Часть 3. Профессиональный язык.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ

КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ № 3

Для выполнения практических упражнений контрольной работы № 3 необходимо:

Часть 1. Грамматика.

1. Повторить следующие разделы английской грамматики (Комплект лекций для изучения учебной дисциплины ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык):

1) Глагол (система глагольных форм); Времена действительного и страдательного залога. (Тема № VIII, стр. 48)

2) Употребление количественных определителей: little,(a) little, few, (a) few, much, many, a lot (of), plenty (of) (Тема № XVI, стр. 116).

3) Неопределенные формы местоимений some, any, no и их производные. (Тема № XVI, стр. 116).

4) Условные предложения. Тема № XVII, стр. 119).

2. Выполнить задания Части 1 контрольной работы № 3.

Часть 2. Разговорный язык

1. Прочитать тексты для чтения в Комплекте лекций для изучения учебной дисциплины ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык (стр. 122)

1. Прочитайте и переведите вопросы задания Части 2 контрольной работы № 3 на русский язык.

2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями. Будьте готовы ответить на вопросы устно.

Часть 3. Профессиональный язык.

1. Прочитайте текст и выпишите в тетрадь незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом.

2. Переведите текст письменно.

3. Выполните задания по тексту.

4. Подготовьте текст на чтение и устный перевод.

Вариант контрольной работы студент выбирает в соответствии с (одной) двумя последними цифрами шифра зачетной книжки

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 1.

Часть 1.

Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на время глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге.

1) Мы всегда обсуждаем наши проблемы с родителями.

2) Как называется журнал, который вы читаете?

3) Пока мама разливала чай, я просматривал утренние газеты.

4) Вы бывали в США?

5) Эти люди смотрят на нас. Вы их знаете?

6) Он закончил читать доклад, когда я вошел в зал.

7) Это письмо только что подписано директором.

8) Когда пришел директор, все было готово: документы были проверены, и письма были напечатаны.

9) Я уверен, что товары уже будут доставлены в порт, когда мы получим их телеграмму.

10) Когда был построен этот вокзал?

11) Его скоро пошлют в Саратов.

12) Мне еще ничего не говорили об этом.

13) Мне предложили билет на концерт, но я отказался.

14) На них смотрели с большим интересом, когда они появились в зале.

15) На эту статью часто ссылаются.

2. Вставьте следующие количественные определители: little,(a) little, few, (a) few., переведите предложения.

1. It’s no use asking him about it. He has ..... knowledge of the subject.

2. He had very ..... friends (hardly any friends).

3. He had ..... friends (some friends).

4. He drank ..... water and felt much better.

5. There was very ..... water in the glass; so he poured in some more.

6. ..... people understand what he said (hardly any people).

7. The chairman said ..... words (some words).

8. May I have ..... wine, please?

3. Вставьте следующие количественные определители: much, many, a lot (of), plenty (of), переведите предложения.

1. Nick always puts ..... salt on his food.

2. Did it cost ..... too?

3. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got ..... time.

4. Mary drinks ..... coffee.

5. They didn’t spend ..... money.

Заполните пропуски, выбрав соответствующие формы местоимений some, any, no и их производных. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She always tells her problems to ..... who will listen.

2. ..... knows ..... about it.

3. She didn’t tell the associates ..... relevant to the problem.

4. I’d like to know ..... more information about economic situation in the region.

5. They don’t get ..... profit at all.

6. ..... students attended the class.

7. There was ..... there, but I couldn’t see who exactly.

8. There wasn’t ..... extraordinary in the securities department.

9. We’ve got E-mail from ..... but our boss.

10. I knew ..... about his failure.

В условных предложениях поставьте глаголы в нужной форме.

1. I (to come) and see you off if I not (live) so far away.

2. If you (to stay) here a little longer you (to see) the boss.

3. We not (to go) out unless it (to stop) raining.

4. The man (to be killed) if the train not (to stop) quickly.

5. The manager said the company (to suffer) losses last month if the stand-attendant not (to work) efficiently.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите на русский язык. Подготовьте текст на чтение и устный перевод. Выпишите в тетрадь незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переводом. Выполните задания к тексту.

