Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935)

Russian painter and designer, one of the most important pioneers of geometrical art, Kasimir Malevich was born near Kiev. He was trained at Kiev School of Art and Moscow Academy of Fine Arts. He began working in an unexceptional Post-Impressionist manner, but by 1912 he was painting peasant subjects in a massive “tubular” style similar to that of Linger as well as pictures combining the fragmentation of form of Cubism with multiplication of the image of Futurism (The Knife Grinder, 1912). Malevich was eager to free art to a radical geometric simplicity. In 1913 Malevich devised abstract geometric patterns which he called supramatism – “pure aesthetic feeling” – proposing a secular equivalent to a religious experience. The painter claimed that he made a picture consisting of nothing more but a black square on a write field as early as 1913. However, it is also very difficult to find out which of his paintings were hung, as photographs of early exhibitions provide conflicting evidence.

Malevich reconciled folk art and abstraction. It should be noted that the iconic tradition also influenced his art. In the Russian Orthodox Church more than in Western Christian church pictures are the means of intercession. In the presence of a holy icon the worshipper feels transported to heaven. For many Russian artists abstraction was the spiritual art of the new scientific Communist age, in which man, and not God, was the controlling force. It is regrettable that this ideal did not survive the days of the Revolution. The infinite freedom and hopes which avant-garde art expressed actually flourished under the Christian Tsar.

Упр. 3. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where was Malevich trained in painting? 2. What styles did Malevich work out early in life? 3. What was Malevich’s dream? 4. What did Malevich devise in 1913? What is implied under the Supermatist paintings? What difficulties did the Supermatist paintings evoke? When were the Supermatist paintings first made public in Moscow? 5. What did Malevich synthesise in his work? Which pictures are the means of intercession? 6. How did Russian artists treat abstraction? Did the ideal survive the Revolution days? What flourished under the Christian Tsar?

TEXT III

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и выучите следующие слова:

· treasure [`treʒə] сокровище · variety [və`raiəti] разнообразие · to cover a span охватывать период · excellent [`eksələnt] превосходный, отличный · print оттиск, гравюра, эстамп · applied art [ə`plaid] прикладное искусство · to display [dis`plei] выставлять (картину) · to distribute [dis`tribju:t] распределять · to execute [`eksikju:t] выполнять, осуществлять · image [`imidʒ] образ · to reveal [ri`vi:l] открывать, показывать · desire [di`saiə] /сильное/ желание · to surround окружать · aspiration [æspi`rei∫ən] стремление, желание · taste вкус · portraite [`pÉ:trit∫ə] портретное искусство

Упр. 2. Отработайте произношение следующих имен собственных:

Leonardo da Vinci [,li:ə`na:dou da: `vint∫i], Raphael [`ræfeil], Titian [`ti∫iən], El Greco [el`greikou], Rembrandt [`rembrænt], Van Dyck [væn `daik], Rubens [`ru:binz], Michelangelo [,maikl` ændʒilou], Canova [kæ`nouvə], Walker [`wÉ:kə], Lely [li:`li], Reynolds [`reinÉldz], Gainsborough [`geinzbərə], Morland [`mə:lənd], Hogarth [`houga:θ]

Упр. 3. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст. При необходимости найдите в словаре неизвестные вам слова и запишите их в свою рабочую тетрадь:

The Hermitage

The State Hermitage in Leningrad is the greatest art museum of the Soviet Union. Its treasures take one of the very first places among the world’s collections. The collections of the Hermitage take up 4 buildings. Over 300 rooms are open to the public. The exhibits possessed by the Museum are of great variety, they cover a span of about 500 000 years.

Excellent paintings, prints and drawings, sculptures and objects of applied art are displayed there.

All the collections are distributed among 7 departments. World famous is the collection of west-European paintings. There are works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, El Greco, outstanding painting by Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Rubens, Impressionist painting. This department of the Museum also includes a fine collection of European sculpture, containing works by Michelangelo, Canova, Houdon, Rodin and other great masters, one of the world’s best collections of applied art, rich in furniture, metalwork, silver.

The collection illustrates the art of Italy, Spain, Germany, Holland, France, Britain and some other countries. The pictures, executed in the character of the images represented, as well as in the manner of execution. However, they reveal with great force the main features of art of their countries and of their periods of time. They demonstrate the artists desire to show the world surrounding them, their passionate aspiration for revealing the beauty of man. Noble ideas embodied in the poetic images have great influence on the people, their feelings and taste.

