History of modern shopping

Fairs and markets have a long and history that started when man felt the need to exchange goods. People would shop for goods at a weekly market in nearby towns. Then shops began to be permanently established. Shops were specialized, e.g. a bakery, a butchery, a grocer. Then supermarkets appeared.

Home shopping

With modern technology such as television and telephone and the Internet, users could be described as home shopping through online retail stores. Electronic commerce and business-to-consumer electronic commerce systems in combination of home mail delivery systems make this possible. Typically a consumer could make purchases through online shopping, shopping channels, mail order, etc. Online shopping allows the buyer to save the time which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall.

Pricing and negotiation

The pricing technique used by most retailers is cost-plus pricing. This involves adding a percentage to the retailers cost. In Western countries, retail prices are often so-called psychological prices or odd prices: a little less than a round number, e.g. $ 6.95. In Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates price points.

Often prices are fixed and displayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, there can be price discrimination for a variety of reasons. The retailer charges higher prices to some customers and lower prices to others. For example, a customer may have to pay more if the seller determines that he or she is willing to. The retailer may conclude this due to the customer's wealth, carelessness, lack of knowledge, or eagerness to buy.

Price discrimination can lead to a bargaining situation often called haggling, a negotiation about the price.

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS S

1. Are you a shopaholic or someone who hates shopping?

2.What do you like or hate about shopping?

3.When shopping in a supermarket, are you a ‘basket-person’ – just buying a few things for the next day or so – or a ‘trolley-person’ doing the weekly shop from a long shopping list?

4.What things are always on your supermarket shopping list?

5.What’s the best shop you’ve ever been to?

GIVE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT .

MATHS SIGNS .

(APPENDIX 16)

Read aloud.

23+56=79; 100-75=25; 500/10=50; 7*8=56; 953¹465; 5+6<7+8; 8+9>2+3; 555-333=222; 400*2=800; 34+12=56.

UNIT 5

SECTION A.

mankind	[.mæn'kaɪnd]	intestine	[ɪn'testɪn]
physicist	['fɪzɪsɪst]	technology	[tek'nɔləʤɪ]
fluorescent	[fluə'res(ə)nt]	patient	['peɪʃ(ə)nt]
assume	[ə'sju:m]	surgery	['s ə:ʤ(ə)rɪ]
silhouette	[.sɪlu'et]	science	['saɪən(t)s]
project	[prə'ʤekt]	eventually	[ɪ'venʧuəlɪ]
beneficial	[.benɪ'fɪʃ(ə)l]	ion	['aɪən]
remarkable	[rɪ'mɑ:kəbl]	chemical	['kemɪk(ə)l]
precipitate	[prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]	mutation	[mju:'teɪʃ(ə)n]
advancement	[əd'vɑ:nsmənt]	disease	[dɪ'zi:z]
extraordinary	[.ekstrə'ɔ:d(ə)n(ə)rɪ]	cancerous	['kæns(ə)rəs]
procedure	[prə'si:ʤə]	invaluable	[ɪn'væljuəbl]
examine	[ɪg'zæmɪn]	asset	['æset]
tissue	['tɪʃu:]	scientific	[.saɪən'tɪfɪk]
blood	[blʌd]	research	[rɪ's ə:ʧ]

X-rays	рентгеновские лучи	examine	осматривать, изучать
discovery	открытие	harmful	вредный, пагубный
completely	полностью, целиком	science	наука
by accident	нечаянно, случайно	expose	подвергать
electron beam	пучок электронов	eventually	в конечном счёте, в итоге
gas discharge tube	газоразрядная трубка	develop	развивать
response	ответ	radiation sickness	лучевая болезнь
surround	окружать	significant	значительный, важный
immediately	немедленно	collide with	сталкиваться; соударяться
beneficial	выгодный, полезный	chemical reaction	химическая реакция
application	применение	cell	клетка
remarkable	замечательный, выдающийся	DNA	днк
precipitate	ускорять, подгонять	invaluable	бесценный, неоценимый
advancement	продвижение, прогресс	security	безопасность
extraordinary	выдающийся, замечательный	scientific research	научные исследования

HOW X-rays WORK

As with many of mankind's monumental discoveries, X-ray technology was invented completely by accident. In 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen made the discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow when the electron beam was turned on. This response in itself wasn't so surprising - fluorescent material normally glows in reaction to electromagnetic radiation - but Roentgen's tube was surrounded by heavy black cardboard. Roentgen assumed this would have blocked most of the radiation.

Roentgen placed various objects between the tube and the screen, and the screen still glowed. Finally, he put his hand in front of the tube, and saw the silhouette of his bones projected onto the fluorescent screen. Immediately after discovering X-rays themselves, he had discovered their most beneficial application.

Roentgen's remarkable discovery precipitated one of the most important medical advancements in human history. X-ray technology lets doctors see straight through human tissue to examine broken bones, cavities and swallowed objects with extraordinary ease. Modified X-ray procedures can be used to examine softer tissue, such as the lungs, blood vessels or the intestines.

Are X-Rays Bad For You?

X-rays are a wonderful addition to the world of medicine; they let doctors peer inside a patient without any surgery at all. It's much easier and safer to look at a broken bone using X-rays than it is to open a patient up.

But X-rays can also be harmful. In the early days of X-ray science, a lot of doctors would expose patients and themselves to the beams for long periods of time. Eventually, doctors and patients started developing radiation sickness, and the medical community knew something was wrong.

The problem is that X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. When normal light hits an atom, it can't change the atom in any significant way. But when an X-ray hits an atom, it can knock electrons off the atom to create an ion, an electrically-charged atom. Free electrons then collide with other atoms to create more ions.

An ion's electrical charge can lead to unnatural chemical reactions inside cells. Among other things, the charge can break DNA chains. A cell with a broken strand of DNA will either die or the DNA will develop a mutation. If a lot of cells die, the body can develop various diseases. If the DNA mutates, a cell may become cancerous, and this cancer may spread. Because of these risks, doctors use X-rays sparingly today.

Even with these risks, X-ray scanning is still a safer option than surgery. X-ray machines are an invaluable tool in medicine, as well as an asset in security and scientific research. They are truly one of the most useful inventions of all time.

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS S

1. How was X-ray technologyinvented?

2. Describe Roentgen’s experiments.

3. How did Roentgen's discovery influence the development of medicine?

4. Are X-rays bad for people?

5. What happened if doctors exposed patients and themselves to the beams for long periods of time?

6. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. What do you know about it?

7. What an ion's electrical charge can lead to?