Значения времен в страдательном залоге сохраняются
The Present Indefinite(Simple) Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I am asked. Am I asked? I am not asked | We are asked. Are we asked? We are not (aren`t) asked. |
| You are asked. Are you asked? You are not (aren`t) asked. | You are asked. Are you asked? You are not (aren`t) asked. |
| He, she, it is asked. Is he asked? He is not(isn`t ) asked | They are asked. They are asked. Are they asked? They are not (aren`t) asked. |
The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I was asked. Was I asked? I was not asked | We were asked Were you asked? You were not(weren`t) asked |
| You were asked. Were you asked? You were not (weren`t)asked. | You were asked. Were you asked? You were not (weren`t) asked. |
| He, she, it wasasked. Was he asked? He was not(wasn`t ) asked | They were asked. Were they asked? They were not (weren`t) asked |
The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I will be asked. Will I be asked? I will not (won`t) be asked | We will be asked. Will we be asked? We will not (won`t) be asked |
| You will be asked. Will you be asked? You will not (won`t)be asked | You will be asked. Will you be asked? You will not (won`t)be asked |
| He, she, it will be asked. Will he, she, it be asked? He, she, it will not (won`t) be asked | They will be asked. Will they be asked? They will not (won`t) be asked |
The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Past Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I would be asked. Would I be asked? I would not (wouldn`t) be asked | We would be asked. Would we be asked? We will not (wouldn`t) be asked |
| You would be asked. Would you be asked? You would not (wouldn`t)be asked | You would be asked. Would you be asked? You would not (wouldn`t)be asked |
| He, she, it would be asked. Would he, she, it be asked? He, she, it will not (wouldn`t) be asked | They would be asked. Would they be asked? They will not (wouldn`t) be asked |
The Present Continuous (Progressive)Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I am being asked. Am I being asked? I am not being asked | We are being asked. Are we being asked? We are not (aren`t) being asked |
| You are being asked. Are you being asked? You are not (aren`t) being asked. | You are being asked. Are you being asked? You are not (aren`t) being asked |
| He, she, it is being asked. Is he being asked? He is not(isn`t ) being asked | They are being asked. Are they being asked? They are not (aren`t) being asked |
The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I was being asked. Was I being asked? I was not being asked | We were being asked. Were we being asked? We were not (aren`t) being asked |
| You were being asked. Were you being asked? You were not (aren`t) being asked. | You were being asked. Were you being asked? You were not (aren`t) being asked. |
| He, she, it was being asked. Was he being asked? He was not(wasn`t ) being asked | They were being asked. Were they being asked? They were not (aren`t) being asked |
The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense Passive
ОТСУТСТВУЕТ
| Singular | Plural |
| - | - |
| - | - |
| - |
The Present Perfect Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I have been asked. Have I been asked? I have not(haven`t) been asked | We have been asked. Have we been asked? We have not(haven`t) been asked |
| You have been asked Have you been asked? You have not (haven`t) been asked | You have been. asked Have you been asked? You have not (haven`t) been asked |
| He, she, it has been asked. Has he, she, it been asked? He, she, it has not(hasn`t) been asked | They have been asked. Have they been asked? They have not(haven`t) been asked |
The Past Perfect Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I had been asked. Had I been asked? I had not(hadn`t) been asked | We had been asked. Had we been asked? We had not(hadn`t) been asked |
| You had been asked Had you been asked? You had not (hadn`t) been asked | You had been asked Had you been asked? You had not (hadn`t) been asked |
| He, she, it had been asked. Had he, she, it been asked? He, she, it had not(hadn`t) been asked | They had been asked. Had they been asked? They had not(hadn`t) been asked |
The Future Perfect Tense Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I will have been asked. Will I have been asked? I will not (won`t) have been asked | We will have been asked. Will we have been asked? We will not (won`t) have been asked |
| You will have been asked. Will you have been asked? You will not (won`t)have been asked | You will have been asked. Will you have been asked? You will not (won`t)have been asked |
| He, she, it will have been asked. Will he, she, it have asked? He, she, it will not (won`t) have been asked | They will have been asked. Will they have been asked? They will not (won`t) have been asked |
The Future Perfect Tense in the Past Passive
| Singular | Plural |
| I would have been asked. Would I have been asked? I would not (wouldn`t) have been asked | We would have been asked. Would we have been asked? We would not (wouldn`t) have |
| been asked | |
| You would have been asked. Would you have been asked? You would not (wouldn`t)have been asked | You would have been asked. Would you have been asked? You would not (wouldn`t)have been asked |
| He, she, it would have been asked. Would he, she, it have asked? He, she, it would not (wouldn`t) have been asked | They would have been asked. Would they have been asked? They would not (wouldn`t) have been asked |
Modal Verbs
Модальные глаголы
Must – должен; I, you, he(she,it) must do it. Must I (you, he(she,it) do it?