The Hermitage is one of the very few on the continent which contains a special section for English pictures.

Portraiture, landscape painting and satiric art are represented by a number of first-class paintings and prints executed by the most outstanding artists of the British School. The Hermitage possesses several works by Walker, Lely, Reynolds, Gainsborough, Morland. The collection has no paintings by William Hogarth, but some of his prints are on show.

Упр. 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What kind of museum is the Hermitage? 2. How many departments are there? 3. What kind of works represent the art of Western Europe at the Hermitage? 4. Whose masterpieces are on view there? 5. What common features characterize all the works of art displayed at the Hermitage? 6. What excellent examples of the British School does the Hermitage possess?

TEXT IV

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и выучите следующие слова:

· to belong [bilÉŋ] принадлежать · trend [trend] течение, уклон, направление · reason [ri:z∂n] причина · to capture [kæpt∫∂] увлечь, захватить · talented [tælintid] талантливый · to graduate from [grædju`eit] закончить (университет) · to search [s∂:t∫] искать · to settle down [selt] поселиться · private [`praivit] частный, личный · to consider [k∂nsid∂] рассматривать · establishment [is` tæbli∫m∂nt] учреждение · to remain [ri`mein] оставаться · archives [`a:kaivz] архив · to state [steit] констатировать, заявлять · branch [brænch] отрасль · to elect [i`lekt] избирать · to enter [`entə] вступать · rapidly [ræpidli] быстро · on the eve [i:v] накануне · certificate [sətifikit] удостоверение · furnish [fə:ni∫] предоставлять · sphere [sfiə] сфера · to aim at [eim] намереваться · to cause [kÉ:z] вызывать, быть причиной · in spite of [spait] несмотря на · to manage [mænidʒ] управлять, руководить · to appoint [ə`pÉint] назначать · to head [hed] возглавлять · art shops мастерские · a deputy-director [`depjuti] заместитель директора · opposition [əpÉ`zi∫ən] оппозиция · to call [kə:l] называть, звать · to renew [ri`nju:] обновлять, восстанавливать, заменять новым, возрождать

Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст. При необходимости найдите в словаре неизвестные вам слова и запишите их в свою рабочую тетрадь:

THE ART SCHOOL OF VITEBSK

At the end of 1910 the ways of many talented painters of the XX century met. They were different in their outlook on art and their belonging to this or that trend in art. The reasons which brought them to Vitebsk were different too. But they all were captured by the same idea of setting up a professional art school in Vitebsk.

Among the initiators of “The Vitebsk School” there was an interesting painter and a talented teacher Jury Moiseevich Pen. After graduating from the Petersburg Academy of arts in 1886 in search of work Pen came to Vitebsk. In 1896 he settled down in Vitebsk and founded a private studio which could be considered the first educational art establishment in Belarus. For a long time the date of its setting up had remained the subject of discussion until a document was found in Archives. It stated that the school had been set up in 1897.

This school opened the way to professional art for many young talents such as M. Chagall, O. Zadkin, O. Meshchaninov, A. Pen, L.Lisitsky ets..

In the middle of 1919 Chagall invited his teacher to direct the studio which had become a branch of the school.

In the autu;n of 1922 Pen was elected Il vice-rector. But in 1922 Pen left his pedagogical activity at the Institute and continued to teach young people in his studio in Gogolevskaya street up to his tragic death on the first of March in 1937.

Mark Chagall entered Pen’s school in his 20th year of life, and continued his education in Petersburg. In 1910 he left for Paris. Having learnt the lessons of the new European art and shown himself to be a rapidly growing master, Chagall returned to Vitebsk on the eve of the first world war. Chagall left Vitebsk and returned back for several times.

In September 1918 he returned to Vitebsk with a mandate which furnished him with full powers in the sphere of art culture.

He aimed at setting up an art school and in spite of the difficulties caused by the civil war he managed to do it. A folk art school was organized as a labour school. Chagall invited painters from Moscow and Petersburg to work at the school.

On the 20^th of December a telegram from Petersburg came to state that Dobuzhinsky had been appointed director of the school. But in march 1919Dobuzhinsky left the school and it was directed by Chagall who continued realizing his idea of organizing the school as a system of free art shops directed by painters of different trends.

