Certification as the confirmation of the correspondence
Certification in Russia began to be carried out in 1993. in accordance with the laws of RF “About the protection of the rights of users” and “About the certification of production and services”. The certified goods use great demand on the market (especially international), than not certified, which makes possible for producers to survive in the competitive activity.
The objects of certification include not only the production, but also services, systems of quality, personnel, work sites and other. Since the certification is one of the forms of activity in the estimation of correspondence, some terms and definitions are examined below.
Estimation of correspondence - direct or oblique determination of the observance of the requirements, presented to the object.
Confirmation of correspondence - documentary certification of the correspondence to production or other objects, processes of production, exploitation, storage, transportation, realization and utilization, fulfilling of works either rendering of services to the requirements of technical regulations, to the positions of standards or to agreement conditions.
The confirmation of correspondence can bear voluntary (in the form voluntary certification) or obligatory (in the forms of the adoption of declaration about the correspondence and the required certification) nature.
Bidder - physical or legal person, that accomplishes required confirmation of correspondence.
Certification - form of realization by organ for the certification of the confirmation of the correspondence of objects of the requirements of technical regulations, the positions of standards or the conditions of agreements.
Certificate of correspondence - document, verificatory correspondence of object to the requirements of technological regulations, to the positions of standards and to agreement conditions.
Sign of correspondence - designation, which is used for the information of acquirers about correspondence of the object of certification to the requirements of the system of voluntary certification or to national standard.
System of certification - totality of the rules of the fulfillment of works on the certification, its participants and the rules, the functioning of the system of certification as a whole. As participants in the certification can appear the producers of production, the executors of services, customer- salesmen, and also organs for certification, test laboratories (centers).
Certification as the procedure of the confirmation of correspondence is directed toward achieving of the following goals:
• the certification of the correspondence to production, of the processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, realization and utilization of works, services or other objects to technical regulations, to standards, to agreement conditions;
• assistance to users in the competent selection of production, works, services;
• an increase in the competitive ability of production, works, services on the Kazakhstan and international markets;
• the creation of conditions for securing the free moving of goods over the territory of the Kazakhstan, and also for the realization of international economic, scientific and technical collaboration and international trade.
Bases of the certification
The confirmation of correspondence can be achieved in the required (required certification) and voluntary forms (voluntary certification).
Required certification is the form of government control and can be achieved only in the cases, provided by legislative acts RК, T. e. by laws and by the normative reports of government RК. Basic purpose of conducting the required certification of goods (works, services) - confirmation of their safety for the life, the health of user, that surrounds media and averting of the causation for harm to the property of user.
Voluntary certification is conducted on the initiative applicants (producers, salesmen, executors) for purposes of the confirmation of correspondence of production (services) to the requirements of standards, technical specifications and other documents, determined by applicant. Basic purpose of conducting voluntary certification - guarantee of competitive ability of the production (service) of enterprise; the advertisement of the production (service), which corresponds not only to the requirements of safety, but also to the requirements, which ensure the quality of output (service). Thus, voluntary certification solves the wider circle of tasks and is more attractive and more informative for the buyer, than required.
In Kazakhstan at present predominates required certification, abroad - voluntary.
The teething tendency of the reduction of the nomenclature of the production, which is subject to required certification, will promote to the expansion of voluntary certification.
In the certified goods reveals the certificate of correspondence - document of the system of certification.
The production, to which is given out the certificate, is marked by the sign of correspondence, accepted in the system (Fig. 1).
Labeling production by the sign of correspondence accomplishes producer (salesman). The performance of the sign of correspondence must be contrasting against the background of surface, to which it is substituted. Labeling production should be accomplished by the methods, which ensure the resistance of correspondence to the external influencing factors.
 |
Fig. 1. Signs of the correspondence e to system ALL-UNION STATE STAN:
a - the sign of correspondence with the required certification; b- the sign of correspondence “the systems of voluntary certification” of the RF State Committee on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification; в - the sign of correspondence to the requirements of the national standard of the Kazakhstan.
The certificates of correspondence come into force from the date of their registration in the routine. The period of the action of certificate establishes organ for certification, not more than for 3 years.
Although the law of RF “about the protection of the rights of users” provides by sole information source against the certification marking by the sign of correspondence and the indication in the technical documentation of the information about conducting of certification, the government document (rules of sale of the separate forms of goods dated January 19, 1998.) allows this information source as the copy of certificate.
Of the copies of certificates it can give out organ for certification, given out original, or another organ for certification with the presentation to it original. Can be used also the copies of certificates, assured in the notaries office or by enterprises - holders of the first copy of certificates. State standard permitted confirmation with the inspection checking of the presence (in salesman) by the idea of commodity- invoice with the die, on which must be indicated the number of the registration of certificate, the date of its delivery, the period of action the designation of the organ, which gave out certificate. In addition to this must be indicated the address, telephone and surname of the holder of certificate- original or certificate of the first copy.