The economic environment

(Экономическая среда)

The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment in which firms exist and operate.

The economy is complicated and difficult to control and predict, but it is certainly important to all businesses. You should be aware that there are times when businesses and individuals have plenty of funds to spend and there are times when they have to cut back on their spending. This can have enormous implications for business as a whole.

When the economy is enjoying a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity. At such times, unemployment is low and many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more. They do this because consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales. It naturally follows that the state of the economy is a major factor in the success of firms.

However, during periods when people have less to spend many firms face hard times as their sales fall. Thus, the economic environment alters as the economy moves into a recession. At that time, total spending declines as income falls and unemployment rises. Consumers will purchase cheaper items and cut expenditure on luxury items such as televisions and cars.

Changes in the state of the economy affect all types of business, though the extent to which they are affected varies. In the recession of the early 1990s the high street banks suffered badly. Profits declined and, in some cases, losses were incurred. This was because fewer people borrowed money from banks, thus denying them the opportunity to earn interest on loans, and a rising proportion of those who did borrow defaulted on repayment. These so-called "bad debts" cut profit margins substantially. Various forecasters reckoned that the National Westminster Bank's losses in the case of Robert Maxwell's collapsing business empire amounted to over £100 million.

No individual firm has the ability to control this aspect of its environment. Rather, it is the outcome of the actions of all the groups who make up society as well as being influenced by the actions of foreigners with whom the nation has dealings.

VOCABULARY NOTES

to comprise– включать в себя, составлять local authorities– местные органы власти to take (syn. to make) decisions– принимать решения to play a prominent part– играть заметную (значительную) роль to shape the environment– формировать обстановку, среду, окружение to predict (syn. to forecast)– предсказывать to be aware– осознавать, знать to cut back on spending– сокращать расходы enormous implications– большое значение, смысл, влияние general prosperity– всеобщее процветание to enable smb to do smth– делать возможным для кого-то, позволять кому-либо что-либо делать consumers– потребители to alter– изменяться a recession– упадок total spending– общие, суммарные расходы to decline– снижаться income–доход unemployment – безработица to purchase (syn.tobuy) –покупать to cut expenditure – сокращать расходы

luxury items –предметы роскоши to affect (syn.toinfluence smb. smth) – влиять the extent –степень to some extent –в некоторой степени the high street banks –центральные банки to suffer badly –сильно пострадать profits –прибыль to incur (syn.to bear, to suffer) losses –нести убытки, потери to borrow from –занимать, брать взаймы to deny the opportunity –лишать возможности to deny –отрицать to earn interest –получать процентный доход loans –ссуды, займы to default on repayment – не выполнять обязательств по выплате (долгов, процентов и т. п.) a debt –долг profit margins –размеры прибыли the outcome of the actions –результат действий to make up society –составлять общество to have dealings –иметь торговые (деловые) связи

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 2.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

Measuring economic activity

(Измерение экономической активности)

There are a large number of statistics produced regularly on the operation of the world's major economies. The UK's economy is no exception in this respect. You will probably have noticed that often the headlines in newspapers or important items on television news programmes relate to economic data and the implications for individuals and businesses. A prime example of this occurs when interest rates are increased: the media responds by highlighting the adverse effects on businesses with debts and householders with mortgages.

Data is provided on a wide range of aspects of the economy's operation. Statistics are available to show.

* the level of unemployment

* the level of inflation

* a country's trade balance with the rest of the world

* production volumes in key industries and the economy as a whole

* the level of wages

* raw material prices, and so forth.

The main statistics illustrating the economy's behaviour relate to the level of activity in the economy. That is, they tell us whether the economy is working at fall capacity using all or nearly all, available resources of labour, machinery and other factors of production or whether these resources are being under-utilized.

The unemployment figures for the economy give an indicator of the level of activity. As the economy moves towards a recession and a lower level of prosperity it is likely that unemployment figures will rise. An alternative measure of the level of activity is national income statistics, which show the value of a nation's output during a year. Economists use the term Gross National Product to describe this data. Changes in the level or trends of such key data have great significance for businesses, as we shall see later.