Under Chagall’s leadership schools-studios were opened in Velizh, Nevel, Lepel, Orsha and Polotsk. An I;portent role in the history of the Vitebsk art school belonged to Vera Mihailovna Ermolayeva. On leaving Petersburg gimnazium she studied at a private studio of Bernstein.

In May 1919 she came to Vitebsk and started working at the folk art school as a manager of an art shop and a deputy-director.

Because of the opposition of Malevich and some administrative problems Chagall left Vitebsk and Ermolayeva became the head of the educational establishment which renewed its name and began to be called “The Vitebsk state free art shops”.

Упр. 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. When did the ways of many talented painters meet? 2. What is the idea the painters were captured by? 3. Why did Pen come to Vitebsk? 4. When did Pen found a private studio? 5. What was found in archives? 6. What did the document state? 7. Who; did Chagall invite to head his studio? 8. When did Mark Chagall enter Pen’s school? 9. What did Chagall aim at? 10. What cities did Chagall invite painters from? 11. Where were schools-studios opened under Chagall’s leadership? 12. When did Ermolayeva come to Vitebsk? 13. Who became the head of the educational establishment which was called “The Vitebsk state free art shops”?

Контрольная работа № 2

Вариант № 1

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. The sooner, the (good). 2. I think that rainy autumn is the (bad) season of the year. 3. One of the (rich) libraries in the world is situated in the British Museum. 4. It is the (big) risk I have ever taken. 5. John is (little) musical than his sister. 6. He looked (young) than his years. 7. You are not as (nice) as people think.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по модели (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: - Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you buying this house? 2. Why isn’t Ann opening the window? 3. Why aren’t they going to the cinema? 4. Why isn’t she making tea? 5. Why aren’t they returning the document? 6. Why aren’t you phoning the doctor? 7. Why isn’t he bringing the magazine?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. She has bought a new dress. 2. Dr. Johnson has given an interesting lecture today. 3. They have been to Berlin. 4. We have written some new articles. 5. Allan has washed his clothes. 6. He has shown me her photo. 7. I have heard about it.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. He (to forget) to bring my book and I cannot do my lessons. 2. I (to read) much about the historical monuments of the city. 3. He (to smoke) a cigarette and (to leave) the room. 4. Every evening we (to play) in the garden. 5. In a moment we (to enter) the house. 6. Mr. Worthing (not to return) from town yet. 7. I (to see) this film last week.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Ты видел этот фильм? 2. Я не читала этой книги. 3. Они уже ушли. 4. Он принес мне сегодня новый журнал. 5. Я никогда не был в Ташкенте. 6. Она в этом месяце купила два новых платья. 7. Они нас уже поблагодарили.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. He did as you had told him. 2. Come tomorrow evening; by that time I’ll have finished my work. 3. The old man had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement. 4. I shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good sleep by that time.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив предложение в соответствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	The doctor examines the patients	every morning.	Доктор обследует пациентов каждое утро.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		tomorrow morning.
Present Continuous		at the moment.
Past Continuous		at 10 o’clock yesterday.
Fututre Continuous		from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning.
Present Perfect		just.
Past Perfect		when the students came.
Future Perfect		by 12 o’clock tomorrow.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

1. I told nothing more. I was told nothing more. 2. You will be translated the article tomorrow. You will translate the article tomorrow. 3. She asks many questions. She will be asked many questions. 4. I send postcards to my sister. I am sent postcards by my sister.

Вариант № 2

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. The farther you go, the (long) is the way back. 2. He is 2 years (old) than his brother. 3. He knows the history of your town (good) than you. 4. What is the (large) city in the world? 5. The University of London is the (important) higher school and the (big) research centre in Great Britain. 6. To my mind the (interesting) thing in art is the personality of the artist. 7. It was as (cold) as in winter there.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по модели (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you reading the book? 2. Why isn’t Pete opening the window? 3. Why ins’t she showing the document? 4. Why aren’t you cooking dinner? 5. Why isn’t the child drinking the milk? 6. Why aren’t they thanking Tim? 7. Why aren’t you calling the doctor?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. I have brought you the book. 2. We have seen some boys there. 3. The workers have already come back. 4. They have helped me. 5. Robert has thanked us. 6. Sally has called them. 7. They have just gone out.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. We already (to learn) 1000 English words. 2. They (to come) to the theatre at 7 o’clock. 3. Why are you reading the letter? – I (to read) it. 4. No scientist (to do) so much for the development of Russian science as M.Lomonosov. 5. I (not to miss) any lectures this month. 6. The sun (to come) out a moment ago. 7. I (not to sleep) since that night.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Я уже слышал об этом фильме. 2. Ты Веру сегодня видела? 3. Мы еще не звонили врачу. 4. Они уже съели свой завтрак. 5. Сестра дала мне 50 рублей. 6. Ребенок уже ушел в школу. 7. Он никода не был в Воркуте.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. He had finished to do his work before we came. 2. I shall have worked as a teacher for 20 years by next May. 3. He knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several times. 4. They will have reached the place by noon. 5. Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив предложение в соответствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	The teacher marks the test	every day.	Учитель проверяет тесты каждый день.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		in the evening.
Present Continuous		at the moment.
Past Continuous		at 10 o’clock last night.
Future Continuous		from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning.
Present Perfect		just
Past Perfect		when the students came.
Future Perfect		by 2 o’clock.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав залог и время сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

