ECONOMIC REFORMS IN RUSSIA. 1) Russia’s economic power lies in its key natural resources − oil and gas because oil and gas dominate Russian exports

Text I

■ Skimming

Ex. 1.

5) 4) 2) 3) 1)

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) Russia’s economic power lies in its key natural resources − oil and gas because oil and gas dominate Russian exports.

2) The energy giant Gazprom is called by critics an economic andpolitical tool of the Kremlin.

3) Russia has tried to develop a market economy since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

4) The term "shock therapy" refers to the sudden release of price and currency controls, withdrawal of state subsidies, and immediate trade liberalization within a country.

5) Shock therapy usually includes large scale privatization of previously public owned assets.

6) The reforms resulted in economic collapse, with millions being plunged into poverty and corruption and crime spreading rapidly.

7) Outrageous financial manipulations enriched the narrow group of individuals at key positions of the business and government mafia. Many took billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight.

8) A lot of TV channels in Russia are either run directly by the state or owned by companies with close links to the Kremlin. Independent reporting has suffered as a result.

9) The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference.

Ex. 3.

1) nominal value, purchasing power parity

2) Russian exports

3) economic, political tool

4) consistent, growth

5) proceed with, the lines

6) economic collapse, plunged into, rapidly

7) cash, assets, capital flight

8) severe recession

■ Vocabulary Study

Ex. 5.

1) – e) ; 2) – f) ; 3) – c) ; 4) – b) ; 5) – h) ; 6) – i) ; 7) – d) ; 8) – a) ; 9) – g)

Ex. 6.

1) withdrawal

2) collapse

3) flight

4) interference

5) subsidy

6) dominance

7) growth

8) release

9) achievement

10) export

Ex. 7.

1) proceed with

2) dependent on

3) refer to

4) result in

Ex. 8.

1) – f) ; 2) – d) ; 3) – e) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – c) ; 6) – b)

Text II

■ Skimming

Ex. 1.

alcoholism, economic weakness, weak property rights, bureaucracy, corruption, weakness of the technical intelligentsia, declining population, crumbling infrastructure, deteriorating education

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) The ultimate goal is to make Russia a world leader.

2) Critics argue that a country with weak property rights and a corrupt bureaucracy can invent new ways of extracting bribes and robbing businesses, but not of creating intellectual wealth.

3) The experience of Mr. Gorbachev’s perestroika − which started with talk of technological renewal but ended in the collapse of the Soviet system − has persuaded the Kremlin to define modernization strictly within technological boundaries.

4) In Russian history, it is Peter the Great and Stalin who are considered the great modernizers.

5) They created an educated class capable of generating, or at least replicating, the best Western innovation.

6) In the 1930s leading Soviet engineers arrested by Stalin labored in special prison laboratories within the gulag.

7) According to Mikhail Khodorkovsky, what is needed is “a whole social stratum − a fully fledged modernizing class...”

8) The business elite is increasingly discontent with the present political system.

9) Learning to live according to its means, rather than its ambitions, and learning to show more care for human life and dignity, are more important to Russia’s renewal than winning a geopolitical race.

Ex. 3.

1) array, alcoholism, nuclear-powered

2) rights, bureaucracy, bribes, businesses, wealth

3) renewal, collapse, define, boundaries

4) warning, rush

5) bureaus, institutes, set up

6) manifesto, vital, modernization, carry out

7) destined, resources, modernize

8) declining, rate, crumbling, deteriorating, taxpayers

■ Vocabulary Study

Ex. 5.

1) – g) ; 2) – b) ; 3) – f) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – c) ; 6) – e) ; 7) – d)

Ex. 6.

1) – d) ; 2) – c) ; 3) – a) ; 4) – b)

Ex. 7.

to compete, survival, decision, to define, fulfillment, to bribe, revelation, renewal, deterioration

Ex. 8.