There are numerous sources of data on the economy of which we can make use. The government publishes much through the Treasury, Department of Trade and Industry, the Bank of England and the Department of Employment. The Central Statistical Office, which was established during the Second World War, publishes about half of the government's economic data.

Much of this is contained in its annual publication, "The Annual Abstract of Statistics". It also publishes the equally valuable "Social Trends" annually. Additionally, private organizations, such as the banks, building societies and universities, publish figures on various aspects of the economy's performance.

Economic statistics are presented in many forms, the most common being graphs and tables. Although these statistics can be valuable in assisting managers, they should be treated with some caution when predicting the future trend of the economy and thus helping the business to take effective decisions.

VOCABULARY NOTES

to measure –измерять, рассчитывать, оценивать economic activity –экономическая деятельность is no exception in this respect –в этом отношении не является исключением important items –важные вопросы, проблемы to relate to – относиться к чему-либо, иметь отношение; рассказывать by highlighting the adverse effects on... - в первую очередь освещая неблагоприятное влияние на... householder –домовладелец, домохозяин household –домашнее хозяйство mortgage – закладная data –данные on a wide range of aspects –по самым разнообразным аспектам statistics are available to show – статистика показывает trade balance – торговый баланс key industries –основные отрасли промышленности wages –заработная плата (рабочих) salary –оклад, жалованье (служащих) raw material prices –цены на сырье at full capacity –на полную мощность available resources –доступные, имеющиеся в наличии ресурсы labour –труд machinery –оборудование

factors of production – производственные факторы, факторы производства (труд, земля, природные ресурсы, капитал) to be under-utilized –не использоваться полностью unemployment figures – количество безработных indicator — показатель national income –национальный доход the value of a nation's output –оценка объема производства страны Gross National Product (GNP) –валовой национальный продукт (ВНП) trend – направление, тенденция, тренд the Tresuary –Государственное казначейство. Министерство финансов (в Великобритании) the Department of Employment –Министерство по вопросам занятости (в Великобритании) the Central Statistical Office – Центральное статистическое управление to contain – содержать equally valuable – такой же важный building societies – англ. строительные общества (специализированные сберегательные учреждения) graphs and tables – графики и таблицы to assist – помогать, оказывать помощь they should be treated with some caution – к этим данным следует относиться с некоторой осторожностью

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 3.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

Income (Доход)

The second of the three economic issues is the question of income, that is, income distribution, the way in which income – that's what people earn – is distributed or shared around.

You, and your family, have an income. You have an annual income that is what you earn in a year. This income allows you to enjoy various goods and services. It means you have a certain standard of living. Your standard of living, of course, includes what you think of as necessary to your life, things like food, water, somewhere to live, health and education. But your income doesn't just cover the necessities of life. It also includes recreation, whether that's sport or TV or a holiday. Your income will be less than some of your neighbours', but it will be more than some of your other neighbours'. Your neighbours mean not just people living in your own country, but also people living in other countries.

Just as you and your family have an income, so nations, different countries, also have an income — the national income, it's often called. A national income is not the money the government gets. The national income is the sum total of the incomes of all the people living in that country, in other words, everyone's income added together. In the same way one can think of world income as the total of all the incomes earned by all the people in the world.

Concerning the distribution of national and world income, some questions are to be asked: who, in the world, gets what share of these incomes? The distribution of income, either in the world or in a country, tells us how income is divided between different groups or individuals.Table 1 shows the distribution of world income. There are three headings down the left-hand side of the table: income per head, percentage of world population and percentage of world Income. In poor countries, like India, China and the Sudan, the income per head is only one hundred and fifty-five pounds per year. But at the same time, they have fifty point seven per cent of the world's population. These poor countries only have five per cent of the world's income.

In middle-income countries the income per head is eight hundred and forty pounds, that's in countries like Thailand and Brazil. In the major oil countries, like Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, it's seven thousand, six hundred and seventy. In industrial countries it's six thousand, two hundred and seventy.

