Понятие и система логистического сервиса