The copy of certificate must be double-sided, is executed by electrographic method and it is assured by the signature of critical linden and by the press organization, on each copy must be placed the die of organization and be indicated the output, to which is extended this copy.
Law of RK “About the certification of production and services” (in ed. from 31.07.98) determined not the obligation, but the possibility of affirming of correspondence of the established requirements in the form the declaration about the correspondence. The affirmed by government RK enumeration of the production, the correspondence to which can be confirmed declaration (it constantly is enlarged), it actually contains the slightly hazardous forms of the goods: lenses, notebook, wall-papers, sugar, baked articles, saccharine confectionery articles, fats animal are food, article macaroni and so forth.
The introduction of the declaration of correspondence in Kazakhstan is caused by the need: giving greater flexibility to the procedures of the required confirmation of correspondence; reduction in the expenditures for their conducting without an increase in the risk of the danger in the realizable on the Russian market production; the acceleration of commodity turnover; the creation of the favorable conditions for the development of intergovernmental trade and entrance of Russia into the world commercial organization (WCO).
The form of declaration is asserted by the federal organ of executive power on the technical regulation. The designed according to the established rules declaration is subject to registration by the federal organ of executive power on the technical regulation during three days.
In the immediate future the declaration of correspondence will become as abroad, the predominant form of the required confirmation of correspondence. It will not be limited by slightly hazardous production. The level of potential hazard in production will be considered in the diagram of declaration, in the case of increasing the risk from the use of production the volume of demonstrative base will increase.
Responsibility for the disturbance of the rules of certification is determined by constitution RK, law of RK “About the protection of the rights of users”, by federal law “About the technical regulation” and by other federal laws.
Control questions
1. What is the certificate of the correspondence of production?
2. How is characterized by required and voluntary certification?
3. The distinguishing features of declaration from the certification of the correspondence to production.
Lecture 7
Marking of consumer goods
Plan
1. Forms of marking.
2. Order and the rule of marking.
3. Trade mark.
Forms of the marking
In the qualitative, timely and complete information about the goods all require: producer, commercial structures, buyer. They serve as the means of commodity information: marking, technical documents, reference, training and scientific literature, advertisement and propaganda.
Marking - text, arbitrary symbols or figure, substituted to the packing and (or) goods. Depending on the place of putting the marking is distinguished production and commercial. The carriers of production marking can be labels, inserts, koleretki, labels, tallies, control tapes and other. As the carriers of commercial marking serve price lists, commodity and cashbox checks.
Order and rules of marking
Order and the rule of marking the separate forms of goods are reflected in the normative documents. General for all goods is the fact that in the marking they must be reflected:
• the designation of product;
• designation and the location of producer;
• the trade mark of producer (in the presence);
• the mass of net, either volume or a quantity of product;
• the composition of product;
• food nourishment value;
• designation and application condition for the products of children's nourishment, products of dietetic nourishment and biologically active additives;
• recommendation regarding the preparation of finished dishes for concentrates and semi finished products of foodstuffs;
• the condition of storing the foodstuffs;
• the period of fitness;
• period of storage;
• the period of the realization of foodstuff;
• the date of production and the date of packing;
• the designation of the document, in accordance with which is prepared and can be identified the product;
• information about the confirmation of the correspondence of foodstuffs.
Information locates directly per unit market container in the convenient for the reading place, it can be substituted by any method; it must be clear and easily read.
Besides general requirements for the content of information for the user, normative document (ALL-UNION STATE STAN. R 51074-2003) contains the enumeration of information on the groups of foodstuffs.
Trade mark
During marking of goods to the articles and the packing additionally are brought special designations. Trade mark and signs of tracking are, as a rule, such designations.
Trade mark - officially designed graphic representation, original name, the special combination of numbers, letters or words, which is brought to the goods by enterprise (firm) and is guarded by law.
Trade marks play important role in the competitive activity, since many buyers acquire goods of the enterprises, being oriented toward the commodity (firm) signs. There are three basic types of the designation of these signs:
• firm name - word, letter, the word group or letters, which can be ronounced;
• firm character-symbol, figure, distinctive color or designation;
• commercial sign - firm name, firm sign, commodity means or their Combination, officially registered in the international list and protected legally, what the sign R, placed next to the trade mark, indicates. If trade mark is the property of firm, thus it can have a sign s.
According to the degree of significance and prestige it is possible to isolate the commodity (firm) signs: usual and prestigious.
Usual firm signs are developed by owner or special designers with the registration or without.
Prestigious signs are appropriated to firms, enterprises for their special services to the state. In a number of the foreign countries prestigious signs (emblems) are sentenced as rewards and firm- laureate obtains the right during the specific time to place this sign on the business documents, the materials goods.