Turning to middle-income countries again, they have twenty-five point one per cent of world population, with fourteen point two per cent of world income. The major oil countries have point four per cent of population, the industrial countries fifteen point six. The oil countries have one point five per cent of world income, the industrial countries sixty-four point eight.

The first economic question is for whom does the world economy produce? As the table shows, it produces essentially for the people living in the rich industrial countries. They get sixty per cent of the world's income, although they only have sixteen per cent of its population. This suggests an answer to the

second question, that is of what is produced. The answer is that most of world production will be directed towards the goods and services that these same rich industrialised countries want.

The third question is how goods arc produced. In poor countries, with little machinery, not very much technical training and so on, workers produce much less than workers in rich countries. And poverty is very difficult to escape. It continues on and on. And this goes some way towards accounting for the differences in national incomes. It accounts for an unequal distribution of income, not just between countries but also between members of the same country, although there individual governments can help through taxation. In other words, governments can act to help distribute income throughout their population.

VOCABULARY NOTES

income distribution –распределение дохода an annual income –годовой доход a certain standard of living –определенный уровень жизни to cover the necessities of life –охватывать основные жизненные потребности recreation – отдых, досуг national income –национальный доход share of income –доля, часть дохода income per head –доход на душу населения percentage of world population –процент мирового населения

percentage of world income –процент мирового дохода essentially – в основном, большей частью world production –мировое производство rich industrialised countries –богатые промышленные страны not very much technical training –недостаточное техническое обучение to escape –зд. избежать to account for (syn.to explain) –объяснять the differences in national incomes –различия в национальных доходах unequal distribution of income –неравное распределение дохода throughout population –среди населения

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 4.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

The economic environment

(Экономическая среда)

VOCABULARY NOTES

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 5.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

Economic systems

(Экономические системы)

There are a number of ways in which a government can organize its economy and the type of system chosen is critical in shaping environment in which businesses operate.

An economic system is quite simply the way in which a country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country's citizens.

There are three main economic systems:

Planned economics (Плановая экономика)

Planned economies are sometimes called "command economies" because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.

Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all.

Secondly, industries are asked to comply -with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.

A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number ofadvantages:

· Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.

· Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.

· The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.

Severaldisadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years:

· There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies.

· Any profits that are made are paid to the government.

· Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward.

· As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of decidingwhat toproduce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.

VOCABULARY NOTES

inhabitants – жители, население to own –владеть natural resources –природные ресурсы a large amount –большой объем central planning and direction – центральное планирование и руководство consumption – потребление obviously –очевидно complicated –сложный to have a number of common features –иметь ряд общих черт intention –намерение to comply with –подчиняться a production target to meet –производственная задача (задание), которую надо выполнить an objective – цель, задача an overall aim – общая цель to enjoy a basic standard of living – иметь основной уровень жизни

to duplicate production –дублировать производство to divert –отвлекать (напр., ресурсы на другие цели) to abandon – отказываться от чего-либо a major problem faced by command or planned economies –основная проблема, стоящая перед командной или плановой экономикой changes in tastes and fashions –изменения вкусов и моды to underproduce – недопроизводить to regard smth as – воспринимать что-либо, относиться к чему-либо как... obsolete (syn.out of date) –устарелый, вышедший из употребления to overproduce –перепроизводить delays and queues –зд. перебои (с товарами) и очереди

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 6.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

Mixed economics

(Смешанная экономика)

Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies.

A mixed economy means very much what it says as it contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers.

Technically, all the economies of the world arc mixed: it is just the balance elements between market and planned elements that alters. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies. So, for example, Hong Kong has some state-controlled industry, while Cuba has some privately owned and controlled firms.

The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.

The UK is a mixed economy: some services arc provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services. The Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher switched many businesses from being state-owned and controlled to being privately owned as part of its privatization programme. This has taken the UK economy further away from the planned system.

VOCABULARY NOTES

significant faults –значительные недостатки at one extreme... at the other extreme –на одном полюсе... на другом to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice –иметь значительную экономическую свободу выбора restriction –ограничение whilst [wailst] (syn. while) –в то время как, пока state- controlled industry –промышленность, контролируемая государством

to avoid disadvantages –избегать недостатков to enjoy the benefits –иметь преимущества, пользоваться преимуществами to interact –взаимодействовать to solve economic problems – решать экономические проблемы a share of the output –доля в объеме производства essential items –товары и услуги первой необходимости a range of businesses –зд. ряд компаний, фирм

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 7.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?