1. I shall give you this photo. I shall be given this photo. 2. The children were shown new games. They will show us new games. 3. Mike has promised us these tickets. 4. He is laughed at.

Вариант № 3

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. Two heads are (good) than one. 2. The population of Great Britain is (large) than the population of Belarus. 3. She works at her English (much) than you. 4. That was the (difficult) year in my life. 5. The more books he has read the (interesting) will be his report. 6. He looked much (young) than Sheila or me. 7. My mother was the (proud) of women.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по модели (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you thanking Nick? 2. Why isn’t he helping you? 3. Why aren’t you buying this dress? 4. Why isn’t she leaving? 5. Why aren’t you opening the window? 6. Why isn’t Jim coming in? 7. Why aren’t they phoning the hotel?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. Jim has just come back. 2. Ted and Pete have seen you. 3. She has already shouted at us. 4. We have taken some papers. 5. I have lost your address. 6. They have phoned me. 7. I have helped David.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. We (to come) home at 7 o’clock. 2. The students already (to pass) all their examinations. 3. My friend (to tell) me the news last night. 4. Nobody (to see) you, I am sure. 5. I (to be) always on friendly terms with all my groupmates. 6. He (to do) a great deal of work today. 7. We (to meet) in the club.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Она очень изменилась. 2. Вы когда-нибудь видели моего сына? 3. Они никогда не были в Воронеже. 4. Он купил себе сегодня новый костюм. 5. Извините, я взяла Вашу ручку. 6. Мы перевели уже две статьи. 7. Аня ушла в кино.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. Our students had completed the experiment by the end of the last month. 2. He will have returned to the town by the time you come from Moscow. 3. She said she had expected to return to work soon. 4. I shall have been a teacher for 20 years by next May. 5. When they had left, I went down to the beach.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив предложения в соответ-ствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	He buys the newspaper	twice a week.	Он покупает газе-ты 2 раза в неделю.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		in the morning.
Present Continuous		now.
Past Continuous		when I came up to him.
Future Continuous		when you see him.
Present Perfect		just.
Past Perfect		before we saw him.
Future Perfect		by 12 o’clock.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав залог и время сказуемого. Предложения перепишите:

1. We looked for the headmaster everywhere. The document is looked for everywhere. 2. We shall be shown his photo. They will show you this photo. 3. She was not answered. She did not answer. 4. They sent the result of our work to Moscow. You will also be sent the result of our work. 5. I shall not be asked this question.

ЧАСТЬ III

LESSON 1

Особые случаи употребления пассивного залога

В английском языке ряд глаголов: to ask, to give, to invite, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to show, to tell, to teach и некоторые другие могут принимать два дополнения: прямое (кого? что?) и косвенное (кому?):

They showed the children (кому?) his photograph (что?).

В пассивном залоге с этими глаголами возможны две конструкции:

1) His photograph was shown to the children. – Его фотография была показана детям (Совпадает по форме с пассивным залогом в русском).

2) The children were shown his photograph. – Детям (кому?) показали его фотографию (Пассивный залог невозможен в русском языке).

Во второй конструкции подлежащим стало косвенное дополнение. При переводе его следует поставить в дательный падеж, а остальную часть предложения переводим неопределенно-личным оборотом, если не указан деятель (by + существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже (см. пример выше). При наличии дополнения с предлогом by оно становится подлежащим русского предложения: The children were shown his photograph by the policeman. – Полицеский показал его фотографию детям.

Упр. 1. Постройте как можно больше предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности употребления пассивного залога: