The Vision of Adam Smith

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необ­ходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видовременные формы глагола: а) активный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Fu­ture).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на рус­ский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can - to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты.to have to и to be to; should.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Pre­sent Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях оп­ределения и обстоятельства.. Gerund - герундий, простые формы.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упраж­нений.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

а) These factors haven’t affected the prices. haven’t affected – Present Perfect Active, negative form.	Эти факторы не повлияли на цены.
b) Housing reform had not been implemented in full. had not been implemented – Past Perfect Passive, negative form от глагола to implement.	Жилищная реформа не была внедрена в полной мере.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1.Economics is a social science studying economy. Экономика является общественной наукой, изучающей экономику. studying – Participle I, определение.	Экономика является общественной наукой, изучающей хозяйствование.
2. If launched, this item will have success. (If) launched – Participle II, обстоятельство	Когда запустят этот товар, он будет пользоваться успехом.
3. The picture relating to the mixed economy is given. relating to – Participle I, определение. given. – Participle II, составная часть видовременной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to give.	Представлен рисунок, относящийся к смешанной экономике

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните во всех предложениях глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The number of people out of work in the UK is rising.

2. Little by little sales have increased. .

6) 1. Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, is often regarded as a founder of political theory.

2. This book was published with great success in 1776 by Adam Smith.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя­тельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1. The measures declared may change the situation for the better.

2. Underlying the possibility of exchange is the existence of property rights in the goods.

3. Incorporated in the supply curve of goods and services are opportunity costs (opportunity costs – альтернативные издержки).

4. The profits are going down.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркни­те в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There is a risk that the prices may go up.

2. They had to search for a replacement.

3. Any damage resulting from the negligence must be paid by the borrower.

4. All the firms can be grouped into “wholesalers” and “retailers”.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

The Vision of Adam Smith

1. In 1776 the Scottish moral philosopher Adam Smith published the first edition of his monumental Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, and economics soon became an independent science. Smith lived in an age when the right of rulers to impose arbitraryand oppressive restrictionson the political and economic liberties of their subjects was coming under strong attack throughout the civilized world.

2. Adam Smith argued that laissez-fairecould and should replace government direction and regulation in economics. The «should» was so mixed with the «could» portion of Smith's analysis that much of his book seemed almost as much a political tract as a work of science. What gave the book lasting significancewas the Smith's strong arguments that the economic activities of individuals would be more effectively coordinated through the indirect and impersonal action of natural forces of self-interest and competition than through the direct and frequently ill-conceivedactions of government authorities.

3. Smith opened minds to the existence of a «grand design* in economic affairs similar to that which Newton had earlier shown to exist in the realmof physical phenomena. The impactof Smith's ideas upon his contemporarieswas widespread andimmediate. The greatness of Smith's accomplishment lies precisely in the fact that he, unlike his predecessors,was able to think away extraneouscomplications and so perceivean order in economic affairs that common sense did not reveal.

4. According to Smith, society in its economic aspect is a vast concourse of people held together by the desireof each to exchange goods and services with others. Each person is concerned directly only to further his own self-interest, but in pursuing that aim each «is led by an invisible hand» to promote the interests of others. Forbiddenby law and social custom to acquirethe property of other people by force, fraud, or stealth,each person attemptsto maximize his own gainsfrom trade by specializing in the production of goods and services for which he has a comparative advantage, trading part of his produce for the produce of others on the best terms he can obtain.

5.Asa consequence,the «natural forces» of market competition—the result of each person attempting to «buy cheap and sell expensive»—come into play to establishequilibrium between demand and supply for each commodityat rates of exchange (prices).

Vocabulary

to impose - налагать, наложить

arbitrary - произвольный

restriction - ограничение

laissez-faire – политика, позволяющая развиваться частному бизнесу без контроля со стороны правительства

significance - значимость, значительность

to conceive - задумывать, представлять

realm - область, сфера

impact - воздействие

contemporary - современник

predecessor - предшественники

to perceive - воспринимать

reveal - обнаруживать, открывать

desire - желание

forbidden - запрещенный

acquire - приобретать

fraud - мощенничество

stealth - кража

to attempt - пытаться

to obtain - доставать, получать

consequence - последствие

equilibrium - равновесние

commodity - товар, продукт

V. Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. In what «age» did Adam Smith live?