Can – может; I, you, he(she,it) can do it. Can I (you, he(she,it) do it?
Could –мог; I, you, he(she,it) could do it. Could I (you, he(she,it) do it?
May-может (разрешение) I, you, he(she,it) may do it. May I (you, he(she,it) do it?
Might-мог; I, you, he(she,it) might do it. Might I (you, he(she,it) do it?
Should-следует; I, you, he(she,it) should do it. Should I (you, he(she,it) do it?
Complex Object (Конструкция «Сложное дополнение»)
Глагол + существительное (личное местоимение) + инфинитив или ing- форма
| I want my friend to help me | Я хочу, чтобы мой друг мне помог |
| I would like my friend to help me | Я хотел бы, чтобы мой друг помог мне |
| I expect my friend to help me | Я рассчитываю(ожидаю), что мой друг поможет мне |
| I know him to be a true friend | Я знаю, что он настоящий друг |
| I like him to help me | Мне нравится, когда он помогает мне |
| I hate her to be late | Я не люблю, когда она опаздывает |
| I made (had) him help me. I got him to help me | Я заставил его мне помочь |
| I saw him come (coming) into the house | Я видел, как он зашел (заходил) в дом |
| I heard him open(opening) the door | Я слышал, как он открыл(открывал) дверь |
| I had my hair cut | Я подстригся |
The Conditional Mood
Условное Наклонение
Условное наклонение не имеет форм лица и числа и не изменяется в согласовании времен. Оно обозначает нереальные действия. NB Форма глагола to be в Conditional II (придаточная часть) were для всех лиц и чисел
| Conditional 0 | Оба действия относятся к настоящему | If Pr. Simple + Pr. Simple | If I am (come)home early, I always cook dinner myself- Если прихожу домой рано, я всегда сам готовлю обед |
| Conditional I | Действия относятся к гипотетическому будущему, но оно может реально осуществиться | If Pr. Simple + Future Simple | If I am (come)home early tomorrow, I will cook dinner myself- Если я приду завтра домой рано, я приготовлю обед сам |
| Conditional II | Действия относятся к будущему, но они не вполне реальны(мечта) | If Past Simple + Future-in the –past Simple | If I were (came)home early tomorrow, I would cook dinner myself- Если бы я пришел завтра (удалось бы) домой рано, я бы приготовил обед сам (может и приду) |
| Conditional III | Действия относятся к прошлому(исправить ничего нельзя)(сожаление) | If Past Perfect + Future | If I had been (had come) home early yesterday, I would have cooked dinner myself- Если бы вчера я пришел домой |
| Perfect in the past | рано, я бы приготовил обед сам (но я не пришел) |
I-wish construction
Конструкция выражения желания(сожаления)
| I wish I (he, she, they, we, you) were (came) home early | Жаль, что ты не приходишь домой рано-(приходишь поздно) |
| I wish I (he, she, they, we, you) had been (had come) home early yesterday | Жаль, что вчера ты не пришел домой рано(пришел поздно) |
| I wish he would stop smoking- Эта модель употребляется только, если в двух частях два разных деятеля и речь идет не о состоянии | Хотел бы я, чтобы он бросил курить |
Miscellaneous Ideas
Types of questions
Типы вопросов
John worked as a teacher last year.
1) Yes/No question: Did John work as a teacher last year?
2) Alternative question: Did John work as a teacher last year or the year before?
3) Tag-question: John worked as teacher last year, didn`t he?
4) Wh-question: Where did John work last year? What did John do last year?
5) Subject question: Who worked as a teacher last year?
