Appendix 5 Irregular Verbs
| 1. | be | was/were | been | быть | |
| 2. | bear | bore | born | нести | |
| 3. | become | became | become | становиться | |
| 4. | begin | began | begun | начинать | |
| 5. | blow | blew | blown | дуть | |
| 6. | break | broke | broken | ломать | |
| 7. | breed | bred | bred | разводить | |
| 8. | bring | brought | brought | приносить | |
| 9. | build | built | built | строить | |
| 10. | burn | burnt | burnt | жечь | |
| 11. | burst | burst | burst | взрываться | |
| 12. | buy | bought | bought | покупать | |
| 13. | catch | caught | caught | ловить | |
| 14. | choose | chose | chosen | выбирать | |
| 15. | come | came | come | приходить | |
| 16. | cost | cost | cost | стоить | |
| 17. | cut | cut | cut | резать | |
| 18. | deal | dealt | dealt | иметь дело | |
| 19. | do | did | done | делать | |
| 20. | draw | drew | drawn | рисовать, тащить | |
| 21. | drink | drank | drunk | пить | |
| 22. | drive | drove | driven | вести | |
| 23. | eat | ate | eaten | есть | |
| 24. | fall | fell | fallen | падать | |
| 25. | feed | fed | fed | кормить | |
| 26. | feel | felt | felt | чувствовать | |
| 27. | fight | fought | fought | бороться | |
| 28. | find | found | found | находить | |
| 29. | fly | flew | flown | летать | |
| 30. | forget | forgot | forgotten | забывать | |
| 31. | get | got | got | получать | |
| 32. | give | gave | given | давать | |
| 33. | go | went | gone | идти | |
| 34. | grow | grew | grown | расти, выращивать | |
| 35. | have | had | had | иметь | |
| 36. | hear | heard | heard | слышать | |
| 37. | hide | hid | hidden | прятать | |
| 38. | hold | held | held | держать | |
| 39. | hurt | hurt | hurt | ударять | |
| 40. | keep | kept | kept | держать | |
| 41. | know | knew | known | знать | |
| 42. | lead | led | led | вести | |
| 43. | leave | left | left | покидать, оставлять | |
| 44. | lend | lent | lent | давать в долг | |
| 45. | let | let | let | позволять | |
| 46. | lie | lay | lain | лежать | |
| 47. | lose | lost | lost | терять | |
| 48. | make | made | made | делать | |
| 49. | mean | meant | meant | значить | |
| 50. | meet | met | met | встречать | |
| 51. | pay | paid | paid | платить | |
| 52. | put | put | put | класть | |
| 53. | read | read | read | читать | |
| 54. | ride | rode | ridden | ехать верхом | |
| 55. | ring | rang | rung | звонить | |
| 56. | rise | rose | risen | подниматься | |
| 57. | run | ran | run | бежать | |
| 58. | say | said | said | говорить | |
| 59. | see | saw | seen | видеть | |
| 60. | sell | sold | sold | продавать | |
| 61. | send | sent | sent | посылать | |
| 62. | sing | sang | sung | петь | |
| 63. | sit | sat | sat | сидеть | |
| 64. | sleep | slept | slept | спать | |
| 65. | speak | spoke | spoken | разговаривать | |
| 66. | spend | spent | spent | проводить время | |
| 67. | stand | stood | stood | стоять | |
| 68. | swim | swam | swum | плавать | |
| 69. | take | took | taken | брать | |
| 70. | teach | taught | taught | обучать | |
| 71. | tell | told | told | рассказывать | |
| 72. | think | thought | thought | думать | |
| 73. | understand | understood | understood | понимать | |
| 74. | wake | woke | woken | будить | |
Appendix 6
Word Formation
| Префиксы | |||
| Префикс | Значение | Пример | |
| a-, an- | opposite; without; not | amoral, antonym | |
| anti- | opposed to; against | antifreeze, antidote | |
| audi-, audio- | relating to sound; relating to hearing | audiovisual, auditorium | |
| auto- | of or by yourself | autobiography, automobile | |
| bi- | two; twice | bilingual, biannual | |
| bio- | relating to living things | biology, biochemistry | |
| cent-, centi- | 100; 100th part of something | centimeter | |
| circum- | all the way around something | circumstance | |
| co-, col-, com-, con-, cor- | with; together | coexist, collect, compassion | |
| contra- | against | contraceptive | |
| counter- | opposite; against | counterproductive | |
| cyber- | relating to computers | cyberspace | |
| de- | to do or make the opposite of; remove from; reduce | decriminalize, devalue | |
| dis- | opposite | disapprove, dishonesty | |
| down- | to a lower position; to or toward the bottom | downturn, downstairs | |
| eco- | relating to the environment | ecological | |
| electri-, electro- | relating to electricity | electrify, electrocute | |
| em-, en- | to make something have a quality | empower, enlarge | |
| ex- | no longer being or doing | ex-wife, ex-football player | |
| ex- | out; from | exit, export | |
| extra- | outside; beyond | extracurricular | |
| geo- | relating to the earth | geology, geography | |
| hydr-, hydro- | relating to or using water | hydroelectric, hydrant | |
| il-, im-, in-, ir- | not | illogical, impossible, irrational | |
| in-, im- | in; into | incoming, immerse | |
| inter-, intro-, intra- | between; together; within | international, introduce | |
| mis- | bad; badly | misfortune, misbehave | |
| mono- | one | monogram, monologue | |
| multi- | many | multicolored, multicultural | |
| non- | not | nonsmoking, nonstandard | |
| over- | too much; beyond; outer; additional | overpopulate, overhang, overcoat, overtime | |
| poly- | many | polygon | |
| post- | later than; after | postgraduate, postpone | |
| pre- | before | prewar, preview | |
| pro- | in favor of | pro-American | |
| pe- | again | rewrite, redo, rewind | |
| semi- | half; partly | semicircle, semiprecious | |