1) a large increase or change

2) a short phrase that is easy to remember and is used in advertisements, or by politicians, organizations, etc

3) a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive

4) favourable to progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs

5) money or a gift that you illegally give someone to persuade them to do something for you

6) occurring or coming later or after

7) the limit of what is acceptable or thought to be possible

8) extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist

9) ideas and activities relating to the way that a country’s position, population etc affect its political development and its relationship with other countries, or the study of this

10) the basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways, banks etc

Ex. 9.

1) – f) ; 2) – e) ; 3) – d) ; 4) – b) ; 5) – a) ; 6) – c)

Unit V

COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

Text I

■ Skimming

1) Gross National Product – the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year, including income received from money invested in other countries.

2) Students’ own answer.

Ex. 1.

a) – 4) ; b) – 3) ; c) – 2) ; d) – 6) ; e) – 1) ; f) – 5)

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) The term was coined by Bhutan’s King. It defines prosperity in more holistic terms and measures actual well-being rather than consumption.

2) It measures only the sum total of material production and exchange in any country

3) It could well be the most significant advances in economic theory over the past 150 years.

4) Because production systems and consumption patterns are out of sync with the carrying capacity of the planet.

5) It pertains to the quality of nutrition, housing, education, health care and community life.

6) Wider awareness that that GNP is a misleading measure; a wide range of indices offering a more realistic assessment of material prosperity; growing pressure for an infusion of moral and cultural values into the core of economic policy.

7) Social crises; depression; sales of arms, violence on TV.

8) Moral and ethical values are placed at the core of their economic strategies for ensuring better food, housing and health for the population. They expanded the network of roads and increased the forest cover.

■ Vocabulary Study

Ex. 3.

1) – g) ; 2) – e) ; 3) – f) ; 4) – c) ; 5) – a) ; 6) – b) ; 7) – d)

Ex. 4.

1) – f) ; 2) – e) ; 3) – a) ; 4) – h) ; 5) – g) ; 6) – i) ; 7) – b) ; 8) – c) ; 9) – d)

Ex. 5.

1) commitment; 2) governance; 3) accountability; 4) attainment; 5) manifestation; 6) advancement; 7) prosperity; 8) abundance

Ex. 6.

1) live up to; 2) is out of sync with; 3) flesh it out; 4) at the core

Ex. 7.

1) – with ; 2) – in ; 3) – at ; 4) – to ; 5) – in

Ex. 8.

1) – b) ; 2) – d) ; 3) – b) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – c)

Ex. 9.

1) – c) ; 2) – e) ; 3) – d) ; 4) – f) ; 5) – a) ; 6) – b)

Text II

■ Skimming

Ex. 1.

A gift should be refused three times before being accepted

A gift should be gift-wrapped and offered with both hands

If your gift is not accepted you should understand and withdraw it.

Offer gifts after negotiations are concluded

It’s a good idea to give gifts on behalf of your company

Never give the same item to people of different rank or stature

The more senior the person, the more expensive the gift

You shouldn’t offer a gift to one person in front of the group

A gift’s value should be commensurate with the level of the business dealings

You should be careful to select the right colors and numbers

It’s a good idea to select gifts and gift wrap them in a local shop

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) False: they accept gifts with a reserved demeanor and refusethree tomes not to appear greedy (par. 1) ; 2) True (par. 2); 3) False: Waiting until negotiations have concluded will eliminate the appearance of bribery. (par. 3) 4) False: A good guideline … (par. 4); 5) True: (par. 5); 6) False: The colors black, white and blue are negatively associated with death and funerals. (par. 7); 7) True (par. 9)

Ex. 3.

1) – c) ; 2) – a) ; 3) – c) ; 4) – b) ; 5) – d)

■ Vocabulary Study

Ex. 4.

1) demeanor; 2) bribery; 3) stature; 4) circumvent; 5) commensurate; 6) reciprocate; 7) sever

Ex. 5.

1) greedy; 2) recipient; 3) to soften; 4) even; 5) inadvertently

Ex. 6.