2. What was Smith's point of view on the role of government in economics?

3. Why does the author refer to Smith's work as a «political tract»?

4. What was Smith's great «accomplishment»?

5. What, according to the author, gave the book «lasting significance» ?

6. What was Smith's vision of «society», «each person», «economic system»?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1.The European economy is making little progress out of recession.

2.Prices have gone up significantly.

6) 1. The predictions of the models are compared with the facts of the real world.

2.The intensity of this process was influenced by many factors.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого изних, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоя­тельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1. The newspapers announced the sharp rise predicted by the economists.

2. Monopolies held by individuals may begin by the granting of a patent or a copyright.

3. One would hope that attractive options would not be overlooked or, if discovered, not mistakenly dismissed. (Dismiss – прекращать, отбрасывать).

4. The picture relating to the mixed economy is given.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркни­те в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The pure market economy allocates products and resources in the most simplified manner, can be shown by this figure.

2. To make the market as large as possible, there must be no impediments (препятствие, помеха) to free trade both within a country and among countries.

3. There is a risk that the demand may diminish.

4. The government had to introduce this law to curb unemployment.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Macroeconomics

1. The word macroeconomics means economics in the large. The macroeconomist's concerns are with such global questions as total production, total employment, the rate of change of overall prices, the rate of economic growth, and soon. The questions asked by the macroeconomist are in terms of broadaggregates—what determines the spending of all consumersas opposed to the microeconomic question of how the spending decisions of individual householdsare made; what determines the capital spending of all firms combined as opposed to the decision to build a new factory by a single firm; what determines total unemployment in the economy as opposed to why there have been layoffsin a specific industry.

2. Macroeconomists measure overall economic activity;analyze the determinantsof such activity by the use of macroeconomic theory: forecast future economic activity; and attempt to formulate policy responses designed to reconcileforecasts with target values of production, employment, and prices.

3. An important task of macroeconomics is to develop ways of aggregating the valuesof the economic activities of individuals and firms into meaningful totals.To this end such concepts as gross domestic product (GDP), national income, personal income, andpersonal disposable incomehave been developed.

4. Macroeconomic analysis attempts to explain how the magnitudes of the principal macroeconomic variables are determined and how they interact. And through the development of theories of the business cycleand economic growth,macroeconomics helps to explain the dynamics of how these aggregates move over time.

5. Macroeconomics is concerned with such major policy issues as the attainmentand maintenanceof full employment and price stability.Considerable effort must first be expended to determine what goals could be achieved. Experience teaches that it would not be possible to eliminateinflation entirely without inducing a major recession combined with high unemployment. Similarly, an overambitious employment target would produce labor shortagesand wage inflation.

Vocabulary:

total production - общая производительсность

total employment - общая занятость

the rate of change of overall prices – коэффицент изменений предельных цен

rate of economic growth - темпы экономичес­кого роста

broad aggregates - масштабные совокупности

individual households – индивидуальные хозяйства

layoffs - увольнение

economic activity - экономическая активность determinant - показатель, определитель value - ценность

meaningful totals - значимые итоги

gross domestic product (GDP) - валовой внут­ренний продукт (ВВП)

national income - национальный доход

personal income - личный доход personal

disposable income - личный доход пос­ле уплаты налогов

business cycle - экономический цикл

economic growth - экономический рост

attainment - достижения maintenance - поддержание, содержание

price stability - стабильность цен

eliminate - ликвидировать, исключать

labor shortage - нехватка рабочей силы

reduction – уменьшение

V. Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What are the macroeconomist’s concerns?

2. What do macroeconomists measure, analyze and forecast?

3. What is, according to the text, the important task of macroeconomics?

4. What does macroeconomic analysis attempt to explain?

5. What are major policy issues of macroeconomics?

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо - временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1.The prices are steadily rising.

2. The deficit has resulted from increasing imports.

6) 1.Exports are expected to grow.

2. Some reforms were delayed for lack of will to transform the economy.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите пре­дложения на русский язык.

1. The three thousand dollars allocated to the marketing campaign were spent in no time.

2. Identifying the decision context and the decision maker represents a large step toward understanding the choice process.

3. Given enough time, the decision maker would determine a preferred course of action by enumeration (перечисление).

4. Manufacturing, as a branch of industry, is suffering more than services.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркни­те в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивален­ты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. They have to increase the price by 1 per cent to maintain the profit.

2. We may be told that “the world economy is in the doldrums”.

3. Instead it can compromise and have a mixed economy.

4. You should be polite and careful with customers.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.