7. What is your favourite kind of sport? Why?

8. What kinds of art do you know?

9. Why do you think so many people like travelling?

10. Have you ever been abroad?

11. What kinds of public transport do you know? Which do you prefer?

12. What is your favourite holiday?

13. What are the most important public holidays in Great Britain?

14. What do you prefer to read?

15. What kinds of books do you know?

16. Who are your favourite modern authors?

17. What qualities do you most admire in people?

18. What characteristics annoy you most in people?

19. What are your future plans?

20. Why did you decide to study at our college?

21. What professions do you know?

22. What is the main role of mass media?

23. What are the advantages of the Internet?

24. Do you like watching TV?

25. What TV programmes are most popular with young people?

Часть 3.

Market economics

(Рыночная экономика)

The best examples of this type of economy are to be found in small South-East Asian states like Hong Kong and Singapore, though even they are not pure examples of market economies. Even they contain some businesses owned and run by the state.

In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.

Thus, we can see that in a market economy it is consumers who decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new tend of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention.

Not surprisingly there are alsoproblems. Some goods would be underpurchased if the government did not provide free or subsidised supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as defence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. Once defence or a police force is supplied to a country then everyone in this country benefits.

A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however, have serious consequences. Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to one where new technology is employed in the factory. The resulting unemployment could lead to social as well as economic problems.

In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers.

Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales. Besides wasting resources on advertising, firms may also duplicate one another's services. Rival firms, providing rail services, for example, could mean that two or more systems of rail are laid.

Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goods and services. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to a recession. A recession means less spending, fewer jobs and a decline in the prosperity of the nation.

VOCABULARY NOTES

to own and run (syn.tomanage, to operate) businesses –владеть и управлять бизнесом to intervene –вмешиваться private enterprise (syn.entrepreneurship) –частное предпринимательство private ownership (syn.property) of the means of production –частная собственность на средства производства public property, common ownership –общественная собственность personal property –личная собственность state-owned property, state ownership –государственная собственность private supplies of capital –частный капитал surplus income available for investment in new business activities – допол- ] нительный доход (излишек дохода), который можно вложить (инвестировать) в новое дело (бизнес) to employ –использовать; предоставлять работу, нанимать employer –работодатель employee –служащий employment –занятость unemployment – безработица to persuade –убеждать at first view (syn.at first sight) – на первый взгляд to adjust automatically –автоматически приспосабливаться; приводиться в соответствие competitive –конкурентоспособный to make the largest profits possible –получить наибольшую возможную прибыль

to make money out of it –заработать деньги на этом to move the production possibility frontier outwards –продвинуть вперед предел производственных возможностей to make the society better-off – сделать общество более состоятельным to create new jobs and opportunities –создать новые рабочие места. to underpurchase (ant.tooverpurchase) –недостаточно раскупать to provide free or subsidized supplies –обеспечить бесплатное или субсидированное (дотированное) предоставление (товаров, услуг) in response to (syn.in answer to) –в ответ на a cornerstone – краеугольный камень to alter swiftly – быстро меняться consequences – последствия labour- intensive production – трудоемкое производство working conditions –условия работы safety standards –нормы техники безопасности large- scale intervention –широкомасштабное вмешательство to pass laws –принимать законы to gain sufficient sales –добиться достаточного объема продаж rival firms – фирмы-конкуренты, соперники to have confidence –иметь уверенность to lack confidence –не хватать уверенностиto pursue one's own interests –преследовать свои интересы

ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

Контрольная работа № 3

Вариант 8.

Часть 1.

Часть 2.

ЗАДАНИЕ: Ответьте на вопросы несколькими предложениями

1. What can you tell about your family?

2. What sort of man is your friend?

3. What is your hobby?

4. Have you got a flat or a house of your own?

5. Can you describe it?

6. What is the role of sports in the life of people?