1) to; 2) on of; 3) with; 4) with; 5) –

Ex. 7.

1) concern; 2) eliminate; 3) singled out; 4) extravagant; 5) inadvertently

Ex. 8.

1) – e) ; 2) – c) ; 3) – g) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – d) ; 6) – b) ; 7) – h) ; 8) – f)

Ex. 9.

1) appearance; 2) softness; 3) soften; 4) bribe, 5) bribery; 6) embarrassment; 7) embarrassing, embarrassed; 8) reciprocate; 9) complication; 10) complicate; 11) symbolism; 12) symbolize

Unit VI

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Text I

■ Skimming

Ex. 1.

1) – c) ; 2) – g) ; 3) – d) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – f) ; 6) – b) ; 7) – e)

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) Everything we have or use is made of them, they sustain our lives. (par. 1)

2) Harvesting of raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, transportation, storage, throwing away. (par. 2)

3) It stimulates artificial wants and results in increasing consumption and environmental impacts (par. 4)

4) Adds stimulate us to buy newer and more fashionable things, e.g. clothing, cars, computers. (par. 5)

5) Producing items that last only a short time, e.g. equipment.

6) Healthy environment and relations with family and friends. (par. 6)

7) Students’ own answers.

■ Vocabulary Study

Ex. 3.

1) consumer; 2) consumption; 3) consumptive; 4) environment; 5) environmental; 6) dependence; 7) dependant; 8) extraction; 9) extract; 10) obsolescence

Ex. 4.

1) – d) ; 2) – e) ; 3) – f) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – g) ; 6) – b) ; 7) – c)

Ex. 5.

1) on; 2) from; 3) of; 4) with; 5) over; 6) to; 7) for

Ex. 6.

1) f – 1; 2) d – 4; 3) b – 6; 4) a – 2; 5) c – 3; 6) e – 5.

Ex. 7.

1) – e) ; 2) – d) ; 3) – a) ; 4 – c) ; 5) – f) ; 6) – b); 7) – g)

Text II

■ Skimming

Ex. 1.

1) – 6) ; 2) – 4) ; 3) – 3) ; 4) – 7) ; 5) – 5) ; 6) – 1) ; 7) – 2).

■ Scanning

Ex. 2.

1) – b) or d) ; 2) – c) ; 3) – a) ; 4) – b) ; 5) – c) ; 6) – a)

Ex. 3.

They have a sense of entitlement to an extent.

They use technology which makes them competent, efficient and productive

They want work to be fun and flexible.

They want more respect from their employers.

They see themselves as unique individuals.

Ex. 4.

To approach differently; provide constructive criticism.

To accept multiple ways for workers doing tasks.

To offer flexible work schedules and develop pleasant and positive work culture.

To provide more autonomy and trust young workers.

To find the right mix of individual and team projects.

■ Vocabulary study

Ex. 5.

1) efficiency; 2) effectiveness; 3) individuality; 4) uniqueness; 5) entitlement; 6) flexibility; 7) laziness

Ex. 6.

1) mix; 2) lack; 3) misconceptions; 4) hurtful; 5) approach; 6) flexible; 7) adjust

Ex. 7.

1) – d) ; 2) – f) ; 3) – g) ; 4) – a) ; 5) – b) ; 6) – h) ; 7) – e) ; 8) – c)

Ex. 8.

1) shortcut; 2) surf; 3) inherent; 4) texting; 5) put in; 6) (baby) boomer; 7) anecdotal evidence; 8) bumpy ride; 9) self-centered; 10) iPod; 11) commercial; 12) generality

Ex. 9.

1) between; 2) to 3) by for; 4) to; 5) for; 6) on; 7) on

Ex. 10.

1) – d) ; 2) – c) ; 3) – a) ; 4) – f) ; 5) – b) ; 6) – e).

REFERENCES

dictionary.reference.com

en.wikipedia.org

findarticles.com

news.bbc.co.uk

Resurgence, 2009

toostep.com

web.worldbank.org