| sub- | under; below; less important or powerful | subway, substandard, subcommittee | |
| super- | larger; greater; more powerful | supermarket, superhuman | |
| sym-, syn- | with; together | sympathy, synthesis | |
| tele- | at or over a long distance | telescope, television | |
| theo- | relating to God or gods | theology | |
| therm-, thermo- | relating to heat | thermostat, thermometer | |
| trans- | on or to the far side of something; between two things | transatlantic, transportation | |
| tri- | three | tricycle, triangle | |
| ultra- | beyond; extremely | ultrasonic, ultramodern | |
| un- | not; opposite | unhappy, unfair, undress | |
| under- | too little | underdeveloped, underage | |
| uni- | one | unilateral | |
| vice- | next in rank below the most important person | Vice-President, vice-captain | |
| Суффикс | Значение | Пример | |
| -ability, -ibility | used in order to make nouns from adjectives that end in –able and –ible | accountability, flexibility | |
| -able, -ible | capable of; having a particular quality | manageable, comfortable, reversible, responsible | |
| -al, -ial | relating to something; the act of doing something | electrical, financial, refusal, denial | |
| -an, -ian, -ean | from or relating to a place; someone who has a particular job or knows about a particular subject; relating to or similar to a time, thing or person; someone who has a particular belief | American, suburban, librarian, historian, subterranean, Victorian, Christian | |
| -ant, -ent | someone or something that does something | servant, disinfectant, resident, repellent | |
| -ar, -ary | relating to something | muscular, customary | |
| -ation, -tion, -ion | the act of doing something; the state or result of doing something | examination, combination, completion, election | |
| -cy | used in order to make nouns | accuracy | |
| -en | made of something; to make something have a particular quality | wooden, golden, darken, strengthen | |
| -ence, -ance, -ency, -ancy | a state of quality; the act of doing something | intelligence, obedience, performance, tendency | |
| -er, -or, -ar, -r | someone or something that does something | teacher, actor, beggar, writer, photocopier, accelerator | |
| -ery, -ry | an act; a quality; a place where something is done or made | bribery, bravery, snobbery, distillery, bakery | |
| -ful | full of | beautiful, harmful | |
| -goer | someone who goes somewhere regularly | moviegoer, churchgoer | |
| -graph, -graphy | something that is written or drawn | autograph, biography | |
| -hood | the state or time of being something | childhood, manhood | |
| -ial, -al | relating to something | managerial, coastal | |
| -ic, -ical | of; like; relating to a particular thing | photographic, historical | |
| -ify | to affect in a particular way | purify, terrify, clarify | |
| -ish | people or language; having a quality | Spanish, childish, selfish | |
| -ism | a belief or set of ideas; the act of doing something | Buddhism, capitalism, criticism | |
| -ist | relating to a political or religious belief | Socialist, Methodist | |
| -ity | having a particular quality | stupidity, regularity | |
| -ive | having a particular quality | creative, descriptive | |
| -ize | to make something have a quality; to change something to a different state | modernize, crystallize | |
| -less | without something | childless, careless, endless | |
| -logue, -log | relating to words | monologue, catalog | |
| -ly | in a particular way; at regular times | slowly, quickly, hourly | |
| -ment | the act or result of doing something | government, development | |
| -ness | used in order to make nouns | happiness, softness | |
| -ology | the study or science of something | geology, technology | |
| -ory | a place or thing used for doing something; having a particular quality | laboratory, satisfactory, obligatory | |
| -ous, -ious | used in order to make adjectives from nouns | dangerous, furious | |
| -proof | not allowing something to come in, come through or destroy something | soundproof, waterproof, fireproof | |
| -ship | having a particular position; an art or skill | membership, friendship, scholarship | |
| -wear | clothes of a particular type | menswear, swimwear | |
| -y | full of or covered with something; tending to do something | hairy, fuzzy, sleepy, curly | |
| Перемещение ударения | |||
| ‘export - экспорт | to ex’port - экспортировать | ||
| ‘import - импорт | to im’port - импортировать | ||
| ‘produce - продукция | to pro’duce - производить | ||
| ‘increase - увеличение | to in’crease - увеличивать | ||
| Без изменения формы | |||
| a place - место | to place - ставить, помещать | ||
| a rise - рост | to rise - повышать, поднимать | ||
| a dress - одежда | to dress - одевать(ся) | ||
| Чередование букв (звуков) | |||
| use [s] - употребление | to use [z] - употреблять | ||
| house [s] - дом | to house [z] - вмещать | ||
| a song - песня | to sing - петь | ||
| food - пища | to feed – кормить | ||
| Словосложение | |||
| ear + ring = earring | серьга | ||
| some + body = somebody | кто-то | ||
| any + where = anywhere | в любом месте | ||
| well + paid = well-paid | хорошо оплачиваемый | ||
| white + wash = whitewash | белить | ||
Bibliography
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3. England. Enchantment of the world. Jean F. Blashfield. Scholastic. Danbury, Connecticut. 2007. – 144 p.
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