In Russia until recently there were no prestigious signs. But in 1997 at the state level was developed the position about the program “one hundred best goods of Russia” later was declared the competition of the reward of the government of the Russian Federation; acts program “Russian stamp”. On the basis these programs was declared. Every year competition among the domestic producers with the awarding to the conquerors of the sign of different degree (fig. 2).
Since 1999 in our country is conducted the competition “Russian stamp” with awarding to prize-winners of the prestigious signs:
• gold sign “Russian stamp”;
• silver sign “Russian stamp”;
• bronze sign “Russian stamp”.
Russia already has officially patented trade mark “III millennium”, which reveals to the laureates of exhibition- competitions on the basis of agreement. The logical completion of action will become the creation of the network of stores “goods of the third millennium” - with the goods, marking “the quality mark XXI of century”.
 |
Fig. 2. Signs of the laureates of the competitions:
1- sign of the laureate of the reward of the government of the Russian Federation in the region of quality; is 2nd the sign of the laureate of competition “one hundred best goods of Russia”; 3- the sign of the laureate of competition “Russian stamp”; 4- quality mark XXI of century
Competitions in the region of the quality of production, quality of the activity of organizations receive wide acceptance, since participation and, especially, victory in the competition they increase the image of participants, they contribute to their commercial success.
The primary task of the programs of competitions (at the different levels) - to contribute to domestic commodity producers in the advance of qualitative goods, services, technology for the Russian and foreign markets.
Enterprises, rewarded with the honorable sign of one or other degree or another (gold, silver, bronze), have the right for one-and-a-half years to free of charge place it on their production. After this period the firm (enterprise) either confirms sign or it is deprived of prestigious reward.
The signs of tracking (preventive) are intended for providing of safety of user, which surrounds media and information about the dangerous properties of substances, materials or actions on warning of danger.
Control questions
1. What they do understand under the term “marking”?
2. What information must be reflected in the marking?
3. What signs do relate to the prestigious? Their value.
4. Purpose of putting on the production of warning signs?
Lecture 8
Dash coding of goods
Destined - предназначенный stroke - штрих
Arose – возникла dispatch - отгрузка
Simplify – облегчить errors – ошибки
External – внешний reliable – надежный
Width – ширины gaps – пробелы
Boundary – граничные authenticity – подлинность
Discard – сложить even – четный
To multiply – умножить odd – нечетный
Discard – отбросить abstract – вычесть
Coincide – совпадает guaranteed - гарантируется
Dashcode (DC) - the sign, destined to automated identification and account for the information about the goods, coded in the form of numbers and strokes.
The need for introduction (DC) arose in connection with the development of information technology, the broad introduction OF COMPUTER(S) into the sphere of production and trade. The possibility due to the automation of the calculation of entering, dispatch and sale of goods to accelerate commodity movement and to simplify the documentary formulation of goods in its different stages as a result appeared. Manual filling of documents, searches for necessary goods on the storage require the high expenditures of time and labor, moreover with the fulfillment of these operations errors are possible.
The dash codes are divided into two forms: European - EAN and American - UPC. An external difference in the code UPC from the code EAN lies in the fact that Hollerith-coded OF UPC the first and last figure only is less than rest, furthermore, the latter stands after “the zebra”, as on the flying away.
In the system EAN can be used the code, which consists of the primes and 13 or 8 numbers. EAN-8 is used for marking of packing and (or) of goods of small size; EAN-13 is brought to any pickings and (or) goods, if area is allowed. EAN-14 adapts only for the transport packing.
The dash code is reliable because of four versions of the width of primes and interval between them. Each number is formed of two primes and two intervals (gaps), which in turn form four bounding surfaces. Less than a hundred thousand times of readout is possible only one error.
The authenticity of goods can be determined after the calculation of the control figure of the dash code. Calculation is produced as follows:
1. To discard the numbers of the dash code, which stand at even places (7290000494616): 2 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 4+1 = 11.
2. Obtained sum to multiply by 3: 11 х 3 - 33.
3. To discard the numbers, which stand at the odd places, without the control figure: 7 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 9 + 6 = 31.
4. To discard the numbers, calculated in points 2 and 3: 33 + 31 = 64.
5. From the obtained sum to discard ten: it is obtained by 4.
6. Of 10 to abstract the number, obtained in point 5: 10-4 = 6.
If the obtained after calculation (in point 6) number does not coincide with the control figure in the dash code, this means that goods is produced illegally and its quality is not guaranteed. Since January 1993 the dash code must be brought to all goods, which enter Europe. The price of the goods, released for the market without the dash code, is reduced to 3-15% of its cost. Users in Russia regarding the information about the bar code can turn in ЮНИСКАН - the organization, which is carried out questions of the automatic coding of production. The right to place the dash code on the goods has only those enterprises, which are registered in ЮНИСКАН.
Control questions:
1. What such is the dash code?
2. What there are forms of the dash codes?
3. How it is possible to determine the authenticity of goods?
Lecture 9