Тропические леса в опасности.

Тропические леса – уникальное растительное сообщество, для которого характерно видовое богатство растений и животных. За недоступность, таинственность и опасности, на каждом шагу подстерегающие каждого, кто отважится сюда проникнуть, не случайно снискали этим местам у белых путешественников уважительное название “зелёного ада”. К сожалению, эта экосистема, претерпевшая меньше всего изменений за всё время существования суши, сегодня исчезает с угрожающей скоростью, и то, что создавалось природой в течение миллионов лет, человек может уничтожить в считанные десятилетия. Последствия могут стать непредсказуемыми.

Но главная опасность в том, что такой примитивный процесс расширения пахотных земель во многих экваториальных странах приобретает государственный масштаб, и экологическая ситуация резко меняется – в глубине тропических лесов всё чаще появляются обширные поля, вокруг которых растут поселения земледельцев.

Как сообщают специалисты, при нынешних темпах рубки тропических лесов в ближайшем будущем их может остаться на Земле не более трети. Опасность усугубляется тем, что во многих районах не только вырубаются крупные деревья, но полностью сводятся мелкие породы и подлесок. Так, в Малайзии бульдозеры срезают до 70% почвы, что делает невозможным возобновление растительности вообще. В некоторых странах практически отсутствует лесоохрана. На о. Суматра, например, был незаконно вырублен целый национальный парк. Под угрозой уничтожения находятся многие ценные породы деревьев.

По подсчетам английского ботаника Т. Уитмора, для поддержания древесного вида в сохранности, имея в виду генетическое разнообразие, необходимо не менее 5 тысяч отдельных его представителей, занимающих площадь, как минимум от 17 до 135 кв. км. Сокращение же площадей тропических лесов идет с такой интенсивностью, что в ряде районов они очень скоро могут приблизиться к критической.

TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

Pair Work.

Describe any layer of the rainforest. Give some extra information about the plants and animals of tropical rainforest.

2. Group work.Discuss the following in small groups.

Would you like to visit a rainforest? How should you prepare for this trip? What rules should you keep if you find yourself in a rainforest?

UNIT 25

Natural Disasters

LEAD-IN

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a natural disaster?

2. What natural disasters are typical of your region?

3. What serious natural disasters do you remember?

4. How can people protect themselves from natural disasters?

Exercise 2. Match the term and its definition.

1. Disaster 2. Avalanche 3. Eruption 4. Flood 5. Earthquake 6. Tsunami 7. Epicenter 8. Wildfire 9. Blizzard 10. Epidemic

a) A large mass of snow detached from a mountain slope. b) An overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. c) A very high wave in the ocean that is usually caused by an earthquake. d) A point, directly above the true center of disturbance. e) An act, process, or instance of erupting. f) Any large fire that spreads rapidly. g) An occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress. h) A storm with dry, driving snow and intense cold. i) A disease that spreads rapidly among many people in a community. j) The conditions that surround someone or something. k) The part of the earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life. l) A sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity.

Exercise 3. Make the most suitable collocations.

1. Natural 2. Snow 3. Scientific 4. Serious 5. Widespread 6. Seismic 7. Dry 8. Smashing 9. Heavy

a) fatalities b) community c) avalanche d) disaster e) climate f) rate g) wave h) rain i) destruction j) flood k) force

COMPREHENSIVE READING

Natural Disasters

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population’s ability to recover. During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front. Many of the snow avalanches were caused by artillery fire. Natural disasters happen all over the world and they can be utterly devastating for people’s lives and the environments in which they live. Although natural disasters are caused by nature and there is nothing that we can do to prevent them happening, there are many different natural causes that lead to natural disasters, and being aware of these causes enables us to be better prepared when such disasters do arrive.

One common natural disaster is flooding, which occurs when a river bursts its banks and the water spills out onto the floodplain. This is far more likely to happen when there is a great deal of heavy rain, so during very wet periods, flood warnings are often put in place. There are other risk factors for flooding too: steep-sided channels cause fast surface run-off, while a lack of vegetation or woodland to both break the flow of water and drink the water means that there is little to slow the floodwater down. Drainage basins of impermeable rock also cause the water to run faster over the surface. Floods in Saint Petersburg refer to a rise of water on the territory of St. Petersburg. They are usually caused by the overflow of the delta of Neva River and surging water in the eastern part of Neva Bay but sometimes caused by melting snow. Floods are registered when the water rises above 160 cm with respect to a gauge at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute. More than 300 floods have occurred since the city was founded in 1703. The largest flood occurred in 1824 and killed several hundred people.

Earthquakes are another common natural disaster that can cause many fatalities. The movements of the plates in the earth’s crust cause them. These plates do not always move smoothly and can get stuck, causing a build-up of pressure. It is when this pressure is released that an earthquake occurs. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. In turn, an earthquake under the water can also cause a tsunami, as the quake causes great waves by pushing large volumes of water to the surface.

Tsunamis are also known as a seismic sea wave. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves, although this usage is not favored by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature. Tsunamis cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying a large amount of debris with it, even with waves that do not appear to be large. Tsunamis can also be caused by underwater volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions are another natural disaster, and they are caused by magma escaping from inside the earth. An explosion takes place, releasing the magma from a confined space, which is why there are often also huge quantities of gas and dust released during a volcanic eruption. The magma travels up the inside of the volcano, and pours out over the surrounding area as lava. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and bolides.

One of the most common natural disasters, but also one of the most commonly forgotten, is wildfires. These take place in many different countries all over the world, particularly during the summer months, and can be caused by a range of different things. Some of the things that can start the wildfires can be totally natural, while others can be manmade, but the speed at which they spread is entirely down to nature. The two natural causes of wildfires are the sun’s heat and lightning strikes, while they can also be caused by campfires, smoking, fireworks and many other things. The reasons that they spread so quickly are prolonged hot, dry weather, where the vegetation dries out, which is why they often take place in woodland. Bushfires in Australia are a common occurrence; because of the generally hot and dry climate, they pose a great risk to life and infrastructure during all times of the year, though mostly throughout the hotter months of summer and spring. In the United States, there are typically between 60,000 and 80,000 wildfires that occur each year, burning 3 million to 10 million acres (12,000 to 40,000 square kilometres) of land depending on the year.

Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or the fall of rock. Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many buildings, plants and animals due to its extreme heat. Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash – may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantity ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled.

Blizzards are severe winter storms characterized by heavy snow and strong winds. When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a ground blizzard. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where snowfall is rare. The Great Blizzard of 1888 affected the United States, when many tons of wheat crops were destroyed, and in Asia, 2008 Afghanistan blizzard and the 1972 Iran blizzard were also significant events.

An epidemic is an outbreak of a contractible disease that spreads through a human population. A pandemic is an epidemic whose spread is global. There have been many epidemics throughout history, such as the Black Death. In the last hundred years, significant pandemics include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic killed more than 50 million people.

COMPREHENSIVE CHECK