Приветствия (greetings), прощания (farewells)
| Good morning Good afternoon Good evening Hello, Hi Good bye Bye Cheerio So long Have a nice weekend – The same to you. | Доброе утро Добрый день Добрый вечер Привет До свидания Пока Пока Увидимся Хороших выходных! – Того же и Вам! |
Формулы выражения мыслей (вводные фразы)
| I think I suppose It seems to me In my opinion To my mind I am afraid As for me Well… By the way According to the text The way I see it is that I tend to think that I support the author`s opinion about… I tend to disagree… If I am not mistaken As far as I remember | Я думаю Я полагаю Мне кажется По моему мнению По моему мнению Боюсь… Что касается меня Ну… Кстати Как сказано в тексте То, как я это вижу Я склонен считать Я поддерживаю точку зрения автора Я склонен не согласиться Если я не ошибаюсь Насколько я помню |
Формулы и выражения предпочтения
| I am fond of I like I prefer | Я люблю Мне нравится Я предпочитаю |
Слова и конструкции, использование которых возможно при передачи содержания текста
I have read the text …
The story is called (headlined)
The title of the story is……
The story is about
The text is dedicated to …
The author touches on the problem of…
The author deals with the problem of …
The text contains(provides) information on…
The text gives detailed coverage of…
The author gives a brief outline of…
The author stresses the fact that…
The author makes a special mention of…
Particular attention is paid to…
The author makes the reader believe…
The main idea of the story is…
The action of the story takes place in…
The main characters of the story are…
Major emphasis is placed on…
The text consists of…
The bulk of the material is devoted to…
To illustrate the point, the author cites …
In conclusion it is possible to say that…
In this extract we find numerous descriptions of …
The author seems to be a master of psychological analysis (description, dialogue)
The text can be divided into two (three etc) parts, each of which has its own theme…
The author gives a vivid picture of…
Writing File
В общем и наиболее полном виде структура письма на английском языке может быть представлена следующим образом:
1. Адрес отправителя (sender's address).
2. Дата (date).
3. Адрес получателя (inside address).
4. Обращение (salutation).
5. Зачин, или первая фраза (opening sentence).
6. Текст письма (body of the letter).
7. Заключительная фраза (closing sentence).
8. Заключительная формула вежливости (complimentary close).
9. Подпись отправителя (signature).
10. Постскриптум, т.е. приписка к оконченному письму (P.S. или Postscript).
Расположение на странице стандартного размера указанных выше частей письма можно представить в виде схемы.
1.________________________
________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________________
________________________________
4.________________________________
5.___________________________________
6.____________________________________________
7.________________________________________
8.__________________
9._______________
10.________________________________________
Адрес отправителя в английском письме пишется в правом верхнем углу страницы, хотя часто его можно видеть и в левом верхнем углу.
В английском письме номер дома в адресе ставится перед названием улицы, а название города — после названия улицы. Между номером дома и названием улицы запятая не ставится. Например:
| 17 Clarence Road London W14 9GP Great Britain 18 February, 2015 | |
| John Smith 25 North Road, London W2 4RH England Michigan |
Дата.
Дата отправления чаще всего указывается в правом верхнем углу, сразу же под адресом отправителя.
Существует несколько вариантов написания даты:
September 7, 1996
September 7th, 1996
7 September, 1996
7th September, 1996
Названия месяцев часто пишутся сокращенно:
January — Jan., May — May
Обращение
| Стиль | Ед. число |
| Формально и строго официально | My dear Sir / Sir My dear Madam / Madam |
| Строго официально | Sir/ My dear Mr. Smith Madam/ My dear Mrs. Smith |
| Официально | Dear Sir Dear Madam |
| Менее формально (при наличии предыдущей переписки) | Dear Mr. Jones Dear Mrs. Jones |
| Неофициально | Dear Jack/ Jack |
ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНВЕРТА
В настоящее время существует единый стандарт оформления конвертов. Согласно этому стандарту информация располагается в строго определенном месте и в строго определенном порядке. Основной принцип этого расположения: от частного к общему, от индивидуума к стране..
| J. Wilhelm 410 Lawrence Street, Apt. 5 Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA | Stamp REGISTERED MAIL AIR MAIL |
| Mr. J. R. Smith 400 S 5th Avenue, Suite # 80 Detroit, MI, 48202-2831 USA |
ОБРАЗЦЫ ПИСЕМ
ПОЗДРАВЛЕНИЯ
CONGRATUlations
Dear Mabel and Kevin,
Best wishes for a merry Christmas and a happy and healthy New Year.
Yours sincerely,
Joe
ПИСЬМА-БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
THANK-YOU LETTERS
Dear Marian,
I was both surprised and grateful at winning the Women's Club Prize. Thank you so much for your kind congratulations and good wishes.
Sincerely,
Jane
ИЗВИНЕНИЯ
EXCUSES
Dear Hugh,
I feel so guilty! I haven't written to you for such a long time, and I always think "I must write". But I'm too lazy. I haven't written to anyone for a long time. I telephone instead of writing. Such a long time passed. But I hope you will forgive me.
Yours,
Natalie
ПРОСЬБЫ
REQUESTS
Dear Sirs,
I have been trying to find some good English books which I can recommend to my pupils. I have in mind prose works which are short, easy and entertaining. Can you suggest a few, say half a dozen or so? I should appreciate it.
Sincerely yours, Jack Tailor