Ex. IV. Find the examples of participles, infinitives and infinitive constructions in the above text. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
Ex. V. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:
| competition, fraud, on-line, negotiations, catalog, prohibit, prices, auction, stock exchange, transactions, shipping |
1. Experts project that …… advertising will increase sharply in the next few years.
2. Traditional companies seek to meet the ……. from on-line marketers.
3. E-commerce companies raised …….. in several ways: they reduced discounts and raised ………. charges.
4. Most ………. are conducted with a view to reaching a compromise agreement.
5. The commission said on-line stock ……… was one of the greatest challenges facing www-based companies.
6. Amazon.com shut down an ……….. on its site in which stock in a software company was being sold.
7. Share prices fell rapidly on the London ……. today.
8. The prices are as shown in our ………… .
9. Once a week we receive a printout of all ……….. .
10. On-line auctions ……….. sales of firearms, alcohol, and tobacco.
Ex. VI Complete as much of the table as possible. Find the words in the text. Make your own sentences with some of the words.
| Verb | Noun person | Adjective | Abstract noun |
| retail | |||
| negotiate | |||
| complete | |||
| attract | |||
| invest | |||
| trade | |||
| ship |
Ex. VII. Translate into English.
Аукціони у режимі on-line продовжують зростати, включаючи регіональні аукціони та аукціони в великих містах, які пропонують більш привабливі угоди з продажу таких товарів, як машини та меблі. Ці товари можуть бути замінені після того, як аукціон закінчився. Домінуючим Web-аукціоном є eBay, який пропонує більш ніж три мільйони товарів на продаж у будь – який час. Інші електронні аукціони намагаються не відставати, в результаті чого сотні різних Web-сайтів кажуть, що вони могли б об‘єднати списки товарів на продаж. Це означає, що учасник аукціону з одного сайту може пропонувати ціну на аукціоні, що знаходиться на іншому Web-сайті. Однак завантаженість аукціонів іноді стає причиною того, що Web-сайти виходять з ладу на декілька годин.
Оператори онлайнових аукціонів намагаються визначити, які товари можна виставити на продаж. Аукціон eBay, наприклад, забороняє продаж вогнепальної зброї, алкогольних напоїв та тютюнових виробів.
Одна з нових компаній, що займається електронною комерцією, Amazon.com, зачинила аукціон на своєму сайті, на якому продавалось програмне забезпечення. Закриття цього сайту співпало із зростанням скарг з приводу шахрайства на сайтах. Федеральна комісія з цінних паперів та операції з обміну (Securities and Exchange) проголосила, що електронне шахрайство є однією із значних проблем.
Більшість компаній, що займаються комерцією на електронних фондових ринках, поки що отримують невеликі прибутки, або не отримують жодних.
Ex. VIII. Work in pairs. Speak about advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce.
Ex. IX Describe the business and economic environment in your country using active words and phrases from the text.
Grammar: Constructions with the Infinitive
Presentation
Ex. I. Read the following text paying attention to the infinitives and constructions with the infinitive. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
Bonfire Night
On the 5th November every year, British people set fireworks off in parks and gardens and build big fires. Some people make a model of a man from old clothes and paper and put him on top of the fire. Do you know why?
Well, it started with the guy named Guy actually! Guy Fawkes was a Catholic. Being a Catholic was very dangerous because King James I and the English Church were Protestant. They wanted everyone in England to be Protestant. It was very hard for Catholics to worship and they had to do it in secret.
Guy fought for the army of the Catholic Spanish king, Philip for seven years. He became an expert at using gunpowder. Back in England, some of Guy's old school friends and neighbors were planning to kill the king. They wanted him to join them because he knew a lot about gunpowder.
They found an empty room under the Houses of Parliament. They hid lots of gunpowder in the room. They planned to blow James up while he was in Parliament. On the 4 November, 1605, everything was ready. Guy was waiting with the gunpowder for the King's Guard to walk in.
James I was known to be unpopular with the British people, even the Catholics. To frighten people who might want to kill the king, Guy Fawkes's execution was totally horrible. After hanging him for a few moments, they cut him into quarters.
On the night of the 5th November, the king’s supporters celebrated the failure of the Gunpowder Plot. They lit bonfires and made a model of Guy Fawkes. Then they threw the model onto the fire. That’s why the British behave so strangely on 5th November. All the other days of the year, there’s no excuse!
Complex Object
The combination of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive after the main verb forms a Complex Object.
I expect Mary to pass the test.
It can be chiefly used after the following verbs:
1. “to see”, “to hear”, “to feel”, “to notice”, “to watch”, “to let”, “to make” (without “to”).
My father let me drive his car.
I saw my friend run down the street.
It’s also possible to say:
I saw my friend running down the street.
There is usually little difference between the two forms except that the ing-form usually gives the idea of “while”:
I saw my friend while she was running down the street.
2. “to want”, “to expect”, “to know”, “to suppose”, “to consider”, “to believe” “would like”:
I want you to paint the walls green.
I expect you to be on time.
Sometimes there is a clear difference between using the infinitive or the present participle:
I heard a famous opera star sing at the concert last night. (I heard the singing from the beginning to the end)
When I walked into the room, I heard my friend singing. (The singing was in progress when I heard it)
Complex Subject
The combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) and an infinitive forms a Complex Subject.
The main verb is usually placed between the noun and the infinitive.
Complex Subject can be used:
1. With the same verbs that can be followed by a Complex Object. The verbs are used in the Passive voice.
She is known to have passed her exam well.
2. The verbs “to say”, “to report” in the Passive voice.
The conference is reported to open tomorrow.
All representatives are said to have arrived already.
3. The verbs “to seem”, “to appear”, “to prove”, “to happen”, “to turn out” in the Active voice:
The glass turned out to be broken.
He seems to be waiting for someone.
They appear to have gone out.
The “for-to-Infinitive” Construction
This is a combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) preceded by the preposition “for” and an infinitive.
There was nothing left for him to do but wait.
It is very expensive for our company to advertise in the national press.
Ex. I. Read the following paraphrases of sayings and proverbs. Then match them with the sayings. Use the infinitives with or without “to”.
| a. Love brings children into the world and so keeps human life from disappearing. | 1. It is never too late (mend). |
| b. Tolerate others, and try not (direct) the way they run their lives. | 2. It is love that makes the world (go) round. |
| c. People vary much in character and abilities and this is necessary and desirable. | 3. One is never too old (learn). |
| d. It is easier (pull down) than (build). | 4. It takes all sorts (make) a world. |
| e. However much you know, there is always more (learn), and whatever your age, you can still increase your knowledge. | 5. (Understand) all is (forgive) all. |
| f. It is never too late (turn) over a new leaf and (lead) a better life. | 6. Live and let (live). |
| g. When all the facts are known and understood it is possible (forgive) a person for anything. | 7. It is easier (destroy) than (create). |
Ex. II. Paraphrase the sentences according to the example using the Complex Object:
Example:We saw her. She smiled and began to tell the story.
We saw her smile and begin to tell the story.
1. You should help your friend. He asked you about it.
2. We heard a car. It stopped in front of the house.
3. I saw a man. He walked up the steps to the house.
4. We didn’t notice him. He came in and opened the window.
5. The soccer team elected Bob captain. Bob’s classmates believe that he is a good leader.
6. We talked to the manager. He wants to work on the new plans immediately.
7. The Director said to them, “We have to improve productivity.”
8. Our buyers ask, “Don’t raise prices for your products.”
9. We expect that an announcement will be made next week.
10. Ask the consultant how to draw up a marketing plan. She can help.
Ex. III. Change the “that”-clauses to infinitives using the Complex Subject:
Example:It seems that the students like their special language program at school.
The children seem to like their special language program at school.
1. It appears that they are doing well.
2. It happens that they have a good teacher.
3. It turns out that she is a native speaker.
4. It happens that the children like her very much.
5. It seems that they want to please her.
6. It appears that they have made good progress.
7. It has turned out that they are all good students.
8. It seems that their teacher is very proud of them.
9. It seems that we are going round in circles.
10. It is thought that he committed the crime last Friday evening.
11. It was thought that he had stolen the documents at that time.
12. It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
13. It is believed that the criminal is living in London.
Ex. IV. Paraphrase the sentences using “for”-phrases.
Example:The box is heavy. Bob can't lift it.
It is impossible for Bob to lift that box.or
That box is too heavy for him to lift it.
1. I left the luggage at the station. He promised to collect it.
2. He stepped aside so that I could pass.
3. You should help her. This is the best thing to do.
4. He spoke loudly so that we could hear.
5. It is very far, they can’t go there.
6. He was seriously ill, he couldn’t go to the doctor himself.
7. Jane is pleasant to do business with. We are pleased with that. It is... .
8. It is important that we choose suitable TV programs for children.
9. It would be good if you spent some time abroad.
10. We can change to an alternative energy source. It would be easy.